Who can talk about the social economy of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties?

Animal husbandry played an important role in the social and economic sectors in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially for wealthy families and state power. Because it can improve life, enrich sacrifices and consolidate national defense, animal husbandry is really indispensable in an era of "national affairs and military worship"

There were people and tribes specializing in animal husbandry in Xia Dynasty. Ancient books recorded that "Lion was a shepherd" and "Lion" was one of the nomadic tribes. Animal husbandry in Shang and Zhou Dynasties occupied a considerable proportion in social economy. Animal husbandry was quite developed in Shang Dynasty, with various names and a large number of animals sacrificed to Oracle Bone Inscriptions. There are many examples of 100 bulls at a time, and the highest animal sacrifice reaches "500 prisons" or "thousands of cows". Although Zhou people became rich by agriculture, animal husbandry was still very important in the economic life of Zhou Dynasty. There is a poem about animal husbandry in The Book of Songs, which reflects the situation of animal husbandry production at that time, "three hundred dimensional group" and "ninety dimensional group". It can be seen that the scale of cattle at that time was not small. At that time, vilen was unable to make the best use of its vast territory and sparsely populated. Farmland is widely distributed in the suburbs of Du Yi, and the suburbs have become pastures. "Two ya? 6? 1 Interpretation of land: "The outside of the city is called the suburb, and the suburb is called the pasture. The middle farmland and pasture planning in Yuanye is called "well grazing field". Judging from the Book of Songs, at that time, a variety of grasslands were indeed set aside for grazing cattle, sheep and horses. Zhou Li recorded the well-organized and meticulous pastoral administration.

In the Neolithic Age, some animals that people raised later, the so-called "six animals", were all ready. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the status of horses was significantly improved, and they were widely used in war, hunting and transportation. The horse industry is concerned. In the official nutrition horse industry, there are people who are responsible for grazing, feeding, training, riding and health care of horses. During this period, elephants and deer also became domesticated objects. "Lu Chunqiu? 6? 1 There is a saying in ancient music that "merchants follow the elephant and abuse Dongyu", and the Book of Songs? 6? 1 elegant? 6? There is a saying in 1 Lingtai that "the king is in Lingkou, and the deer lies down", which is about Zhou raising deer in Lingkou for fun. Waterfowl such as ducks and geese were raised in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Ducks, called birds in ancient times, were domesticated from wild ducks (ducks), and were also called domestic ducks or Shu ducks after domestication. Goose, called Yan Shu in ancient times, was domesticated by geese.

During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, animal husbandry and veterinary technology was greatly improved compared with the Neolithic Age. Due to the development of planting industry, grazing has been restricted to a certain extent, so for the management of livestock feeding, while grazing is adopted, captivity has become very common. There are words reflecting imprisonment in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and there are many records of imprisonment in The Book of Songs, such as "leading donkeys in prison" and "riding horses in stables". In order to meet the needs of captivity, feed production with mowing as feed appeared in Shang Dynasty. What's more, they marry horses with grain. However, in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the most common practice was probably the combination of captivity and grazing. In Rites of Zhou, both the "teacher" and the "priest" are responsible for keeping animals in captivity.

Livestock breeding technology also appeared in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Especially the technology of raising horses, there is a set of mature practices. In the middle of summer, there is a record of "awarding horses" in May, which means that horses are divided into male and female and herded in groups. This is done to prevent promiscuity, protect pregnant animals and help control the mating and breeding season of livestock. "Zhou Li? 6? Pastor 1 mentioned "fornication in mid-spring", that is to say, horses are generally herded in groups, mating in mid-spring, and then "horses" are rewarded and herded in groups. The mare is bred in spring, and after the second year of production, the weather gets warmer, which is conducive to raising ponies. In order to meet the needs of horse breeding, the ratio of mare to stallion is put forward. " Zhou Li? 6? 1 Senior: "Every horse is one of the four." Zheng Xuan quoted Zheng Zhong's explanation as: "One quarter, three in one." This will keep the mare from emptying and increase the foal yield. In order to maintain this ratio, castration ("tapping") is adopted for stallions that are not suitable for breeding, so as to improve the breed of horses and improve the breeding quality. For stallions raised as stallions, there is also a "lost" project in Zhou Li. "Special" is a special stallion for stallions. Once the stallion relaxes, the "special" is to let the stallion relax effortlessly and ensure its abundant energy. For pregnant mares and ponies who have just given birth, there is a saying of "holding ponies". These reflect that the animal husbandry technology at that time had reached a fairly high level.

Veterinarians also appeared in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The earliest records of veterinarians can be found in Zhou Li. Veterinarians include "treating animal diseases (internal medicine)" and "treating animal selection (surgery)", as well as "Wu Ma" who specializes in treating horse diseases, and even "Fun Ma" who is good for horse health care. In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the greatest achievement of veterinary medicine was the emergence of castration. In Zhou Li, "attacking foal" and "attacking specialty" refer to castrating stallions. In the Book of Changes, it is said that "the teeth are auspicious", which means that the porcupine is docile and has teeth, but it is harmless. The invention of castration technology played a vital role in the domestication of animals. Although the early domestic animals have been domesticated, they still retain some primitive wildness. After castration, the wildness is restricted to a certain extent, which is of great benefit to domestic animals.