The first question of the senior high school teaching quality inspection question: Snow is falling in Kongtong. On the empty mountain, the grass and trees are speechless... Reading modern literature i

The first question of the senior high school teaching quality inspection question: Snow is falling in Kongtong. On the empty mountain, the grass and trees are speechless... Reading modern literature is the season of grandmothers.

Composition and Micro

1. Overall understanding

The first paragraph of the text vividly describes the phenological landscape of nature throughout the year, embodying explanations in the description, just like showing a picture of the four seasons. It is both fascinating and evocative, stimulating readers' interest in reading. The phenological phenomena of nature, such as the growth and decline of vegetation, the coming and coming of migratory birds, etc., actually play a role in predicting the farming season. From this point of view, phenological phenomena seem to be the transmission The "Language of Nature" of information. The title is "The Language of Nature", which is actually a visual way of saying "phenological phenomena".

(1) Clear thinking and distinct layers.

This article can be divided into four parts:

The first part (paragraphs 1 to 3) introduces what phenology and phenology are.

The second part (paragraphs 4 to 3) Paragraph 5) explains the importance of phenological observation to agriculture.

Part three (paragraphs 6-10) explains the factors that determine the onset of phenological phenomena.

Part four (paragraph 11 ~Paragraph 12) Explain the significance of studying phenology.

The contents of these four parts are closely related, and the materials are arranged in a logical sequence. The first part explains the objects of phenology research, Let's start with the changes in phenology throughout the year. In just a hundred or so words, it describes the changes in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. It is both vivid and highly summarized, allowing readers to have an intuitive understanding of phenology. Next, The author then uses specific phenomena as examples and uses poetic language such as "the vegetation is flourishing and withering, migratory birds are coming and going" and "the flowers are fragrant and the birds are singing, the grass is growing and the orioles are flying" to tell the readers that these are the "language of nature". Here Basically, the author goes from ancient times to modern times, from origin to development, and naturally leads to questions such as what is phenology and what is phenology. This is the explanation method from the outside to the inside. In the second part, the topic turns to agriculture, with specific details. Examples illustrate the importance of phenology to agricultural production. This part also echoes the end of the article. The third part of the article goes on to talk about the four factors that determine the onset of phenological phenomena: latitude, longitude, differences between altitude and altitude, and differences between ancient and modern times. This is the article The main part. The four factors have varying degrees of influence, from large to small, arranged in order, in an orderly manner. Latitude and longitude are the differences in location on the earth, and the third factor is the difference in height of the same location. These three are all spatial factors, and the last one is a time factor. There is a hierarchy from space to time. The explanation of the four factors is introduced by a hypothetical question, followed by "first" and "second" Connective words such as "third" and "in addition" make this part clear. It is worth noting that for every problem discussed, there are examples, so that the article is persuasive and easy for people to understand. The last part of the article explains The important significance of phenology to agricultural production. "First of all", "for", "can also be used" and "can also be used" have four meanings, ranging from light to serious, highlighting the importance of phenology to agriculture in four aspects. Finally, The "language of nature" is highlighted again, echoing the first part of the text. The full text is well organized, and the phenology knowledge introduced is easy to understand and leaves a deep impression.

(2) The explanation language is accurate and vivid , elegant.

The opening paragraph vividly describes the phenological landscape of nature throughout the year. This is a descriptive method that shows readers a four-season landscape painting. "The earth" "awakens" It is an anthropomorphic writing style, and then uses two four-character sentences with the same structure as "ice and snow melt, grass and trees sprout, and various flowers bloom one after another" to accompany a long sentence to describe the "awakening" of the earth in detail, bringing a rush of excitement to people. Spring scenery. The word "stage" is used very elegantly. Swallows are "returning gracefully", and the image of lively and clever little swallows suddenly appears in front of us. The yellowing leaves fall "swissly" in the autumn wind, making it sound and color. People feel as if they hear the sound and see the scenery. In addition, words such as "wild geese flying from the north to the south", "field grass", "disappearing", "withered grass all over the sky", "wind and snow on the road", are elegant, concise, vivid and expressive. , like movie shots. "Welcoming the cold winter with wind and snow" is another personification method, which brings nature to life, preparing for the following use of another personification of "nature's language". Finally, the author uses "year" The eight words "Year is like this, and the cycle begins again and again" sum up the changing mood of the four seasons in this period.

