Please introduce some ancient knowledge about the pen container.

Pen container is the most important stationery except pens, ink, paper and inkstone in ancient China, which appeared in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Because of its convenient use, the pen container quickly became popular all over the world and is still prosperous today.

Old pen holders are made of various materials, such as porcelain, wood, bamboo, lacquer, jade, tooth, purple sand and so on. Porcelain pen holders before the three generations of Qing Dynasty (Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong) have always been the goal pursued by collectors because of their small stock, but there are still a large number of porcelain pen holders produced in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Chronologically speaking, Kangxi pen container is a rare thing for collectors. In fact, a large number of porcelain pen holders with Kangxi style and painting style on the market were mostly copied during the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty. To identify the difference between the two, we must carefully study the glaze color, shape and brushwork.

In addition to the quality of fetal glaze, porcelain pen holders mainly depend on the level of porcelain painting and the hair color of blue and white. Different levels of porcelain painting will make a world of difference in price. Among porcelain pen holders, the price of blue-and-white pen holders with figure patterns is higher than that with landscape patterns. For example, in the auction in Beijing in 2002, the starting price of famous figure-tattooed pen holders was basically above 20,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan, and high-quality products could even fetch more than 200,000 yuan. The main materials of wooden pen container are Huang Huali, rosewood, chicken wing wood, beech wood, beech wood and so on. In addition to understanding the material, you should also be familiar with the carving knife method to identify the wooden pen holder. Now there is a popular misconception in society that all wooden utensils, as long as they are hardwood, are good things. Actually, they are not. For wooden pen holders, it is also necessary to comprehensively evaluate the technological level and age, and whether the materials are high-grade is just one of them. Ivory pen holders and jade pen holders are rare and of high value. The identification method is similar to jade and tooth carving, and it can also be identified in turn according to age style, surface coating and carving skills.

In the general market, the transaction price of wooden pen holders is around 200 yuan to 500 yuan, while the price of some bamboo and lacquer pen holders in Qing Dynasty ranges from 4,000 yuan to 1000 yuan. There are still some in the old pen container, and the transaction price is over one million yuan. China Guardian auctioned in the spring of 2004, and the blue-and-white "Baby Play" pen holder was sold for 1, 2 1, 000 yuan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At the Hanhai auction in Beijing in 2004, the transaction price of the seven sages' pen container in Qing Kangxi Blue and White Bamboo Forest was as high as 165438+ ten thousand yuan. Their high price shows that besides the texture of the pen container itself, the sculptor is the most important pen container mainly carved with wood, bamboo and jade.

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The pen container is one of the appliances in the study. Cylindrical containers for pens are mostly straight-mouthed and straight-walled, with similar mouth bottoms, relatively simple shapes and no major changes. The production time of the pen container is unknown. Three Kingdoms Wu Luqian's Shi Mao: "Take mulberry worms and put them in wood, or put them in a pen container, and they will melt in seven days." Whether the pen container is today's pen container is unknown. Judging from the current handed down products, most of them are in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and the artifacts unearthed from tombs in the Song and Yuan Dynasties have not been seen. Ming Longtu's "Elegant Compilation of Stationery": "Zhu Xiangya, rosewood and ebony are elegant, and the rest are not included." Wen Mingzhenheng's Long History: "Pen holder, bamboo and palm are the best." Therefore, it is said that the pen container is a thing of the late Ming Dynasty, but it can be found in the song dynasty's anonymous "To the Virtual Miscellany": "There is a clever stone pen container in Xihe River, named Hu"; There is a spotted bamboo pen holder, the name of' Zhong Qiu' is chinese odyssey. " It seems that the age of the pen container should be pushed to the Song Dynasty at least. Because this is the category of cultural history, it is not discussed here.

There are many handed down products in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Although the shape has not changed much, the materials used are quite rich. There are bamboo, porcelain, wood, copper, ivory, jade, crystal, stone, lacquer ware and so on. From the perspective of decoration methods, there are carvings, carvings, paintings and so on. Take the porcelain pen container as an example, there are blue and white, multicolored, pastel, tricolor, glazed and so on. Pen container is one of the most abundant decorative methods in study stationery.

