How to Plant Watermelon Introduction of Watermelon Planting Methods

1, site selection and soil preparation. Watermelon is drought-resistant and waterlogged-resistant, and cannot be continuously cultivated. Land selection should choose fertile and well-ventilated sandy loam. Generally, the garden where watermelons are planted continuously is not selected, and the soil preparation should be deeply cultivated. The border ditch and waist ditch are connected with the surrounding ditches, which is convenient for irrigation and drainage.

2. Fertilizer and water management. Sufficient basal fertilizer and reasonable topdressing are the prerequisites for high yield and high quality of watermelon. Base fertilizer accounts for about 60%-70% of the total. The best application method is furrow application or acupoint application, with organic fertilizer as the main application, cake fertilizer per mu 100kg and bone meal 50kg. Farmers without cake fertilizer and bone meal can use 50-80 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer, 2,000-3,000 kilograms of stable manure and 20,000 high-quality compost. Topdressing depends on the growth period of watermelon. After watermelon is planted, sufficient seedling fertilizer should be applied, that is, 20kg ternary compound fertilizer per mu, applied in ditches or holes, 65,438+00-20kg ternary compound fertilizer for 5-6 real leaves, and 65,438+0000kg fertilizer for young fruits (the size of eggs), that is, applied in ditches or holes per mu.

Second, the main diseases of melon

1. Watermelon Fusarium wilt: The disease is mainly carried by bacteria in the soil, which can exist for 5-7 years. Prevention and control measures: A. Rotation. Rotation with non-melon crops for more than 3 years; B grafting. The rootstocks are round, long, gourd and kidney gourd, and the grafting method is simple and easy. Watermelon should be planted when new buds sprout and two leaves of rootstock are grafted at the same time. When grafting, the growing point of the rootstock should be smoothed with a bamboo pole, and then a small hole (about 1cm deep) should be inserted vertically from the growing point with a bamboo stick. Then take watermelon seedlings, close cotyledons and pinch them, and cut them into wedge-shaped surfaces with a knife at about 1cm on the hypocotyl at the lower part of the leaves, with a section length of about 0.8. C. chemical control. At the early stage of the disease or when the vines grow to 55cm, irrigate the roots with 500-800 times solution such as 40% carbendazim gel suspension or 25.9% copper-zinc solution (Kangkuling), once every 7- 10 day and continuously for 2-3 times.

2, watermelon charcoal jaundice. Mainly soil seed epidermis carries bacteria, which spread and invade through running water and wounds. Preventive measures: A. Deep ditch. The high ridge prevents water accumulation, the fruit is covered with grass, and the watermelon does not land directly; B. chemical control. At the beginning of the disease, 40% carbendazim suspension, 70% chlorothalonil warm powder or 25% carbofuran wettable powder were sprayed with 600-700 times solution, and the control was carried out every 7- 10 days/time, for about 3 times.

Third, the main pests of watermelon

Watermelon pests are mainly aphids sucking leaves, liriomyza sativae adults sucking leaves to feed and lay eggs, and larvae sneak into the mesophyll of leaves; Thrips feed on the sap of shoots, leaves, flowers and young melons, while adults of yellow cucumber feed on leaves, tender stems, flower organs and young melons, and larvae harm the roots. Preventive and control measures:

1, plastic film mulching to avoid aphids.

2. Chemical control. Use 10% pyridaben wettable powder 1500 times spray to control melon aphids and whiteflies. Irrigation with 80% trichlorfon 1000 times solution to control cucumber larvae and underground pests; 2000-3000 times of 73% propargite EC for controlling red spider and thrips. You can also spray 2000 times of 20% cypermethrin EC. 1 small watermelon

1. 1 stubble arrangement

The stubble of watermelon in solar greenhouse is roughly two stubbles-autumn and winter stubble and winter and spring stubble.

1. 1. 1 Sow in autumn and winter from mid-August to early September, and sow in mid-September-65438+1early October, so as to supply the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets. This kind of stubble has high temperature and good conditions during seedling raising and planting, which is convenient for seedling raising, transplanting survival and early planting. In the later stage, the conditions such as temperature and light gradually deteriorated, so it was generally difficult to set fruit and the fruit was small. Due to the high temperature in the seedling stage, there are many virus sources such as aphids, and the virus disease is more serious, so special attention should be paid to prevention and control.

