Explain methods and functions

I believe many people have had the experience of writing a composition and are familiar with it. Especially as a common style of expository writing, expository writing is a style that objectively explains and clarifies things. You always have no idea when you write this kind of composition? The following are the explanation methods and functions I collected for you, hoping to help you.

way

I. Examples

The function of this interpretation method is to make the object of interpretation concrete and easy for readers to understand.

Second, classification

The function of classification is to explain clearly.

Third, for example

Its main function is to make the explanatory object vivid and enhance the interest of the article.

Fourth, the number of columns

Its function is to make the explanation accurate and convince the readers.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) explanation

Explain the reasons and internal relations of the explained content.

Sixth, make a comparison.

Comparison is used to highlight characteristics (status, influence, etc.). ) to explain the object.

Seven. definition

Its function is to scientifically and accurately explain the connotation of the object of interpretation and make the interpretation more rigorous.

Draw a chart

Drawing charts can make the explanation intuitive and vivid.

Nine, imitation

Imitation can make the explanation vivid and the article more readable.

cite

1. Cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)

2. Cite specific data; (Functions in the same column)

3. Quote famous sayings, maxims and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

4. Quote myths and legends, news reports, riddles and anecdotes. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

Explanatory model essay

A faithful friend of mankind-dog

Dogs were domesticated by early humans from gray wolves, and the domestication time was 40 thousand years ago to 1 year. 50,000 years ago, it was the earliest domesticated animal. According to statistics, there are more than 1400 dog breeds in the world, of which more than 500 are classified. There are about 240 famous dogs in the world. Recently, a large number of research results of genetic research have proved that there are about 450 kinds of dogs.

Dogs, like people, have normal facial features and more sound limbs. They walked, staggered and very happy. Under normal circumstances, dogs are about eight centimeters long and weigh no more than 35 kilograms. ...

A dog is a lovely animal because of its flexible nature. Few dogs in the world are stupid, let alone dogs that don't like to eat or play. Not only that, the dog's response is also very agile. When seeing the appearance of mice, insects and ants, dogs will show their skills and quickly catch the "prey" that is closely watched; In the dog's sight, almost no "prey" can leave its "palm"

Dogs don't eat much, but they are very picky about food. Dogs eat about one-third of human food a day. They only eat fish, meat or other bones. Most vegetables and fruits don't like them. ...

The intelligence of dogs is also unusual in the lower animal kingdom, which is a quarter of that of higher animals-"humans". Manually trained dogs can do many difficult movements: they can catch small objects falling from high altitude very accurately at low altitude; Stand on tiptoe and hold human hands with both hands, just like dealing with humans. ...

whale

A whale is a mammal that lives in water. It has the same physiological characteristics as terrestrial mammals, such as breathing with lungs, viviparous and so on, and has some special physiological structures evolved to adapt to the aquatic environment. Whales are divided into three categories, namely baleen whales and toothed whales. The grouping of these two whales mainly depends on their different ways of eating. The main morphological feature of baleen whales is that they have no teeth, but there are great baleen whales, which can be used to screen plankton, so they are filter-feeding animals. The main feature of Toothed Whale suborder is that it has teeth and is predatory, and the number and arrangement of teeth will be different from the direction of predation. There are about 79 species of 13 families in the world.

Although the whale has the word fish, it is actually not a fish, but a mammal. It has many characteristics very different from fish. For example, the average fish swings its tail fin left and right to move forward, while the whale swings its tail fin up and down. They use the flippers at the front end to keep balance and control the direction of force. Some whales have fins at the top of their backs to keep their bodies vertical!

Whales are social animals. They usually live in groups in the sea, but when whales breathe, they need to swim to the surface. At this time, whales breathe through the spray holes on their heads. When they exhale, the water in the air will condense into the familiar fountain shape. Experts can even tell the species of whales from the height, width and angle of water spray! There are many kinds of whales, which can be roughly divided into toothed whales and baleen whales.

