A simplified introduction to Zhan Tianyou! ! ! (10 points reward! ! ! ! )

Zhan Tianyou (1861April 26, 2009–1965438+April 24, 2009), a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, was the first railway engineer in China, responsible for the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway and other projects, and was known as "the father of Chinese railways".

Zhan Tianyou was born in an ordinary tea merchant's family in 186 1 year (the 11th year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty). When I was a child, Zhan Tianyou was very interested in machines, and often made various machine models with the children in the neighborhood. Sometimes, he will secretly take apart the bells at home, fiddle with the components inside and ask questions that even adults can't answer. From 65438 to 0872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hongkong to sign up for the preparatory class for young children going abroad organized by the Qing government. After passing the exam, my father drew a note on a certificate of going abroad, which said, "If there is illness, life and death, everyone will live in peace." After that, he left his parents and came to the United States to study with the ideal of learning western "skills".

In the United States, students in preparatory classes abroad witnessed the great achievements of science and technology in North America and Western Europe and marveled at the rapid development of machinery, trains, ships and telecommunications manufacturing. Some students are pessimistic about the future of China, but Zhan Tianyou firmly said, "In the future, there will be trains and ships in China." With the belief of studying hard for the prosperity of the motherland, he studied hard and graduated from New Haven with 1867. In May of the same year, he was admitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Yale University, majoring in railway engineering. After four years in college, Zhan Tianyou studied hard, ranking first in the graduation examination with excellent results. 188 1 year, of the 120 overseas students who returned from China, only two got their degrees, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them.

After returning to China, Zhan Tianyou enthusiastically prepared to contribute his knowledge to the railway industry of the motherland. However, the officials of the Westernization School of the Qing government were superstitious about foreign countries, and blindly relied on foreigners when building railways, regardless of Zhan Tianyou's professional expertise, and sent him to Fujian Naval Academy to learn to drive seagoing ships. 1882 1 1 was sent to the flagship "Wu Yang" as a driving officer to direct the drill. 1883, the Sino-French war broke out. In the second year, the long-planned French fleet entered the Minjiang River in succession, ready to go. However, He Zhangru, the shipping minister of the surrendering faction in charge of Fujian Navy, turned a deaf ear and even ordered: "Don't fire first, and offenders will be beheaded even if they win!" At this time, Zhan Tianyou privately said to Mr. Zhang, the captain of the Wu Yang, "There are many French warships with ulterior motives. Although we have received an order not to fire first, we must never take preventive measures in advance. " Because of Zhan Tianyou's warning, Wu Yang is very alert and ready to fight. When the French fleet launched a surprise attack, Zhan Tianyou braved heavy artillery fire and calmly and tactfully commanded the "Wu Yang" to move forward from left to right; Avoiding enemy fire, seizing fighter planes, and bombarding the French command ship "Walter" with its tail almost killed the commander of the French naval expedition. For this naval battle, Zilin Xibao, founded by British businessmen in Shanghai, also had to be surprised and praised in different places: "Westerners didn't expect China people to fight so bravely. Of the five students aboard the Wu Yang, Zhan Tianyou is the bravest. He is fearless in the face of the enemy. At the critical moment of life and death, he is as calm as ever. He has the courage to save many people in the water ... "

From the post-war to 1888, Zhan Tianyou went through many twists and turns and was transferred to China Railway Corporation as an engineer, which was the beginning of his participation in the railway industry in China.

Shortly after taking office, Zhan Tianyou was put to the test. At that time, the Tianjin-Hebei railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan was built to the Luanhe River, and a railway bridge across the Luanhe River was to be built. The Luanhe River bed has deep sediments and meets rising water and rapids. The railway bridge was designed by a world-class British engineer, but it failed. Later, Japanese engineers were hired as contractors, which was no good. Finally, the German engineer came out and was quickly defeated. Zhan Tianyou asked China people to do it themselves, but the Englishman in charge of the project had no choice but to agree to Zhan Tianyou's attempt.

Zhan Tianyou is a conscientious and down-to-earth person. After analyzing and summarizing the reasons for the failure of three foreign engineers, he put on work clothes and conducted a field survey with the workers, and made a close-up survey (P 1 16). At night, with the help of dim oil lamps, the geological structure of Luanhe River bed was carefully studied, analyzed and repeatedly compared, and finally the position of the pier was determined, and a new method-"pneumatic caisson method" was boldly decided to be adopted for the construction of the pier. Zhan Tianyou really succeeded, and the Luanhe River Bridge was built. This incident shocked the world: one China engineer actually solved a big problem that three foreign engineers could not complete.