1. 1.2 winter and spring crop 65438+mid-February to 1 early October, sowing in beginning of spring, listed around May Day. The temperature of this kind of stubble is low during seedling raising, so it is necessary to lay a hot line on the seedbed or use other facilities to heat it, which leads to difficulties in transplanting and slow growth in the early stage. However, in the late growth stage, the temperature and light conditions become better, the fruit setting and expansion are good, the single fruit weight is higher, and the yield is good.

2 variety selection

Watermelon planted in solar greenhouse must choose varieties that grow well at low temperature, expand fruit well and have excellent quality.

3 seedling raising

3. 1 sowing date and sowing amount The suitable sowing date for autumn and winter is from mid-August to late September. Seeding period is 25-30 days, sowing in mid-September-65438+1early October, and listing during New Year's Day and Spring Festival. In winter and spring, it is recommended to raise seedlings in late February, with a seedling stage of 35-40 days, sowing in early February and listing in March-April. The sowing amount per mu is 60-120g.

3.2 Preparation before broadcasting

3.2. 1 nutrient soil, preparing 6 parts of peat soil, 4 parts of perlite and 1 part of fully decomposed organic fertilizer; B Fertile and melon-free soil: vermiculite powder: Fully decomposed farmyard manure, mixed evenly at a ratio of 5: 5: 1, sprayed with carbendazim 500 times, and mixed evenly. Some chemical fertilizers can be added appropriately. The above two methods can be determined according to their own conditions.

3.2.2 Seedbed preparation: Put the prepared nutrient soil into a seedling pot and into a seedbed with a width of 1.20m, a height of 15cm and a length of x meters (depending on the number of seedlings per mu). In autumn and winter, a seedbed should be built in a ventilated and light-transmitting place, and a small arch, sunshade net and insect-proof net should be set on the seedbed to play the role of cooling, rainproof and insect-proof. In winter and spring, a small arch shed is built on the seedbed in the greenhouse, and a hotline is laid under it to ensure seedling emergence.

3.2.3 Seed treatment: Soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃ and keep stirring. When the water temperature drops to 35℃, let them soak at room temperature for 6-8 hours, take them out and dry them a little, then wrap them with a wet towel to accelerate germination, and keep the temperature at 28-32℃. Keep the towel moist during germination. Seeds can be sown after 24-36 hours when they turn white. When accelerating germination and sowing, the bud should not be too long, not more than 0.30 cm. If it is too long, it is easy to break the bud tip when sowing. The principle of on-demand and on-demand broadcasting can be adopted.

3.3 sowing

Before sowing, fully irrigate the nutrition bowl and seedbed. Lay bare seeds flat, with bud tips facing down, sow them on nutrient pots and seedbeds, cover them with 0.05- 1 cm thick SARS or nutrient soil, and then water them. And covered with plastic film to keep humidity. From sowing to emergence, the temperature of seedbed is controlled at 28-30℃ during the day, 15-20℃ at night, 22-28℃ during the day and 15-20℃ at night. After the bottom water is poured, it is generally not watered at seedling stage. If you really need to water, you can water it every two days 1 time. Fill the nutrition bowl with water 1 day before planting.

4 Colonization

In the greenhouse where watermelons are planted, the high-temperature baking shed should be carried out in advance. The method is: select the high temperature season (July-September), apply enough organic fertilizer (about 0/000 kg per mu/kloc), 20 kg ammonium bicarbonate, and a small amount of lime into the soil, then dig deep, pour enough water, and tie up the shed film. Make the space temperature in the shed reach above 70℃, and the soil temperature at the depth of 10 cm reach 50℃, and keep it for about 10 days, and the disinfection will be more thorough after a long time. Carefully prepare the soil before planting, and the ridging method and specifications are the same as those of cucumber. If there is no disinfection in the baking shed, Dixon or pentachloronitrobenzene should be applied in the soil to prevent diseases. Generally, the ridge is 70 cm wide and the ditch is 50 cm wide. After ridging, the water is slightly dry, and the pit is dug according to the plant spacing, with 20 plants per acre 1600- 1700, and each row 10. Pour the planting water into the planting hole, pour the seedlings out of the nutrition bowl, put them into the planting hole, and flatten and compact around them. In the first few days after planting, the temperature should be appropriately higher, and the seedlings should be moderately shaded to slow down quickly, and then covered with plastic film to enter normal management. In order to promote strong seedlings, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed twice at seedling stage, such as high-quality fertilizer, high-potassium foliar fertilizer, "Tianda 2 1 16" and "Plant Power 2003". Especially "Tianda 2 1 16" and high-quality fertilizer have a good effect on promoting strong seedlings.

