Please talk about the negative effects of cloning on human beings.

Cloning is a transliteration of English clone, which is simply an artificially induced asexual reproduction mode. But cloning and asexual reproduction are different. Asexual reproduction refers to a way of reproduction in which only one organism produces offspring without the combination of male and female germ cells. Common ones are spore reproduction, budding reproduction and fission reproduction. It is also called asexual reproduction to produce new individuals from roots, stems and leaves of plants by layering or grafting. Sheep, monkeys, cows and other animals cannot reproduce asexually without manual operation. Scientists call the process of artificial gene manipulating animal reproduction cloning. This biotechnology is called cloning technology. Advantages: 1 "human cloning" technology can make millions of infertile patients realize their parents' wishes; Let bereaved people relive their family happiness; 3. Seek new treatment for many intractable diseases; Create great material wealth and social benefits. For example, in agriculture, people use "cloning" technology to quickly cultivate a large number of high-quality and high-yield varieties with drought resistance, lodging resistance and pest resistance. The grain output has been greatly improved. Cloning technology is good news for protecting species, especially rare and endangered species, and has great application prospects. From a biological point of view, this is also one of the most valuable places of cloning technology. Disadvantages: 1 impact the family structure and ethical system of the existing society; 2 become a criminal tool for terrorists; Making a large number of "clones" with identical genetic structure may induce the spread of new diseases; The current technology can not guarantee the safety of "clone", which may lead to abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, deformity and other adverse consequences; The diversity of human genes is the biological basis of human evolution, and cloning may be reduced.

Human genome project: the genome is the whole composition of all genes in a species. The human genome has two meanings: genetic information and genetic material. To reveal the mystery of life, we must study the existence, structure and function of genes and the relationship between genes from the overall level.

Man is the most advanced creature in the process of evolution. Studying him is helpful to know himself, master the law of birth, aging, illness and death, diagnose and treat diseases, and understand the origin of life.

Transgenic: Genetically modified food is to transfer the genes of some organisms to other biological species by means of molecular biology, so that they have traits or products that the original species does not have. The food produced by genetically modified organisms is genetically modified food. High yield, rich nutrition and strong disease resistance are the advantages of genetically modified food. Through genetic engineering to improve food, improve the yield and quality of food, improve flavor. Let people eat more and better food. 2. 1 improvement of food quality. 2. 1 Improvement of nutritional quality, such as enriching the content of protein, oil and carbohydrate in food. 2. 1.2 Preservation performance. The antisense gene of ACC reductase and ACC oxidase and exogenous ACC deaminase gene were introduced into normal plants by genetic engineering. Ethylene-deficient plants have been obtained in tomatoes to control fruit ripening. The quality of frozen fruit and vegetable food can be obviously improved by integrating the antifreeze protein gene from fish into vegetables and fruits. 2.2 increase production. The mouse growth hormone gene was injected into the fertilized egg of the mouse, and a "super mouse" was successfully cultivated, which was twice as heavy as the ordinary mouse. 2.3 improve the process. Casein molecules in ordinary milk contain serine. It has been phosphorylated, so that there are a lot of anions on the surface of casein, which are easy to combine with calcium ions and precipitate. Replacing serine with alanine reduces phosphorylation, which makes protein difficult to combine with calcium ions, thus improving the thermal stability of milk and preventing precipitation during milk disinfection. 2.4 Tomatoes with anti-hepatitis function, after screening of health food and food vaccine by recombinant DNA technology, can have a preventive effect similar to that of hepatitis B vaccine after being eaten by people. 3 Status Quo Since 1983, the world's first transgenic plant came out, plant genetic engineering research has entered a stage of vigorous development. Hundreds of target genes have been isolated and nearly 200 transgenic plants have been obtained all over the world. Safe genetically modified food has many advantages, but it also has its negative effects-safety issues. Because genetically modified food is a genetic recombination between biological species, incompatible or toxic substances may be introduced, which is one of the reasons why some people are conservative about genetically modified food. 4. 1 genetically modified foods marked with toxic antibiotics may affect human disease resistance. 4.2 Allergic genes are encoded as known allergic proteins; The gene source contains allergic protein; The amino acid sequence of the transfer protein has obvious homology with the known allergic proteins in immunology. The transferred protein belongs to a certain kind of protein, and some members of this protein family are allergic proteins. 4.3 Some insects will not die after eating transgenic crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, because they have developed resistance to toxins produced by transgenic crops. 4.4 After the anti-environmental pollution gene is transferred into crops for a period of time, pests may be immunized and inherited, thus escaping to the same kind of wild population with immune genes, thus changing the natural biota and destroying the natural ecological environment.