Can you talk about stock market terminology? Basic knowledge such as market.

Common stock: refers to the most general stock that does not restrict the rights of shareholders. At present, almost all the stocks traded in China's securities market belong to ordinary stocks, and the par value is 10 yuan, 50 yuan or 100 yuan. Ordinary shareholders have the right to participate in the operation, demand dividends, demand the distribution of surplus property and subscribe for new shares. Ordinary shareholders also have the right to transfer shares. Shareholders can sell and transfer shares at any time according to their own wishes without obtaining the consent of the company and other shareholders.

Preferred stock: This is relative to common stock. Mainly reflected in the right to share profits and distribute surplus property, which is prior to common stock. Preferred stock can be divided into cumulative preferred stock and non-cumulative preferred stock. Cumulative preferred stock refers to the stock that can accumulate unpaid dividends in the current year and pay them together in the next year. Enterprises can only pay dividends on common stocks after paying dividends on issued preferred stocks. If an enterprise owes dividends on preferred shares and wants to pay dividends on common shares, it can convert preferred shares into common shares. Non-cumulative preferred shares cannot accumulate dividends unpaid in one year to be paid in the next year. In this case, the enterprise can pay the common stock dividend, regardless of whether the previous dividend has been paid off. Some preferred shares can participate in sharing the residual profits, which is called participating in preferred shares. After receiving a fixed percentage dividend, this preferred stock has the right to share the same dividend as the common stock. In addition, the priority is often redeemable, that is, after the stock is issued for a certain number of years, the issuing enterprise can redeem it at a certain price.

After distribution: refers to the common stock after profit distribution and surplus property distribution. The rights after distribution are the same as those of common stock. This kind of stock is mainly used by the government to support a cause and reach an agreement with these enterprises to avoid dividends when the profits of enterprises are not good. Of course, in the case of good corporate profits, shareholders after the rights issue can get all the remaining dividends, so it is possible to get high profits. In Britain, after the rights issue, it is mainly held by the issuer itself, which is usually called the issuer's shares or the operator's shares.

Mixed stock: refers to the stock with dividend priority and residual property distribution second to mixed stock. Stocks can also be divided according to whether they are registered or not and the similarities and differences of face value. At present, the stocks traded in China market belong to common stock, registered stock and fixed-face value stock.

Dividends: Dividends are also called dividends. It is the profit that stock holders get from the company regularly. There are three main forms of company dividends. The most common is cash dividend, that is, the monetary reward of the shares held by shareholders. The second form of dividend is stock dividend. In these two forms, the dividend received by shareholders from the enterprise is not cash, but new shares of the enterprise. Stock dividends are usually expressed as percentages, such as 3%, 5%, 10%, etc. If the enterprise declares a 5% share dividend, the shareholders who hold 100 shares will get 5 new shares. Although the number of shares held by each shareholder has increased, the proportion of shares held by each shareholder to the total issued shares of the enterprise has not changed. The purpose of issuing stock dividends is to keep cash. The third form of dividend is property dividend. In this case, the enterprise issues neither cash nor shares, but the assets of the enterprise. Property dividends are usually distributed by various securities held by enterprises, and some property dividends are distributed by products such as wine and cigarettes, but this situation is rare at present.

Interest rate risk: Interest rate risk is one of the risks of stock investment, which refers to the possibility that the change of market return will affect the fluctuation of stock market price and bring losses to investors. The change of stock price is inversely proportional to the change of market interest rate. If the market interest rate is much higher than the average profit rate of the company, that is, higher than the highest dividend that the company may issue, people are reluctant to invest in the company's shares and sell the original shares quickly, so the stock price falls. On the contrary, when the market profit rate drops, people actively invest in the company's stock, and the price rises.

Market profit: refers to the reward given to investors by the price change of stocks in the market, that is, the income brought by the price difference change in the stock market, that is, the price difference profit earned by investors by using capital to buy stocks at a low price and then sell them at a high price, which can also be called capital gain.

Dividend income: refers to the income mainly in the form of money obtained by stock holders from enterprises on a regular basis. After the year-end settlement, a joint-stock company usually distributes part of it as a dividend to shareholders according to the profit situation. In principle, dividend income is obtained according to a fixed proportion-the shareholding ratio of shareholders. However, due to different types of stocks, the stability of such returns is also different. For example, preferred stocks receive a dividend with a fixed dividend rate, which is fixed and does not depend on the existence or amount of corporate profits. As for the dividend of common stock, it is usually determined and paid according to the residual profit after the dividend of preferred stock is paid, so it may not be fixed, and even the dividend cannot be distributed when the enterprise loses money.