Bamboo carvings before the Ming Dynasty were rarely handed down from generation to generation. One was the lack of well-known sculptors, and the other was that some did not have the names of sculptors. In addition, bamboo products themselves are not easy to preserve, and it is difficult to see unearthed objects, so it is extremely difficult to determine the specific age. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, bamboo carving masters came forth in large numbers, and bamboo carving instruments changed from practical to both practical and ornamental. At this time, the bamboo pen container came into being and gradually became the favorite of collectors. Zhu, Zhu and Zhu, three famous bamboo engravers in Ming Dynasty, created the fine school of bamboo engraving with profound relief and round carving methods. There are also Zhong Qian and Jinling School, which are not detailed, but slightly polished in natural form. Zhang is a famous bamboo engraver in Qing Dynasty, who created bamboo engraving techniques and is a representative figure of Zhejiang bamboo engraving. Wu Zhikun, a round carving, is especially good at relief; There are Feng Xilu, Deng, Zhou Zhiyan, Shang Xun and Pan Lao. As far as the pen holders handed down from Ming to Qing dynasties are concerned, there are light-colored things, which are won by their own texture and color without carving. They are unpretentious and elegant, but their craftsmanship is relatively poor and they are not valued by Tibetans. There are also carefully carved objects, such as the bamboo carving pine crane pen holder carved by Zhu in the Ming Dynasty. Barrel-shaped, the barrel body is carved with an old pine, the old stem crosses, and scabies are densely covered. There are other pine trees beside the old tree, which are winding, slender needles and lush foliage. The knife method is clear, distinct, overlapping and varied, and it is a fine bamboo carving in the Ming Dynasty. Deep method is also one of the carving methods of pen container in Ming Dynasty. Its typical feature is that all decorative patterns are immersed in the ground, sometimes several layers are removed, and the knife work is as exquisite as a pen. Such as the bamboo carving cabbage pen holder carved by Zhu, a famous bamboo carving master in Ming Dynasty. Tubular, brownish red, with two cabbages carved on the wall, with straight or crouching leaves and clear veins, and a mantis crouching on the leaves. Its knife method is deep in the ground, the cabbage heart is the deepest in the ground, and the lines are smooth and smooth, which is quite impressive. There is also a relief on the bamboo pen container in Ming Dynasty, which shows the layering of decorative patterns with different knife techniques, fine carving and simple and elegant beauty. The bamboo sculpture garden figure pen container is a typical Ming dynasty relief object, which is cylindrical with short feet and brown red. The barrel body depicts gardens, flower trees, rocks and figures with different relief techniques. The knife method is rough and powerful, and the characters have vivid expressions. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a school where Liu Qing used bamboo pen containers. The so-called Liu Qing, also known as sticky spring, asparagus and bamboo spring, is boiled, dried, pressed, glued or inlaid on wooden and bamboo tires, then polished and engraved with patterns. Because the color of spring water is clean and flawless, just like ivory. Women's bamboo carving pen container is a utensil in Amin era. The pattern adopts various techniques such as flat carving and shallow carving, and the picture is concise and lively. Although the carving process does not look as exquisite as carving and high relief, it has a unique charm in simplicity.