The situation is extremely concise. In short, the beautiful words used by the author in the first paragraph are so beautiful that it is dizzying. These beautiful words are mainly used to form vivid pictures, just like the beginning of a landscape prose. Chapter 1 The two words in the second paragraph, "The grass and trees are flourishing and dying, the migratory birds are coming and going" and "The flowers are fragrant and the birds are singing, the grass is growing and the orioles are flying" are four words in one sentence. They are extremely summary, elegant and full of literary style. What attracts more attention in this paragraph is the use of personification. Use: "The apricot blossoms are blooming, as if nature is sending a message to plow the land quickly" "The peach blossoms are blooming, and it seems to be a hint to plant millet quickly" "The cuckoo has begun to sing, and the working people understand what it is singing..." Three sentences The "messages", "hints" and "sings" in the words bring to life the extremely rich phenology in nature. They all seem to have human thoughts and feelings, and they all seem to be worried about the farmers, lest they miss the farming work. This technique greatly strengthens the The vividness of the explanation enhances the readability of the article.

In addition, the language of the article is accurate and rigorous, reflecting the scientific nature of the expository language. For example, in the third paragraph, "Many agricultural proverbs handed down from ancient times include The word "many" in the sentence "has rich phenological knowledge" refers to quantity, scope, not generalizations, and rigorous wording. When explaining phenological phenomena, first talk about "plants" and "animals" separately, and then generally talk about "biology" "The wording has been carefully considered. When explaining the four factors that affect phenological phenomena, precise numbers are listed, specific examples are given, and the examples are compared, such as "The latitude of Dalian is about one degree south of Beijing, But in Dalian, the blooming of forsythia and eucalyptus is one week later than in Beijing." At the same time, he also used a definitional explanation method, such as "At the turn of autumn and winter, in the sky with clear weather, the temperature at a certain height is inversely higher than that at lower places. High. This is called the temperature inversion layer."

2. Problem Research

1. How is the order of explanation of the four factors that determine the onset of phenological phenomena arranged? What are the benefits of such an arrangement?

The author arranges the four factors that determine the phenological phenomena in order from large to small according to their degree of influence. Latitude has the greatest influence, followed by longitude, then the difference between height and height, and the difference between ancient and modern times is the third. In addition, latitude and longitude are the differences in location on the earth. The third factor is the difference in height at the same place. All three of them are It is a spatial factor, and the last one is a time factor. From the space aspect to the time aspect, it is an arrangement order. This arrangement makes the article clear.

2. The number of examples depends on the need. You can give one, two or even more examples. This article only gives one example in most cases. Why do we give two examples when explaining the impact of longitude differences on phenology?

The number of examples depends on the need. You can give one, two or even several examples. In most cases, this article only gives one example. When explaining the impact of longitude differences on phenology, two examples are given. For example, this is because most people generally think that the temperature in offshore areas is warmer than that in inland areas. In fact, spring in offshore areas is actually colder than inland areas. This is a phenomenon that readers are unfamiliar with. To give just one example, readers may think it is accidental. Two, the reader will be convinced.

Exercise instructions

1. Read the text and answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. What is phenology and phenology?

2. What is the importance of phenological observation to agriculture?

3. What are the factors that determine the onset of phenological phenomena?

4. What is the significance of studying phenology?

The purpose of this question is to guide students to extract information from the text and train their generalization ability.

1. Natural phenomena such as the growth and decline of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds were called phenology by ancient working people; the science of using phenology to study agricultural production is phenology.

2. Phenology reflects the impact of climate conditions on organisms. It is relatively simple and easy to master, and can be widely used in agricultural production.

3. The difference between latitude, longitude, height and the difference between ancient and modern times.

4. Forecast the farming season and arrange sowing dates; arrange crop zoning and determine the dates for afforestation and seed collection; introduce plants to areas with the same climate conditions; avoid or reduce pest damage; and facilitate agricultural development in mountainous areas.

2. reason

To understand the meaning of the sentence, answer the following questions.

The purpose of this question is to figure out the meaning of two important sentences in this article.

1. After the beginning of spring, the earth gradually wakes up from its slumber. The ice and snow melt, grass and trees sprout, and various flowers bloom one after another.

(What does "succession" mean? Please use it to make a sentence.)

Sequentially, one after another. Make a sentence.

2. When the apricot blossoms bloom, it is like nature is sending a message to plow the land quickly; when the peach blossoms bloom, it seems to be a hint to plant millet quickly. The cuckoo begins to sing, and the working people understand what it is singing: "Grandpa and grandma, cut the wheat and plant the crops." ”

(What do these three examples illustrate?)

Explain some common natural phenomena that play a role in predicting the farming season in agricultural production.

3. Choose one of the two questions below.

1. Collect several agricultural proverbs and talk about the phenological knowledge they contain.

2. Connect with the phenological knowledge in the text and talk about your understanding of the following poem. Have you had similar observations and experiences to the poet? Tell everyone.