Dividend income (or extra dividend): refers to monetary income or other forms of income obtained by exceeding a certain interest rate according to the number of shares held. Dividends can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense: the narrow sense of dividends refers to the distribution to shareholders; Generally speaking, bonuses in a broad sense include bonuses paid to employees in addition to shareholders. Here we mean dividends in a narrow sense. Generally, dividend income and dividend income are also collectively referred to as dividend income. Because dividends are income obtained outside dividends, dividends have no fixed profit rate and depend entirely on the profits of enterprises.

B-share: It refers to the special RMB shares whose face value is marked in RMB and are exclusively used by foreign investors for foreign exchange transactions. B shares can generally only be subscribed by overseas legal persons and natural persons, and foreign exchange is converted into RMB according to the relevant regulations of China.

Highest price: refers to the highest buying and selling price of each securities brand in the process of listed securities trading. Call it the highest transaction price.

Lowest price: refers to the lowest trading price of each securities brand in the process of listed securities trading, which is called the lowest trading price.

Average price: refers to the price formed by dividing the sum of the transaction amount of each securities brand by the transaction amount of listed securities, reflecting the average transaction price of each securities brand. Or the arithmetic average of various transaction prices of various securities brands.

The above three prices generally refer to the highest price, lowest price and average price in a day. If it reflects the highest (lowest, average) price last week or last month, it is called the highest (lowest, average) price last week or last month. You need to specify the time span here, otherwise it refers to the highest (lowest, average) price on a certain day. Don't mistake the highest (lowest) price for the highest (lowest) trading price of securities in a day's business hours. Each listed securities has its own highest (lowest) price on each trading day.

Transaction: refers to the behavior of investors, buyers and sellers agreeing to reach a securities transaction at a certain price. It can be done orally, by telephone or by contract.

Volume: refers to the number of securities bought and sold by investors on the stock exchange. It can reflect the activity of the securities market and the investment trend of investors. Stocks are represented by the number of shares, and bonds are represented by denomination.

Turnover: Also called turnover. Refers to a very important indicator of the trend of various securities markets. The volume and turnover of bonds are expressed in monetary units, but the difference is that the former is calculated according to the denomination and the latter is calculated according to the actual buying and selling price.

Quote: refers to the buying price or selling price quoted by investors when they entrust a securities company to buy or sell a certain securities on a stock exchange.

Purchase price: refers to the price at which investors buy securities.

Bid: refers to the price at which investors sell securities.

Bid price: refers to the self-operated bid price listed on the securities trading counter.

Selling price: refers to the self-operated selling price listed on the securities trading counter.

Transaction price: refers to the buying price or selling price of securities that have been bought and sold, and generally refers to the actual transaction price of securities. The self-operated buying price listed on the securities trading counter is the investor's bid; On the contrary, the selling price of the securities trading counter is the investor's buying price.

Stop loss: refers to the market in the stock exchange that can't go up or down again when the stock market price rises or falls to the limit prescribed by law on that day.

Daily limit: refers to the market price rising to the highest price limit on that day. Its market price is also called the limit price, and the current limit is 10%.

Daily limit: refers to the lowest market price on that day. Its market price, also known as the daily limit price, is currently 10%.

Long position: refers to the investment behavior of investors who are optimistic about the stock market prospects, expect the stock price to rise, buy stocks when the stock price is low, and then sell stocks when the stock price rises to a certain price, so as to obtain the difference income. Investors who take this practice of buying first and selling later are called long investors.

Short position: refers to the investment behavior of investors who are pessimistic about the stock market prospect and expect the stock price to fall, so they sell the borrowed stock first and then buy back the stock when the stock price falls to a certain price, so as to obtain the difference income. Investors who take this practice of selling first and buying later are called short investors. In the stock market, long investors want the stock price to go up, while short investors want the stock price to go down. If more investors are engaged in bulls, more people will buy stocks, and the stock market will be in short supply, which will further induce the stock market price to rise. If there are more investors who are short-sellers, more people will sell stocks, and the stock market will be oversupplied, and the stock market price will continue to fall. Neither long nor short investors are immutable. How to judge the progress of investors and seize the favorable opportunity to buy and sell stocks is the key to obtain the difference income and become an effective investor.