The art of bamboo carving in Qing Dynasty was highly developed, and there were many masters of bamboo carving, and bamboo pen holders were indispensable in the study, which was the basic reason why so many bamboo pen holders were handed down from generation to generation in Qing Dynasty. The bamboo carving pen holder in Qing Dynasty inherited the fine tradition of Ming Dynasty. For example, in the early Qing Dynasty, Wu Zhikun inherited Zhu San from Jiading, and at the same time, he highlighted the theme with bas-reliefs, especially the method of leaving blank, which won the charm of relief in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The bamboo carving pen holder painted by Yuma was made in Wu Zhikun. The outer wall of the pen holder is carved with bas-reliefs, and the hooves have three-dimensional effects of different shades, while the figures carved by Yang have clear eyes and strong sense of movement. In particular, the translucent dark brown rhinoceros horn is embedded in the horse's eyes, which highlights the carving characteristics during the Kangxi period. In the Qing Dynasty, the transparent carving techniques in bamboo pen holders were exquisite and layered. Although it is well grasped, it has far-reaching scenery. For example, the penholder of the seven sages in the bamboo grove was made by Gu Jue in the early Qing Dynasty. It is a masterpiece of bamboo carving pen container in Qing Dynasty, with many figures and different expressions, small bridges and flowing water, and refined knife techniques, especially the hollowed-out bamboo branches are different in distance, which shows the depth of bamboo forest. In Qing Dynasty, the bamboo carving blue pen holder expressed lightness and exquisiteness of the picture with a lot of blank space, which was unique among bamboo carving pen holders. Zhang's bamboo carving landscape figure pen holder has dense pictures, exquisite composition, delicate knife technique and smooth lines. There is a lot of blank space between Tianshui, which has the artistic conception of landscape painting in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Wooden pen holders were also common in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including rosewood, Daphne, pterodactyl, boxwood and mahogany. The technique is similar to bamboo carving. Generally speaking, the wooden pen container in Ming Dynasty is simple and vigorous, and the knife method is vigorous and smooth, while the wooden pen container in Qing Dynasty is exquisite and clean, with delicate knife method and deep artistic conception. Sun was a famous woodcarver in Ming Dynasty, and his works were very rare. There were Wu Zhikun, Huang Bingxun, Zhu Qingfu and Zhou Zhiyan in Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, rosewood and Daphne were common wooden pen holders, and the decorative patterns were mostly flowers. Rosewood pen holders rarely use complicated carving techniques, but use their own colors, textures or brown eyes to express them, so they look generous and steady, simple and elegant. Red sandalwood carved pen holder, the outer wall of the pen holder is carved with broken branches of plum blossom and okra, and the mouth edge of the pen holder is petal-shaped. The overall design is mainly bas-relief, and the knife method is round and concise, which has obvious Ming Dynasty style characteristics. The style of woodcarving pen container in Qing dynasty is completely different from that in Ming dynasty, and the carving method is more comprehensive, including high relief, shallow carving and comprehensive techniques of relief, carving and intaglio carving. Knives are delicate and delicate. Boxwood pen holder made in Wu Zhikun has a flat and round mouth, and the upper and lower mouths are inlaid with mahogany, which is in contrast with the goose yellow color of the pen holder. The barrel is embossed to the ground, and the figures on the picture are prominent, the rocks are towering in Gu Song, and the surrounding areas are left blank. The composition is clear, the decorative pattern is profound and vivid, and the knife technique is extremely exquisite. It is a fine product in the woodcarving pen container in the Qing Dynasty. The so-called shallow carving is to express decoration only through carving. Although there is no three-dimensional sense, under the delicate knife method, the decoration still has a layered feeling, similar to through carving. The red wood carved plum blossom pen holder made by Zhou Zhiyan is a representative work of shallow carved pen holder in Ming Dynasty. Exquisite knife technique makes the poems and paintings on the utensils in the eyes, revealing simplicity in elegance and dullness in interest. Wooden pen holders with relief, carving and intaglio carving were common in Qing Dynasty, which embodied the maturity and superb skills of wood carving in Qing Dynasty. For example, agarwood wood carving character pen holder, wood carving uses bamboo carving technology, so that the picture is far deep and near shallow, with clear priorities. In addition to the above methods, there is also a pen container that is skillfully carved by using the shape of the material itself. The works are rarely carved, highlighting the natural charm. For example, boxwood carved plum blossom pen holder, using the shape of boxwood root, slightly carved. Although only one old plum and a few plum blossoms are carved on the body, it is very vivid and has an ancient and elegant beauty. The woodcarving skills in Qing Dynasty are often inlaid with precious jade, ivory, mother-of-pearl and other raw materials, which has a luxurious and extraordinary decorative effect. For example, the pen holder inlaid with rosewood is a masterpiece of mosaic technology. Ivory pen holders were extremely rare in the Ming Dynasty, and there were not many handed down products in the Qing Dynasty. From the style point of view, in the Ming Dynasty, knives were