Dalin Temple Peach Blossom

Bai Juyi

The fragrance of April in the human world is gone, and the peach blossoms in the mountain temple are beginning to bloom.

I have always regretted that I can’t find a place to return in spring, and I don’t know where to turn.

The purpose of the questions is to allow students to expand and apply the knowledge they have learned about phenology.

1. The farmer's proverb "Before the Qingming Festival, open the rice fields" talks about determining the time of "opening the rice fields" based on the solar terms; "Willow hair blooms, light beans and plant melons" arranges the time of "light beans and plant melons" based on phenological phenomena; "Steamed buns cloud, "It's sunny" predicts weather conditions based on the shape of clouds.

2. The text says, "The third factor that affects phenology is the difference between height and height. Phenological phenomena such as greening and flowering of plants become later in summer and autumn as you go higher." This illustrates this point. After the poet encountered the beautiful scenery of spring again in Dalin Temple, he was overjoyed and suddenly "awakened" to: It turns out that spring has turned here! In fact, the poet did not really think so, it was just Just literary writing.

Students who have experienced mountain climbing in early spring may have noticed that the trees on the mountain germinate later than the trees on the plains.

Teaching suggestions

1. Enrich students’ scientific spirit through the teaching of this article.

Enrich students’ scientific knowledge through the teaching of this article and stimulate students’ interest in exploring the mysteries of science. This text also tells us that science is here Around us, science is not far away from us.

2. The learning focus of this article is to summarize the key points and learn the language. These two key points must be held in teaching. The summary key point is that through learning, students can use Use the words in the text or your own words to summarize the key points of the article, such as what is the language of nature, what is phenology, what is phenology, what are the factors that affect phenology, what is the significance of phenology observation for agriculture, etc. While studying this article The main purpose is to learn the accurate, rigorous, vivid and beautiful language of this article, especially the language describing the four seasons in the first and second paragraphs, and guide students to accumulate them and learn to use them.

3. This is When teaching an expository article, you can downplay the style and just treat it as a popular science article. Therefore, the focus is still on accumulating scientific knowledge and learning the language of the article. But you can also appropriately guide students to learn some reading, reading, and Methods of writing expository essays. For example, students can consciously draw attention to the fact that explaining things must not only be accurate and scientific, but also strive to be vivid and vivid, so pay attention to the use of language; when explaining things, the author often gives some examples and lists The purpose of some data is to make the article more convincing; the explanation of things must be organized, prioritized, and detailed, so as to have more logical power, etc. These can be given to students appropriately.

Relevant information

1. The promoter of the development of modern phenology in my country - Zhu Kezhen (Zhang Fuchun)

Zhu Kezhen (1890-1974) is an outstanding modern figure in my country Scientist. He spent his whole life in meteorology

He has high attainments in science, climatology, geography, history of natural sciences, etc., and phenology is also one of the fields in which he has worked hard and made important contributions. Every achievement of modern phenology in our country is in proportion to his work. Not open.

He is the advocate and organizer of China's modern phenology observation network. The organization of a unified and strict phenology observation network is an important symbol of the development of modern phenology. As early as 1931 In the article "On the New Moon Order", Zhu Kezhen, after summarizing the achievements in ancient China's phenology, proposed the use of new methods to carry out phenology observations. Under his promotion, starting in 1934, the former Institute of Meteorology, Academia Sinica selected 21 species of plants, 9 species of animals, several hydrological and meteorological phenomena, and almost all crops were identified and entrusted to agricultural experimental sites in various places for observation. This was the earliest organized phenological observation in China. The 7 years from 1934 to 1940 are now preserved. Records, due to the suspension of measurements in many places during the Anti-Japanese War, only the records from 1934 to 1936 are relatively complete. More formal and continuous observations began after liberation. Phenological observations of winter wheat began in 1953, and then cotton. , phenological observation of rice. Since 1957, the observation of crop phenology has been promoted nationwide. In 1961, under the guidance of Zhu Kezhen, the National Phenological Observation Network was established under the auspices of the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the phenological observation method (draft) was formulated. ), identifying the most homogeneous phenological observation species in China: 33 species of woody plants, 2 species of herbaceous plants, and 11 species of animals. Unfortunately, from 1966 to 1971, most units interrupted the observation and it was not resumed until 1972. In recent years, the country The agricultural meteorological experimental stations affiliated to the Meteorological Bureau have also started phenological observations. The observation data have been published one after another. The naming and content of the first annual report were personally reviewed by Zhu Kezhen.