After Zhan Tianyou won the first battle, he immediately encountered a more severe test. 1905, the Qing government decided to build the first railway in China-Jing-Zhang Railway. Both Britain and China wanted to intervene, but their attempts failed because of the strong opposition of the Russian people. The British and Russian envoys said in a threatening tone: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was built by Russian engineers themselves, it has nothing to do with Britain and Russia." They think that, in this way, it is impossible to build a railway in China. At this critical moment, Zhan Tianyou accepted this arduous task without hesitation and was solely responsible for the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. News came that some imperialists and British newspapers sarcastically said, "The engineer who can build this railway in China has not been born in the womb! China people want to build railways without foreigners, even if it is not a dream, it will take at least 50 years. " They even attacked Zhan Tianyou, the general manager and chief engineer, for being "arrogant" and "overreaching". Under pressure, Zhan Tianyou insisted on not appointing foreign engineers, and said: "China is vast and rich in resources, and I feel ashamed to rely on outsiders all the way to work!" "China has awakened, and China people will use their own engineers and their own money to build railways."

1In August, 905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was officially started, and intense exploration and route selection began. Zhan Tianyou personally led the students and workers, carrying benchmarks and theodolite, running around the rugged mountains day and night. One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall. Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor. Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' will not be said by engineers. " Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, climbed to the rock wall again with difficulty, carefully surveyed it and corrected a mistake. When he came down, his lips were purple with cold.

Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage. At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters. After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well. This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress. When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat. He also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!"

In order to overcome the difficulty of driving on steep slopes and ensure the train to climb up Badaling safely, Zhan Tianyou creatively used the principle of "turn-back line" to design a herringbone line on the steep Qinglong Bridge section in mountainous areas, which reduced the tunnel excavation and slope. When the train arrives here, it will cooperate with two high-powered locomotives to push and pull to ensure the safety of the train uphill.

Zhan Tianyou once put forward three requirements for the whole project: "less money, good quality and quick completion". After several struggles by workers, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was finally opened to traffic in September 1909. It was originally planned to be completed in six years, but it was completed four years ahead of schedule, and the project cost was only one-fifth of that estimated by foreigners. Some European and American engineers paid tribute to Zhan Tianyou after visiting by bus. But Zhan Tianyou said modestly: "This is the strength of more than 10,000 employees of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, not my personal credit. Glory should belong to everyone. "

After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed, Zhan Tianyou succeeded as the supervisor and chief engineer of the Guangdong-Han Railway. At this time, the United States decided to grant him a doctorate in engineering and asked him to go to the United States to attend the conferring ceremony in person. He gave up this honor in order to devote himself to the railway construction of the motherland.

After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president. During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame". Take others with sincerity, not yourself as a mirror. "

Zhan Tianyou has been engaged in the railway industry for more than 30 years. At that time, almost every railway in China had different degrees of relationship. Old age breaks down from overwork 19 19. Comrade Zhou Enlai once spoke highly of Zhan Tianyou's achievements, calling him "the glory of the people of China".

During the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway in Zhan Tianyou, various railway engineering standards were formulated, and a letter was sent to the government asking for national adoption. The 4-foot-8-inch standard gauge and Jenny coupler (also known as Johnny coupler and Zheng coupler, created by American Eli Jenny) still in use in China are all put forward by Zhan Tianyou. In addition, Zhan Tianyou also pays attention to the training of railway talents, and has formulated the articles of association for the promotion and transfer of engineers, which clearly stipulates the assessment and requirements of engineers, and stipulates that the remuneration of engineers is linked to the assessment results. Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has trained many engineers in China, and the assessment regulations formulated by Zhan Tianyou have also become the object of imitation by other railways in China.

After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed, Zhan Tianyou was awarded an engineering scholar by Xuan Tong and served as the examiner for international students. 19 10 served as the prime minister and engineer of Guangdong Commercial Guangdong-Han Railway Corporation, 19 12 served as the Han-Yue-Chuan Railway Association, responsible for the construction of Guangdong-Han and Sichuan-Han railways. Since then, I have lived in No.9, Eha Street, Russian Concession in Hankou (now 5 1 Dongting Street). In the same year, "China Institution of Engineers" was established and was elected as the first president. After the founding of the Republic of China, 19 13 was appointed by the government as the technical director of the Ministry of Communications, and 19 14 was awarded the second-class Baoguang Golden Harvest Chapter. 19 16, was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by the University of Hong Kong. 19 19 At the beginning of this year, as the China representative of the Far East Railway Conference supervised by the Allies, he was sent to Vladivostok and Harbin. He returned to Hankou due to illness in April and died on April 24 at the age of 59.