Long market: refers to the market situation in which the stock price keeps rising for a long time. Its change shows a series of ups and downs.

Short-term market: as opposed to long-term market.

Lido: refers to a phenomenon that there are many news circulating in the stock market that are beneficial to stock investment, which leads to the rise of stock price, thus increasing the income of investors holding stocks.

Bad news: It refers to the phenomenon that there are many bad news circulating in the stock market, which causes the stock price to fall, thus increasing the losses of investors holding stocks.

Short selling: refers to an investment method in which investors buy stocks by paying credit guarantee when the stock price is expected to rise, and then sell stocks when the stock price rises to a satisfactory price to obtain the difference income.

Short selling: refers to an investment method in which investors borrow shares to sell them as collateral when the expected stock price falls, buy shares when the stock price falls to a satisfactory price, and then return them to the borrower to obtain the difference income. Short selling and short selling are an investment method adopted by investors under the condition of insufficient funds or not holding stocks according to the credit guarantee and mortgage system stipulated by the stock exchange. It is beneficial to the activity of the stock market and the income of investors, but it has certain risks.

Sell more: refers to a trading behavior in which investors sell all the stocks they bought at a low price and short for a long time in the hope that the stock price has reached its peak.

Flip-over: refers to investors shorting, expecting the stock price to have fallen to the bottom, and thus buying all the stocks that were originally sold at a high price, which becomes a trading behavior of bulls.

Bull market: refers to a bull market with promising prospects and active trading.

Bear market: refers to the stock market is bearish, the prospect is not good, and the transaction is dull.

Monkey market: refers to the precursor that the stock market will change. "Monkey" refers to speculators who only intend to buy or sell in a short time, make money and leave. With more monkeys, the normal market of the stock market will be disrupted.

Sky: It means investors do long-term and short-term trading. That is, investors are pessimistic about the long-term prospects of the stock market and expect the stock price to fall to a certain price after a long time. Therefore, after the borrowed shares are sold, it takes some time to buy the shares and return them to the borrower, so as to obtain the difference income.

Short-term: refers to the short-term short-term trading of investors, that is, when investors hear bad news, they expect the stock market to look at it only in the short term, so they immediately borrow shares and sell them, and then wait for the stock price to fall in the short term and buy them immediately, thus obtaining a small amount of price difference income.

Make-up: refers to the behavior that investors borrow stocks before buying when they make short trades.

Stope: refers to a trading behavior of long-term investors who have certain financial strength, but still support long-term trading despite the stock market decline.

Real space: refers to a trading behavior that short investors with certain financial strength still support shorting despite the impact of the stock market decline.

Floating: It refers to the trading behavior that investors with limited financial strength borrow money to buy stocks once they expect the stock market prospect to improve, and then sell them immediately when the stock price rises to a certain price, so as to obtain the difference income, instead of holding stocks for a long time to obtain more difference income.

Floating: It refers to a trading behavior that investors with limited financial strength borrow shares to sell once they expect the stock market to be bearish, and buy them immediately when the stock price falls to a certain price, so as to obtain the spread income, but they are willing to wait for a long time to obtain more spread income.

Gap: refers to the phenomenon that the stock price fluctuates greatly due to bullish or bad news, resulting in more than two vacancies in the transaction price. Generally, on the same day, it means that the stock price rises or falls by more than one unit.

Make-up: refers to the phenomenon that after the stock price jumps for a period of time, it makes up the short position without trading.

Basic terms of stock market

(of stock market manipulation) selling

Speculators cut the stock price sharply first, causing a large number of small-scale stock investors (retail investors) to panic and sell stocks, and then the stock price rose to make a profit.

backup file

In the stock market, the stock price showed an upward trend, and finally reversed and fell back to a certain price because the stock price rose too fast. This adjustment phenomenon is called retracement. Generally speaking, the retracement of stocks is less than the increase, and generally falls back to about one-third of the previous increase, and then returns to the original upward trend.

rebound

In the stock market, the stock price is in a downward trend, and finally the stock price falls too fast and reverses to a certain price, which is a happy rebound. Generally speaking, the rebound of stocks is less than the decline, usually when it rebounds to about one-third of the previous decline, it resumes its original downward trend.