He also took the lead in writing phenology A monograph that popularized phenology knowledge. The book "Phenology" published in 1963 and updated and reprinted in 1973 is the culmination of Zhu Kezhen's years of research on phenology. He systematically introduced the basic principles of phenology and the phenology of ancient China based on the reality of our country. Knowledge, the development of phenology in various countries around the world, the basic laws of phenology, the method of using phenology to predict the agricultural season, etc. In the chapter "The driving force behind the change of biological phenology in a year" added to the 1973 reprint, he applied materialist dialectics to explain Internal and external factors of phenological changes and their connections; due to the complexity of the causes of phenological changes, he proposed that its mysteries should be explored from aspects such as physiology and genetics. He also believed that phenological work is a mass work and hopes to be widely carried out in rural areas. The whole book is simple, easy to understand, and highly scientific and informative. His article "Preliminary Research on Climate Change in China over the Past Five Thousand Years" quoted a large number of ancient phenological data and adopted phenological analysis methods. Japanese Climatology When commenting on the article, Ieyoshino Masatoshi said: "In the history of climatology, Zhu Kezhen played a huge role... After half a century to this day, the papers he published are still at the forefront of the academic world." Zhu Kezhen spent his entire life In the process, he bravely climbed to the top, not only winning honors for the motherland, but also adding glory to our country's phenology. His achievements and tireless spirit are always worthy of our memory and learning.

(Selected from "Phenology" ", Meteorological Press, 1985 edition)

2. Explanation of terms

Phenology: mainly refers to the growth, development, activity patterns of animals and plants and the response of abiotic changes to seasonal weather. For example, the winter bud germination, leaf bolting, flowering, fruiting, and leaf fall of plants; the hibernation, awakening, first singing, mating, breeding, moulting, migration, etc. of animals are all closely related to the festival. Abiotic phenomena, such as the beginning of winter, are closely related to the festival. Frost, the beginning of snow, freezing, thawing, etc. are also phenological phenomena.

Farmer proverbs: proverbs about agricultural production experience. Farmer proverbs are a summary of the experience gained by farmers in long-term production and life practices. Generally speaking, they are popular The rhyme form is easy to remember and plays a good role in disseminating knowledge about production experience and agricultural meteorology. There are many agricultural proverbs in various parts of China. For example, the agricultural proverbs about sowing and harvesting in the Yellow River Basin in North China include: "Qingming is early, Xiaoman is late, and Grain Rain is planted." Cotton is in season." "The wheat is planted in the fields and the grains are planted in autumn, and the beans are harvested by the cold dew."

Phenology: also known as "bioclimatology", is

The science that studies the relationship between biological life activity phenomena and seasonal changes.

3. Many agricultural proverbs handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge

For example:

Hearing the chirping of cicadas in the rain foretells the arrival of sunny days.

In the morning, the earthworms hear the cicadas chirping, and in the evening, they welcome the rain.

The sparrows are hoarding food for the snow to fall.

The ants Rain will fall in the nest.

When fish dive, rain will come.

Swallows fly low and rain will fall.

When toads come out of their holes, rain will fall steadily. .

Turtleback tide, sign of rain.

Earthworms crawl on the road, and the rain is messy.

The loach is quiet, and the weather is sunny.

The pig holds the grass, the cold wave is coming.

The chicken stays late, the ducks croak happily, the wind and rain will come soon.

The meaning of the names of the four and twenty-four solar terms

The beginning of spring, the beginning of summer, the beginning of autumn, and the beginning of winter: "Li" means the beginning, indicating that the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter are coming soon.

Summer solstice and winter solstice: in ancient times, they were called "日北solstice" and "日北solstice" "Southern Solstice" means that midsummer and cold winter have arrived.

Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox: "Equinox" means equal equinox, which means that day and night are equal on these two days, just in the middle of the summer solstice and winter solstice.

Rain: Rainfall begins and the amount of rain increases.

Jingzhe: Thunder begins, the temperature rises, and hibernating animals begin to move.

Qingming: The weather is sunny and everything grows.

Grain Rain: Rainfall increases and grains grow vigorously.

Xiaoman: Grains of wheat and other summer crops are beginning to be full, but not yet mature.

Mangzhong: Wheat crops with awns are mature. , the period when late-season crops are rushed to be planted.

Small Heat and Great Heat: "Shu" means hot, indicating that this is the hottest season of the year.

Sushu: "Chi" means The meaning of termination means that the summer weather is over and the temperature begins to drop.

White Dew: The temperature drops and dew appears.

Cold Dew: The weather is cold and the dew is very cold.

Frostfall: Frost begins to fall.

Light snow, heavy snow: Snow begins to fall, and snow accumulates when it snows heavily.