Whales have a very thick layer of fat under their skin, which is also commonly known as whale oil. It can keep the whale's body warm and store energy for a rainy day. Because whales have many special structures in their bodies, they can breathe in the water for a long time and slow down their heartbeat. Therefore, when it sinks to the bottom of the sea, it will take a long time to surface again. In addition to the structure of storing oxygen, when a certain part of the body needs excessive blood supply, there will be a special function of centralized supply in the body!

What is the explanation method and function of explanatory text?

First, grasp the characteristics of things and the center of interpretation.

Everything has its own qualitative stipulation, and the characteristic of one thing is that it is different from other things. Only by grasping the characteristics of things can we accurately and clearly introduce the things explained to readers and make people have a definite understanding of things. Things often have various characteristics, and it is impossible to cover everything in an explanatory article when introducing things; You can say only one or two characteristics at a time as needed. Therefore, if you want to write a good exposition, you must also grasp the center of the exposition. For example, "Wandering Pi" is an explanatory article that introduces the basis of mathematics. This article, called Random Talk, does not pile up materials about pi at will, but introduces the contributions made by mathematicians at home and abroad to the value of pi around the center of finding a more accurate value of pi.

It is an important requirement to grasp the characteristics of things and the center of explanation. To do this, the author must make a thorough and detailed study of the things to be explained before writing. We must understand that we can do this only if we are familiar with what is explained and understand and master the regularity of what is explained.

Second, according to the specific situation, choose a good writing angle.

Writing expository texts also requires targeted methods. What to write and how to write it should be considered from the actual situation of readers, so that the article can be targeted and meet the readers' knowledge level, professional characteristics and age. Usually different readers write from different angles. For example, there are many discussions about the harm of smoking, some are aimed at the elderly, some are aimed at women, and some are aimed at teenagers. From different angles, the content of the explanation is different. The article "Smoking is harmful to teenagers" introduces the harm of smoking to teenagers from the perspective that teenagers are the future and hope of the country, highlights the physiological characteristics of teenagers, shows that teenagers are exposed to toxic substances faster, eliminated more slowly and are more harmful than adults, and points out that "smoking is absolutely harmful to teenagers". This shows that the purpose is clear and targeted.

What angle to choose when writing an explanatory article depends on the actual situation. For example, introducing the knowledge of cattle, if written for breeders, should focus on the life habits and characteristics of cattle; If it is written for users, it should focus on the function and strength of cattle; If it is written for a veterinarian, it mainly introduces its body structure; If it is written for consumers, it can mainly introduce its nutritional value. Of course, as an introduction to popular science knowledge, it is better to be comprehensive.

Third, explain clearly and clearly.

The purpose of writing expositions is to let people acquire knowledge and skills. Only by explaining clearly can this goal be achieved. Explain, as soon as you say it, how to explain it clearly, pay attention to the method of explanation, pay attention to the arrangement of structure, and pay attention to the use of language. About the method of explanation, I won't introduce it in detail here. Here, I will focus on the arrangement of organizational structure.

The organization of the article is the reflection of the characteristics and laws of objective things and events themselves in the structure of the article. Explanatory words should be arranged in their own order, so as to be clear-cut and clear-cut. First of all, pay attention to the order when arranging the structure of the explanatory text. Different types of expositions have different requirements on how to arrange the detailed structure. The description of the product production process is often arranged according to the product production process. For example, Ye Shengtao's "Making Cloisonne" is an exposition that introduces cloisonne as a handicraft. According to the procedure of manufacturing technology, detailed explanations were made in turn, and five key processes were grasped: tire making, silk kneading, painting, firing and polishing. The whole article is orderly and gives a very clear impression. This arrangement focuses on the process of writing in chronological order.

Fourth, the language is accurate and concise, and the text is popular and simple.