Shift to the middle range

When an investor is a long position, if the stock price falls and it is expected that the stock price will continue to fall, he will immediately sell his stock and buy it after the stock has fallen for a certain period of time to reduce the losses suffered by the long position after the stock price has fallen for a period of time. This kind of trading behavior is called pulling files.

arrange

After the stock price rises or falls rapidly in the stock market, when it meets the resistance line or the support line, the original rising or falling trend obviously slows down and starts to jump up and down, with the range of about 15%, which lasts for a period of time. This phenomenon is called sorting. The emergence of consolidation usually indicates that the bulls and bears have changed their heads sharply, which leads to a jump in prices, which is also the prelude to the next big change in stock prices.

Be hung up

Refers to the trading risks encountered in stock trading. For example, investors expect the stock price to rise, but the stock price has been falling after buying. This phenomenon is called long locking. On the contrary, investors expect the stock price to fall and short the borrowed stock, but the stock price has been rising. This phenomenon is called short holding.

Dosado

That is, bulls kill bulls. Investors in the stock market generally think that the stock price will rise that day, because everyone is rushing to buy stocks. But the stock market backfired, and the stock price did not rise sharply, so it was impossible to sell the stock at a high price. Until the end of the stock market, stock holders rushed to sell, which led to a sharp drop in the stock market closing price.

difficult position

That is, short selling. Stock holders in the stock market agreed that the stock would plummet that day, so most people rushed to sell short hats to sell stocks. But the stock price didn't plummet that day, and they couldn't buy stocks at a low price. Before the stock market closed, short sellers had to compete to make up their positions, which led to a sharp rise in the closing price.

Tax bureau outpost

The stock market is influenced by bullish information. When the stock price rises to a certain price, the bulls think it is profitable and sell it in large quantities, so that the stock price stops rising or even falls back. In the stock market, the price when encountering resistance is generally called a level, and the level when the stock price rises is called a resistance line.

Support line

The stock market is affected by bad news. When the stock price falls to a certain price, the short seller thinks it is profitable. Second, they bought a lot of stocks, so that the stock price stopped falling or even rose. The checkpoint when the stock price falls is called the support line.

blue chip stock

It refers to those stocks with large trading volume, high turnover rate, strong stock liquidity and large stock price changes in the stock market. For this kind of stock, the record of earnings and dividends may always keep a steady growth. Hot stocks are not necessarily issued by excellent enterprises and have economic benefits, but they may raise the high price of stock market speculation. Therefore, investors should choose carefully on the basis of comprehensive analysis when making investment decisions.

low-price issues

Refers to those stocks with small trading volume, low turnover rate, low liquidity, small or abnormal stock price changes and often not traded. Generally, listed companies with such stocks have poor operating performance, deteriorating financial situation, poor dividend income of shareholders and high investment risks. But unpopular stocks are not absolute, mainly depending on their development trend.

Major stocks

It refers to a representative well-known stock that leads the change of stock price trend in the securities circulation market. Generally speaking, listed companies that issue such stocks have excellent operating performance, normal financial situation, rich dividends and great potential for stock development. Leading stocks are generally hot stocks, but hot stocks may not necessarily become leading stocks.

invest in stocks

The price of a certain stock rises and falls very sharply, but it is not all caused by major changes in the operating performance of stock issuing companies, but by stock speculators manipulating the stock market. This kind of stock is called investment stock.

broker

Also known as "yellow cattle", it is a trading intermediary between off-site customers of exchange brokers. Brokers cannot enter the exchange, and their main function is to transmit information between brokers and customers. After the entrusted transaction is completed, the broker pays the broker a certain fee, which is generally called a rebate.

Start shooting (a film)

That is, publicly auction securities on the exchange. Only the securities approved by the government securities authorities and audited by the exchange can be publicly auctioned on the exchange.

Price index and "point" of stock

In the stock exchange markets all over the world, thousands of stocks are listed and traded every day, and the market prices of various stocks are always there. In order to measure and analyze the fluctuation trend of stock owners in the whole stock market, the stock price index is compiled as a measure to reflect the overall level of stock price changes in the stock market. When compiling the stock price index, it is usually based on a certain point in the past, and the weighted average price of some representative companies or all stocks in the market during this period is 100, and then the current stock price is compared with the benchmark price, and the percentage is the current stock price index. The unit of stock price index is expressed by "point". If the stock price rises by 6%, it means that the stock price rises by 6 points. Therefore, "point" is a relative measure to measure the rise and fall of stock prices.

