What are the classifications of handicrafts? Brief history?

Handicrafts are classified in different ways. According to historical categories, there are mainly: primitive social handicrafts, such as painted pottery, bone carving, stone carving and so on. Traditional handicrafts, such as cloisonne, carved lacquer, jade, gold and silver utensils and so on. ; Modern handicrafts, such as fiber woven wall hanging, bar knitting, etc. According to the relationship of social attributes, there are palace handicrafts (hereinafter referred to as special handicrafts), folk handicrafts and national handicrafts. According to product classification, there are sculpture handicrafts, printing and dyeing handicrafts, brocade handicrafts, ceramic handicrafts, embroidery handicrafts and so on.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, European and American artists led by the famous British artist W. Morris launched the "Arts and Crafts Movement". They pointed out that traditional handicrafts with a long history are the crystallization of human wisdom and valuable artistic heritage. Under the wave of capitalist industrial production and advanced science and technology, handicrafts should not only be eliminated, but also be inherited and developed. Morris pointed out that the best artists are still workers; The humblest folk craftsman, he is also an artist. In the case that modern business pursues profit first, some vulgar and gorgeous styles and fake and shoddy quality handicrafts have been produced to adapt to the citizens' yearning for vanity and luxury life, which artists can't tolerate. Artists must advocate what people call vulgar handicrafts. It is the people's art, reflecting the great thoughts of human beings, with a simple and concise artistic style, which is truly pure art and irreplaceable by modern society.

Since the 1960s, the important position and role of handicrafts in human culture, art and material and cultural life have been gradually recognized by people, which led to the revival of handicrafts. The artist deeply studies the primitive social handicrafts, traditional handicrafts and tribal handicrafts of American Indians, Eskimos and blacks. Many artists and craftsmen are engaged in the creation and production of pottery, glass, enamel, wood carving, furniture, weaving and other handicrafts. Unique handicrafts are more attractive than standardized and monotonous industrial products on the market. Natural plant dye printing and dyeing, pottery wheel drawing, glass blowing, embroidery, needle knitting and other manual skills are also very fashionable. Fruit baskets and vegetable baskets hand-woven with natural materials such as wheat straw, corn husks and reeds are more popular than plastic products that easily pollute food. In Europe and America and other countries, people have more leisure time at home because of the reduction of working hours, so family handicrafts, such as embroidery, quilting and mending bedspreads, crocheting, dolls and egg paintings, have also flourished. The accelerated pace of social life makes people prefer quiet and fresh artistic styles and local handicrafts.

The teaching mode and syllabus of handicraft specialty are gradually adjusted according to the social needs, and famous professors from all over the country are invited to teach. Because China needs high-quality artistic talents and professionals who specialize in manual arts. Handicraft is widely used, ranging from home decoration to urban public facilities, as well as the development of works of art and tourism products in star-rated hotels. It can be said that it is needed in all aspects of life. I hope the students can solve the deeper original problems in their study.

Ceramics, glass, fiber art and other majors have a certain position in the world, but in China's art colleges, with the rise and wide application of modern design, handicrafts are almost forgotten, and the majors are shrinking instead of developing. Faced with this situation, colleges and universities should re-examine themselves, reposition their handicrafts and strengthen the development of modern handicrafts. On the basis of the original Arts and Crafts Department, the school integrated all the professional directions of handicrafts and established the Modern Handicraft College, which is rare in China. What we need to do now is hardware facilities-building a high-level laboratory. Generally speaking, students majoring in handicrafts spend most of their time in laboratories, studios and workshops, and need to experiment, create and experience in person. Oppose pure metaphysical theory and pay more attention to the cultivation of students' practical ability and creative ability. Of course, the skill training of handicraft specialty depends not only on handwork, but also on computer-aided design, but also on process materials, process means and process ideas to complete the work.

Regarding the direction of professional development, independent innovation has always been advocated. In various design industries, in fact, universities have not brought them much professional knowledge, mainly cultivating a concept, basic skills and technological ideas, and establishing a platform to display independent innovation. After four years in college, it is more important to understand professional ideas than to master professional knowledge.

No matter which major you study, fundamentally speaking, it mainly depends on whether you have the ability to control your major. Modern handicraft is between tradition and modernity, with both artistic and technical elements. The creation and production of handicrafts should be a workshop form. Strictly speaking, its final form of expression is "art" rather than "mass production". At present, traditional handicraft skills and works are gradually decreasing. However, with the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards, handicrafts will become more and more important and become a necessity in people's cultural life. We should strengthen the modern consciousness of handicraft, and push the handicraft art from the traditional form to the modern craft, which not only retains the essence of handicraft, but also endows the contemporary art with the significance of innovation. Inheritance and innovation is an eternal proposition, the so-called tradition is the essence of cultural accumulation, and the so-called innovation is the integration and re-creation on the basis of tradition. Learning from tradition should also follow certain artistic laws. Only by following the laws of art can innovation be recognized by everyone and accumulated to form a "tradition". Therefore, tradition is the inheritance of innovation, and innovative things will gradually become traditions.

Objectively speaking, due to the government's increasing attention to traditional culture, the whole society's enthusiasm and concern for craftsman spirit is the best period in history. The position of modern handicraft industry in society is becoming more and more clear. I believe it is correct for students to choose to study handicrafts. The root of this self-confidence is not the blind arrogance of sensibility, but the law of artistic development. The industrialized mode of production has created a miracle of mass consumption, but it has also inhibited people's pursuit of personalized goods. Cheap, practical and beautiful industrial products are manufactured in piles. Everyone can have an identical commodity, and everyone can enjoy rich material civilization, which promotes the spread of fashion. However, large-scale industrial production has not only destroyed handicrafts, but also brought them new life. Personalized design will be revived after industrialization, and even as in the manual age, consumers will need designers to provide one-on-one services.

Modern people's way of life is inseparable from science and technology, but science and technology itself is not omnipotent. It also needs the diversity of material civilization to improve and mediate, and it also needs to correctly treat the existence value of industrial products and handicrafts. The development of industry has left a huge development space for handicrafts, and this dialectical relationship determines the future of handicrafts. It can be said that the employment prospect of modern handicraft specialty is relatively broad, depending on what kind of value orientation is used to examine it.