Choosing accurate language and explaining things accurately are the basic requirements of interpreting language. Explanatory text mainly introduces the content of knowledge, and only by truthfully reflecting the objective situation of the explained content can the scientific nature of knowledge be guaranteed. On the contrary, inaccurate language will lose the scientific nature of knowledge.

Xu Guangqi, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, translated Euclid's Principles of Geometry, one of which is:

"The theoretical level there will begin with one. From point to line, from line to surface, from surface to body, there are three contours. It is a line with a long heart but not wide, a long face but not thick, and a long and wide body. Only points are not long, wide and thick, which can't be accommodated and can't be counted. However, the two ends of the line are points, and both lines and faces come from this life. Although the point is not counted, it is actually the basis of calculation. "

This section explains the basic concepts of mathematics, and gives an exact explanation of what is a point, what is a line, what is a surface, what is a body, the relationship and difference between a point and several degrees, and the language is also very accurate.

In addition, there are often some contents with specialized scientific knowledge, involving some specialized terms and technical terms, which are particularly required to be used accurately in the interpretation to facilitate readers' understanding. For example, "aviation" and "aerospace" are two different concepts. There is an article that explains this: "An airplane flying in the atmosphere is called aviation; Satellites and spaceships flying outside the atmosphere are called space flight. They use different aircraft in different spaces to complete their tasks. " This explanation is very accurate, which gives people a scientific understanding of what is "aviation" and what is "aerospace".

The language of explanatory writing must be concise and accurate. Look at the following passage:

"The peeling of cicada larvae starts from the back. The first layer of old skin split from the back, revealing a light green cicada. The head comes out first, then the straw and front legs, and finally the hind legs and folded wings, leaving only the tip of the tail still in the old skin. At this time, it got up, turned back, hung its head upside down, spread its folded wings and tried to straighten it. Then with an almost invisible movement, try to turn your body up and hook the old skin with your front paws. This action makes its tail tip completely stick out of the old skin. That old skin is just an empty shell and has become a cicada. It takes about half an hour from start to complete removal.

This passage is less than 200 words, specifically explaining the whole process of cicada larvae peeling. In concise language, the complex movements of larva desquamation are written carefully and truly. The words are unbranched, and the language is expressive, giving a clear impression.

Explanatory articles should introduce some scientific knowledge and some contents, which are often unfamiliar to ordinary people. To explain professional scientific knowledge clearly and make it easy for people to understand, it is necessary to be simple, easy to understand, vivid and interesting. For example, "Intercontinental Missile Readme" is a scientific essay introducing the knowledge of intercontinental missiles. This paper explains the appearance, classification, structure, characteristics, power and weakness of intercontinental missiles by anthropomorphic method, and gives them a hypothetical human behavior, which is lively and interesting to read and easy to understand. In order to make expository articles vivid and easy to understand, people often use various rhetorical devices to enhance the vividness and interest of articles.

Extension: What is the order of descriptions in the description text?

1, chronological order.

That is, the order of interpretation of things is introduced according to the order of development of things. The development and change of everything is inseparable from time, such as explaining production technology, product making, working methods, historical development, text evolution, character growth, animal and plant growth and so on. , in chronological order.

2. Spatial order.

That is, according to the way things exist in space, or from outside to inside, or from top to bottom, or from the whole to the part, such an interpretation order is conducive to a comprehensive explanation of all aspects of things. Generally speaking, static entities (such as buildings, etc. ) is often described in this order, which is in line with people's habit of observing things and is the most reasonable order.

3. Logical order.

That is, according to the internal logical relationship between things, or from individual to general, or from concrete to abstract, or from main to secondary, or from phenomenon to essence, or from cause to result. Whether in kind, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, utensils and so on. , or abstract things, such as ideas, ideas, concepts, principles, technologies, etc. It is appropriate to explain them in a logical order. When expounding various causal relationships or other logical relationships between things and events, it is most appropriate to write them in logical order.