Zhan Tianyou and his wife Tan Juzhen were buried near Qinglongqiao Railway Station on Zhangjing Road. 1922 bronze statue of Zhan Tianyou was erected at Qinglong bridge railway station. 1987, Zhan Tianyou memorial hall was built nearby.

7 Zhan Tianyou

First, the description of teaching materials

This text tells the most important story of Zhan Tianyou's life-he presided over the construction of the first Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway designed and built entirely by China engineers and technicians, which showed Zhan Tianyou's patriotic spirit and outstanding talent and reflected the wisdom and strength of the people of China.

This paper arranges the materials according to the method of general description first and then specific description. The full text is divided into four parts. First of all, Zhan Tianyou is an outstanding patriotic engineer in China. Then, from the social environment at that time (the obstruction and coercion of imperialist countries after the Qing government put forward the plan to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, and the reaction at home and abroad after Zhan Tianyou became the chief engineer), the reason why Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was explained. Then, according to the order of the project progress, the process of building Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway in Zhan Tianyou is described from three aspects: line survey, tunnel excavation and herringbone line design. Finally, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed two years ahead of schedule, and people at home and abroad praised and missed Zhan Tianyou, pointing out the significance of the incident-a powerful counterattack against imperialism and ridicule of the people of China.

Zhan Tianyou's patriotism runs through the whole article. When introducing the obstacles and difficulties in the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, this paper focuses on Zhan Tianyou's brave order to safeguard the dignity of the motherland in the face of imperialist arrogance and extreme contempt for the people of China. When talking about the road construction process, he emphasized that patriotism was his driving force to overcome all difficulties and obstacles; Creative tunnel and herringbone design is the product of his patriotism and outstanding talent. When talking about the completion of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway two years ahead of schedule, he stressed that his creative work has increased the ambition of the people of China and destroyed the prestige of imperialism.

First, through Zhan Tianyou's deeds, inspire students' thoughts and feelings of loving the motherland and determined to serve the country, as well as their awareness of bold innovation in practice; Second, take Zhan Tianyou as the character or railway construction as the expansion point, and guide students to practice collecting relevant information. "Pay attention to collecting relevant information" is a new reading and writing project from this group. Before or after guiding students to understand the content of the text, teachers should pay attention to grasping the extension points of the text, guide students to collect relevant information, expand the reading range and deepen their understanding of the text.

Second, learning objectives

1? Learn ten new words and be able to read and write the following words correctly: construction, obstruction, control, Juyongguan, ridicule, determination, investigation, encouragement, mapping, mud, completion, contempt, crossing mountains and mountains, admiration.

2. Read the text with emotion and recite your favorite parts.

3. Understand the content of the text and Zhan Tianyou's patriotic enthusiasm and innovative spirit.

4. Pay attention to collecting relevant information.

Third, teaching suggestions

1. Before class, students may be required to go to the library (room) or look up information on the Internet, or ask adults for advice, so as to better understand Zhan Tianyou and the social background at that time. The teacher prepares a portrait of Zhan Tianyou, a herringbone route wall chart or slide, and a map of the geographical environment of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.

2. Pay attention to the requirements put forward in the "preview": draw the place that moves you the most, or simply write your feelings next to it. This requirement is put in "preview", the purpose is not to write reading notes, but to cultivate students' habit of thinking and commenting while reading. Don't expect too much from students. Draw a circle and get it done in a few words. When checking the preview, let the students talk about what they are most moved by and what comments they have written.

Teaching this article can make students read the text first, understand what happened when and under what circumstances, and talk about the main contents of the text. Then, guide students to read and understand deeply from the following two aspects.

(1) Under what circumstances did Zhan Tianyou accept the task of building the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway? These contents are far away from students and are not easy for students to understand. At the beginning of the class, students can exchange their understanding of Zhan Tianyou and the social background at that time; If the students don't know much, the teacher can give a brief introduction. At the same time, combined with the map, this paper introduces the geographical location and geographical environment of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. Then, focus on organizing students to discuss the second and third paragraphs of the text: Why did a China engineer lead the construction of a railway on his own land and caused a sensation at home and abroad? We can understand China's contempt for China's government from its obstruction, intimidation and ridicule. From China engineers who are despised by imperialist countries, they dare to accept this arduous task without fear of imperialist ridicule, and realize the excitement of our people for "fighting for breath" and their ardent hope for Zhan Tianyou. From the content ridiculed by imperialism ("China engineers who can build the railway north of Nankou have not yet been born"), we can understand the harsh geographical environment of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. In this way, through discussion, students can fully realize that Zhan Tianyou, under heavy pressure and despite all kinds of difficulties, resolutely accepted the task of hosting the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, which is a feat of fighting for the people of China at a critical moment, thus inspiring students' patriotic enthusiasm.