The world's major stock exchanges generally have their own stock indexes, and some securities companies and financial research institutions may also compile stock indexes. Representative stock indexes with world influence include American Dow Jones stock price average index, American Standard & Poor's stock composite index, Japanese Nikkei stock average index, Hong Kong Hang Seng index, Financial Times industrial stock index and so on. There are two formulas for compiling stock index: average formula and weighted average formula.

average method

Average method is a method of compiling stock price index. This method is to add the prices of sample stocks in the stock market, and then divide them by the selected stock types to calculate the average value of stock prices. The calculation formula is as follows:

Average share price = sum of the prices of one stock in the sample stock/number of stock types.

Then, the average stock price in the base period is 100, and the calculated stock price is compared with it to calculate the current stock price index.

weighted average method

Weighted average method is a method of compiling stock price index. In this method, the numerator is the current share price of each sample stock multiplied by the total number of shares issued, and the denominator is the base price of each stock multiplied by the total number of shares issued, and the percentage obtained is the current share price index. Its calculation formula is:

Stock price index = (∑ current price of each sample stock × number of issues)/(∑ base price of each sample stock × number of issues)

Kennedy shock

1In July, 963, in order to prevent the outflow of dollars, President Kennedy of the United States stipulated that domestic residents must pay an "interest balance tax" when investing in foreign securities, which led to the stock prices of other western countries falling. This situation was named "Kennedy shock". The so-called interest balance tax stipulates that the difference between the interest earned by Americans on foreign securities and the interest earned on domestic securities must be paid as tax. This is equivalent to the closure of the US capital market to foreign companies, which will inevitably lead to the decline of western stock markets. However, this policy measure of the Kennedy administration did not effectively stop the outflow of dollars, which caused shocks in the world financial market.

Nixon shock

In order to get rid of the predicament of unemployment, inflation and balance of payments deficit in the United States during the Vietnam War, the Nixon administration announced the implementation of the "new economic policy" on August 197 15. This policy adopted two measures: stopping the exchange of US dollars for gold and levying an import surcharge of 10%, which led to a general decline in western stock prices, seriously damaged the prizes won by many countries and aggravated the international economic and financial turmoil. This decision of the US government has the most serious impact on Japan, so it is called "Nixon shock" by Japanese financial circles.

Crude oil shock

1973 10, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries adopted the policy of reducing crude oil production and increasing crude oil price, which made the economies of western crude oil importing countries suffer a serious blow and caused worldwide inflation. Therefore, the stock markets in western countries have been seriously affected. For example, Japan, which is totally dependent on crude oil imports, saw its stock market plummet for several years. This phenomenon is called "crude oil shock" by western financial circles.

Black Monday

Black Monday is also known as the "October trend" of stocks. 1987 10 In mid-June, the world stock market was affected by the stock price crash in new york. There was a violent riot. Since June 65438+1October 65438+April, the share price of Wall Street stock market has been falling continuously. The Dow Jones index reached 16. /kloc-on 0/9, the Dow Jones stock index plunged 508 points, the biggest decline in the US stock market since the First World War. According to statistics, the stocks of 5,000 companies listed in the United States all lost more than $500 billion in one day, and 47 million shareholders suffered. Many stock investors have lost their money, which is called "blood on Wall Street". Because 65438+1October 19 falls on a Monday, it is called "Black Monday". Affected by the new york stock market, the share prices of major global stock markets such as London, Paris, Tokyo and Hongkong all fell. The London stock market fell sharply for two consecutive days. The closing price of Paris Stock Exchange 19 dropped by 9.7% compared with last week. On the 20th, the average share price of the Tokyo Stock Exchange plunged 3,836.48 yuan compared with the day before yesterday, setting a record for the Tokyo stock market.

This stock market crash has a great impact on the whole world economy: ① It has dampened the confidence of investors and consumers, inevitably affected the expenditure on investment and consumption, and accelerated the process of western economic recession. (2) The worldwide stock price decline has caused the price of bonds, especially national debt, to rise, while the prices of precious metals such as real estate, real estate and gold have soared, while the prices of base metals such as copper and aluminum and primary products such as livestock and cotton have fallen. The stock market crash has severely hit investors, especially those small and medium shareholders, and caused a series of serious social problems. (4) As the prices of primary products in the international market have fallen, protectionism has been adopted to eliminate the impact of the stock market crash, which has adversely affected the trade economy and exports of developed and developing countries. ⑤ The stock market crash has also exerted a subtle influence on the domestic political situation and international relations in the United States.