5 site management

5. 1 Temperature and lighting

Watermelon needs higher temperature. Keep it at 28-30℃ during the day, 18-20℃ at night, and the temperature in the early morning shall not be lower than 15℃. After entering the fruit expansion stage, keep it at 28-30℃ during the day and do not exceed 32℃. The local temperature dissipates quickly at night in winter, and the temperature management should be mainly based on heat preservation and heat storage. The maximum temperature during the day can be increased by 2-3℃, or even by 34-35℃ for a short time, so as to ensure that the minimum temperature in the morning is around 15℃.

Watermelon needs high illumination, based on high light transmittance greenhouse film such as EVA. Because of the rapid attenuation of light transmittance, PVC film can not be used to grow watermelons. Sweep the shed surface as often as possible, pull the curtains early and put them late to extend the lighting time. If possible, we should hang a reflective curtain on the back wall. Adjust plants and vines in time to make the shed well ventilated and transparent to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests.

5.2 Top dressing irrigation

Watermelon is not very demanding on fertilizer, so we should pay attention to the base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is the main base fertilizer, and about 20kg diammonium and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer are added to 1000kg/ mu area. Magnesium, boron, zinc and other medium and trace element fertilizers can also be applied if conditions permit. Potassium fertilizer plays an important role in fruit expansion, quality improvement and pest reduction of watermelon, which should be strongly advocated. It can be applied for 2-3 times before the fruit expansion period, and 30-50kg of potassium sulfate containing 45% potassium oxide is applied each time, with an area of * * * *100kg per mu, which not only has high yield and good quality, but also can greatly reduce the harm of pests and diseases. When topdressing, it should be applied or applied. When topdressing potassium fertilizer, some nitrogen fertilizer can be appropriately topdressing. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer should not be too large, not too much at a time, but a small amount for many times to prevent adverse effects on the quality of melons. Generally, 30-40 kilograms of urea is applied per mu, half of which is used as base fertilizer and the other half is applied several times.

Generally speaking, watermelon does not require high water content, so it is generally not watered at seedling stage, and can be properly watered at vine-throwing stage. When young melons grow to the size of eggs, they should be combined with fertilization and watering 1 time to promote fruit expansion. Generally, fruits will not be watered when they grow up to increase the sugar content.

5.3 Pruning and hanging vines

Watermelon varieties with weak growth are pruned with double vines or three vines, and those with strong growth are pruned with double vines. Trim two vines when hanging vines, hang the main vine and climb the side vine, and hang three vines from the main vine and one side vine. Keep melons on the main vine, and choose the second or third female flower to keep melons, each plant 1 melon. When the watermelon grows too strong to sit on the melon, it can be twisted after the third female flower to promote sitting on the melon. The method of hanging vines is the same as cucumber.

5.4 Artificial pollination

Watermelon cultivation in solar greenhouse must be artificially pollinated, and hormones cannot be used. The method is to pick a few blooming male flowers, remove the corolla, and carefully coat the pollen on the stigma of the female flowers one by one for multi-flower pollination. The pollinated female flowers must be pollinated again the next day when they are still in bloom until they bear fruit. In winter, the time for male watermelon flowers to release pollen is usually after 10 in the morning, and it is even later on cloudy days, and it may even be around 13, so we should carefully explore and master it. Judging whether the male flowers are pollinated or not, the anthers are cracked, the pollen piles up into a golden fluffy state, and the male flowers are not pollinated, so the pollination effect is not good.

In order to grasp the maturity and harvest in time, different colors of wool are usually tied on the flower stalk of female flowers as markers, and a different color is changed every 2-3 days. In this way, melons with the same maturity can be harvested in batches according to the maturity days of varieties, thus ensuring the quality of melons on the market.