(2) What difficulties did Zhan Tianyou encounter in railway construction and how did it overcome them? This problem can be broken down into three small problems.

(1) What difficulties did he encounter during the survey? What did he say, how did he do it, and why did he do it? Guide students to master Zhan Tianyou's words, deeds and thoughts, and experience Zhan Tianyou's serious work attitude, work style of taking the lead and the patriotism of China people.

(2) What difficulties did he encounter when digging the tunnel, and how did he overcome them? You can try to draw a schematic diagram while watching it, and explain the different methods of digging Juyongguan and Badaling tunnels in Zhan Tianyou. When communicating, focus on guiding students to talk about what is called "drilling from both ends to the middle at the same time" and what is called "middle sinking method" according to the schematic diagram; Then, guide students to contact Juyongguan and Badaling terrain features to understand why Zhan Tianyou adopts these two different construction methods and what are the benefits of these two different construction methods; Finally, combined with careful investigation, students are guided to further think about why Zhan Tianyou dares to adopt such construction methods, so as to realize Zhan Tianyou's flexible and innovative thinking of adopting different methods according to different situations, and its innovative design comes from practice.

③ What difficulties did he encounter in Qinglong Bridge and how did he overcome them? With the help of illustrations of herringbone lines, we can talk about the way of trains. Guide students to realize the bold design and ingenious method of herringbone circuit, so as to realize Zhan Tianyou's bold and innovative spirit in practice.

Reading the text with emotion is a training content of this class. We should deepen our understanding of the text by reading aloud. For example, when reading the second part of the sentence about the imperialists obstructing, threatening and mocking the Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway construction, we should read out our indignation against the imperialists. When reading "The imperialists are completely wrong ... Zhan Tianyou is one of them" and "As soon as the news came out, ... they won a sigh of relief", we should read the excitement of pride and express our admiration and hope for Zhan Tianyou. For another example, when reading the fourth paragraph, we should pay attention to Zhan Tianyou's serious work attitude, pioneering work style, courage to face difficulties and obstacles, and determination to accept the task resolutely, so as to win a sigh of relief for the Chinese people.

5. The purpose of choosing two questions is to further expand students' understanding of Zhan Tianyou, and to understand the earth-shaking changes that have taken place since the founding of the People's Republic of China by understanding the new achievements of railway construction in China. Teachers should stimulate students' interest in collecting information and let students use the resources around them as much as possible to get more information.

6. The explanations of the following words are for teachers' reference only.

Outstanding: outstanding talents and achievements, surpassing the average person.

Threaten: use the weakness of the other party to force the other party to agree to their own requirements.

Laugh: Make fun of others with malicious intent.

Despise: to despise or despise.

Finish: Finish. Generally refers to large-scale projects.

Impressive: awesome, awesome.

Fourth, reference materials.

Zhan Tianyou (1861-1919) is a native of Wuyuan, Jiangxi. China's outstanding patriotic engineer and railway engineering expert. He likes studying since he was a child. 1872, Zhan Tianyou, 12 years old, passed the first batch of children's study classes in the United States. When he was studying in a middle school in America, he made up his mind to study natural science. 1878, Zhan Tianyou, age 17, was admitted to Yale University in the United States, majoring in civil engineering and railway, with excellent graduation results. 188 1 year. 1888 worked as an engineer in the then China Railway Corporation. After 80 days in office, he completed the task of railway track laying from Tanggu to Tianjin. Later, the Luanhe River Bridge was built. 1894, the British Engineering Research Association officially accepted Zhan Tianyou as a member. 1905, the Qing government appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. 19 19, Zhan Tianyou died from overwork at the age of 58.

Against the background of 1840 building the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, after the Opium War between China and Britain, China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 1895, after the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, it was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki. Since then, the imperialist powers have stepped up their economic aggression against China by opening banks, forcing loans, investing in railways, and opening mines and factories. Among them, from 1895 to 1899, imperialist countries seized nearly 10000 km of railway construction rights in China. Wherever the railway controlled by imperialism is built, the claws of aggression will extend. Near the railway, imperialist powers competed to build factories and mine, plundering China's resources. By the end of 19, the struggle for railway rights among the great powers was more intense, and even the Qing government was threatened by force. The Qing government, which originally planned to build its own railways, was helpless in the face of the struggle of the great powers and had to hand over the right to build one railway after another to foreign countries. The great powers invested in the construction of railways in China, which not only gained huge economic benefits,

There are various additional conditions, including controlling the railway and areas along the line and transporting troops.

Schematic diagram of Juyongguan and Badaling tunnels construction.

Juyongguan Tunnel Badaling Tunnel

(simultaneous drilling from both ends to the middle) (middle drilling method)