often used instead of pens, with fresh composition and simple pictures. In Qing dynasty, carving was the main method, and the decorative pattern had a strong three-dimensional sense. Tooth carving landscape figure pen holder, Ming Dynasty utensils, shallow carving landscape figures, smooth knife cutting, vivid characters, with the charm of China ancient line drawing. Tooth carving dragon-shaped pen holder, Qing dynasty utensils, carved through empty money patterns, embossed dragon-shaped patterns. Exquisite carving, dynamic and static combination, exquisite and beautiful. In addition to the above materials, there are jade, carved lacquer, purple sand, copper and so on. Because there are few handed down products and few collectors, I won't introduce them one by one. Pushing porcelain is the bulk product of pen holders in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because of its relatively simple firing, high output and many handed down products, it is deeply loved by collectors. Porcelain pen container began in Jiajing and Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, but it is extremely rare among handed down products. Pen containers in this period should be carefully collected to avoid being deceived. Because the identification and dating of porcelain is complicated and involves all aspects of knowledge, it is far from being clear in a few words, so we can only discuss the porcelain pen holders in Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Apocalypse and Chongzhen years, the output of porcelain pen holders was large, mainly blue and white, with plants, animals and figures. Its basic shape is straight mouth, flat bottom and waist microbeam. Such as blue and white character story pen holder, straight mouth, flat bottom without glaze. There are blue and white figures painted on the wall of the pipe. The straight flowers are elegant in color and fine in painting. The typical feature of Chongzhen porcelain pen container is that the mouth and foot are engraved with dark patterns. Qing Shunzhi porcelain pen holder is a little less handed down, but there are many kinds of porcelain pen holders, including straight mouth and straight wall, and extravagant waist. Generally speaking, the former is tall and thin, while the latter is short and fat. Mainly blue and white. Blue-and-white Hua Niaowen pen holder, an artifact of Shunzhi period, has a large volume, a small waist and blue-and-white patterns on the wall. The production of porcelain pen holders reached its peak in the Kangxi period, and the varieties were extremely rich, including blue and white, multicolored, bucket colored, three colors in glaze and various colored glazes. The content of decorative patterns is very extensive, including figures, animals, landscapes, flowers and birds, Bo Gu and so on. There are waist shape, mouth shape, straight mouth shape, bamboo shape, square shape and so on. Its typical characteristics are tight combination of fetal glaze and delicate fetal quality. Most of them have no money, a few have hall money, and there is dry money on the wall. Yongzheng and Qianlong periods were the second stage of porcelain pen container production in Qing Dynasty. Compared with the early Qing dynasty, there are fewer handed down products, but they are beautifully made, especially some novel shapes, such as hexagon, oblate circle and double shape. The decorative flavor is stronger than that in the early Qing Dynasty. For example, the pastel brush holder with both sides winning the landscape is a typical dry brush holder. The varieties of porcelain pen holders in this period are blue and white, red under blue and white glaze, pastel, pastel of various colored glazes and monochromatic glaze. Yongzheng porcelain pen holder is characterized by freshness, elegance, wealth and splendor when it is dry. There are many years of official kiln wares and famous folk kiln wares. Jiaqing and Daoguang were the third stage of porcelain pen container production in Qing Dynasty. Pastel is still the main variety, and the shape of porcelain pen container is mainly slender and tall. Decorative patterns are mostly figures, paying more attention to ornamental. At this time, another feature is that carved porcelain pen holders began to appear, imitating bamboo carvings, and yellow glaze carved porcelain pen holders were the best. For example, the yellow glaze carved porcelain pen container is carved with turquoise, and the mouth edge and bottom are painted with bamboo joints. Most official kilns have chronology knowledge, while private kilns have a hall name or engraved name. Famous porcelain sculptors include Chen Guozhi, Wang Bingrong, Tang Yuanhe and others. Porcelain pen holders were still popular in the late Qing Dynasty, but their quality declined. The most typical feature is that the fetal glaze is not closely combined, the glaze is gray, and blue and white float on the surface. There are six characters in blue and white and six characters in red. A Rare Exquisite in Guangxu —— Plain-tire Scratched Pen Container.

It is best to selectively collect pen holders according to different materials. For example, bamboo pen holders should be mainly in the Qing Dynasty. Because there are few artifacts handed down from generation to generation in the Ming Dynasty, the price can be imagined. Even the works of ordinary craftsmen are often more than 10,000 yuan, and there are many handed down from generation to generation in the Qing Dynasty, so there is more room for choice. Porcelain pen holders should focus on the middle of the morning, especially during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Many blue and white, multicolored and pastel objects were burned in imitation of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, which requires collectors to master the characteristics of each period when identifying these objects, so as to make their collection leap to a higher level.