5.5 Guagua

When the melon grows to the size of a fist, wrap it in a fine net and hang it on the wire to prevent it from falling. According to the experiment, it is also good to hang 2-3 knots of melon vines on melons instead of soaking them directly. In addition, you can also drop the vines after the melon grows to the size of a fist, and put the young melon on the ground without hanging the melon (this method should pay attention to turning the melon).

6 pest control

Watermelon diseases and insect pests can refer to watermelon opening. Most farmers' watermelon varieties are very resistant to leaf diseases, but some diseases, especially root diseases, must be prevented as soon as possible. The prevention and control of important pests and diseases are briefly described as follows:

6. 1 Virus disease is the most important disease of watermelon in autumn and winter. Strictly speaking, it can cause no melon or even death. In addition to actively controlling aphids, it is also extremely important to spray virus A 2-3 times in the early stage. Once it happens, the plant disease-resistant and yield-increasing agent "Tianda 2 116" can be sprayed 600 times, and1time every 10 day can basically restore growth, effectively reduce the occurrence of other pests and diseases, and greatly increase the yield. It is suggested that producers may wish to try it before flowering and use it with caution when flowering.

6.2 Powdery mildew can occur at any stage of growth. Using 45% crystal sulfur mixture to control it 500-600 times, the effect is good, but attention should be paid when flowering. Others such as polysulfide suspending agent and active sulfur. The effect is slow. It can also be controlled with 50% DuPont Fuxing 8000- 10000 times solution. At present, this medicine has the best effect, but it should be sprayed at the late growth stage to prevent the adverse effect of this medicine on the skin color of young melons.

6.3 Root diseases (Fusarium wilt, damping-off, etc. (1) do a good job of soil disinfection, and it is best to bake the shed at high temperature, as before. The most effective chemical disinfection method is to fumigate the soil with gaseous pesticides such as carbon tetrachloride and dibromomethane. Although the effect of this method is reliable, it is impossible for ordinary farmers to need special equipment, so it can be gradually popularized in towns or professional teams. Because this method can basically eliminate stubborn diseases, weeds and some weeds in the soil, and basically solve the serious root diseases of most crops in current production, it has great popularization value. In addition, 5 kg of 34% formaldehyde can be poured with 40 times of 200 kg of water solution per mu, covered with plastic film, closed for about 7 days, and turned twice. If the above cannot be done, please use soil such as dixon, pentachloronitrobenzene and carbendazim, 2-3kg per mu. ② Grafting: Watermelon is grafted with gourd or special rootstock for watermelon (farmer friends such as Yongkang and Warriors). (3) During the growth period, the above drugs such as Dixon can be used to irrigate the roots, but the general effect is limited and it must be carried out many times.

6.4 It is suggested that 1.80% chlorfenapyr or other avermectins should be selected for Tetranychus urticae (red spider), which has a good effect not only on Liriomyza sativae, but also on mites. Safer than 73% chlorhexidine. In addition, isocarbophos can also be used.

6.5 Liriomyza huidobrensis in South America (Latin America) This species is the main Liriomyza huidobrensis in Gansu Province, and Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza huidobrensis also occur in some places. The control method is mainly chemical control, and the chemical agents are avermectin preparation and its mixture, such as 1.80%, 0.90% chlorfenapyr, nonghaha, neomycin and haizhengmieling; 0.30% Insecticidin, 25% Bei Nong Ai Fu Ding and other mixtures.

6.6 Aphids The above chemicals have poor control effect on aphids. When aphids and whiteflies occur, DuPont Wanling, Saidan and Yijinjing should be selected for control.

7 Other measures

7. 1 After covering grass branches and vines between rows, covering broken grass in furrows can not only increase the ground temperature and avoid soil hardening caused by trampling during operation, but also reduce the temperature and the gas released during grass decomposition, and also supplement carbon dioxide to the greenhouse. Grass is still a good organic fertilizer after decomposition, and it can improve soil fertility after deep ploughing.

7.2 Applying corn flour, soybean flour and oil residue as base fertilizer and adding about 200 kilograms of corn flour per mu can improve watermelon flavor and increase ground temperature.

7.3 Arched plastic film mulching The plastic film supported by small bamboo poles on the culverts of cultivation ridges is arched, which can increase the ground temperature 1-2℃.

7.4 Drip irrigation is water-saving, labor-saving, time-saving, convenient for irrigation, and can also be combined with topdressing. If conditions permit, it should be used as much as possible.