Small cold, severe cold: the coldest season of the year.

5. Text Analysis Collection

1. About the title

The title "The Language of Nature" is novel, unique and fascinating. Language is a tool for people to communicate ideas and transmit information. How can nature have language? We suddenly realized after reading the article, It turns out that phenological phenomena in nature, such as the growth and decline of vegetation, the coming and going of migratory birds, etc., actually play a role in predicting the farming season. From this point of view, phenological phenomena seem to be the "language of nature" that transmits information.

(Xu Boming's "Analysis of "The Language of Nature"")

2. An analysis of the first and second paragraphs

①The article begins with "The Beginning of Spring" and uses literary language and anthropomorphic techniques to describe the climate changes throughout the year, the growth of flowers and fruits, and the growth of birds and insects. These are phenological phenomena. The article writes about spring, "The earth gradually wakes up from its slumber. The ice and snow melt, grass and trees sprout, and various flowers bloom one after another." "The swallows return gracefully. Soon, the cuckoos also come." Here. Some characteristic natural phenomena are selected in chronological order to illustrate the problem. Next, I write about summer, emphasizing that the climate is "hot" and "the period when plants give birth to fruits". In autumn, the main selection is "fruits mature" and leaves yellow and fall. , "wild geese flying from the north to the south", insects "disappearing" and other characteristics to write about. When writing about winter, it transitions from "a scene of decaying grass everywhere in late autumn" to "preparing for the cold winter of wind and snow", one sentence The words become it. It can be seen that when the author writes about the four seasons, he not only grasps the different characteristics of each season, but also strives for changes in writing, rich words, diverse sentence patterns, and appropriate use of personification rhetorical techniques and some idioms , which makes the article vivid. In popular science reading materials, this way of writing is very important. At the end of this paragraph, there is a summary: "In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, it is like this every year, over and over again." This sentence highlights The changing cycle of the four seasons in Ming Dynasty

The reciprocating natural phenomena have regularity, which becomes the object and basis of scientific research and serves as a link between the previous and the following.

(Liu Zhenjiang's "Explanation of "The Language of Nature"")

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②The first sentence of the text: "After the beginning of spring, the earth gradually wakes up from its deep sleep." It makes people feel unexpected and unable to understand its function for a while. However, as long as we carefully consider the word "wake up", we will understand You have some clues. If you read on, you will find that the text depicts natural phenomena such as flowers, plants, birds and insects with rich lyrical brushes to show the connotation of "awakening". More importantly, it shows the changes and characteristics of the four seasons: spring, "Ice and snow melt", "grass and trees sprout", and flowers "open one after another"; in summer, "plants give birth to fruits"; in autumn, "fruits mature", "leaves gradually turn yellow" and "fall rustlingly"; in winter, insects "disappear" and appear everywhere "The grass is dying all over the sky" and "The wind and snow are carrying the road". Among them, the word "cute" accurately reflects the situation when the grass and trees begin to grow; "sequence" appropriately expresses the order of flowers blooming, exaggerating the breath of spring; "gradually" , accurately expresses the process of leaves turning yellow; "簌簌" imitates the sound of wind blowing fallen leaves, making people feel the chill of autumn; "Zai" means full, appropriately describing the degree of falling wind and snow. Article No. One paragraph vividly outlines a poetic "picture of the four seasons". Starting like this, it seems to be outside the subject, but it is not. It not only vividly illustrates the changing patterns of flowers, plants, birds and insects and the close relationship with climate, but also It brilliantly outlines the charming colors of natural scenes; it not only arouses the interest of reading with colorful pictures, but also gives people strong suspense with the vivid and vivid pen, thus fully rendering and powerfully explaining the language of nature below. Foreshadowing.

“For thousands of years, the working people have paid attention to the relationship between the growth and decline of vegetation, the coming and going of migratory birds and other natural phenomena and the climate, and arranged their farming work accordingly.” This is a transitional sentence that connects the previous to the next. The previous one This clause points out the relationship between the regular changes of flowers, plants, birds and insects and the climate, revealing the implications of phenology; the latter clause induces the following, pointing out the impact of this relationship on farming: "apricot blossoms bloom" "quickly cultivated land" "; "peach blossoms bloom"; "quickly plant grain"; "cuckoo sings"; "cutting wheat and planting crops". This makes people clearly understand that the regular changes of natural phenomena such as "flowers are fragrant, birds are singing, grass is growing and warblers are flying", etc. It is the "language of nature". At this point, the title has been clarified. On this basis, the text outlines the formation of phenology and phenology and its research content, giving people a basic understanding of the characteristics of phenology.