What are the characteristics of gallbladder bottles in private kilns in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty?

Characteristics and history of dry Qinglong enamel colored gallbladder bottle

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The history of enamel painting

Great changes have taken place in the production and development of enamel colored porcelain in the three generations of Kang, Yong and Gan, and in the Yongzheng period. From the "inner and outer glazed" porcelain tire in the late Kangxi period to the "inner and outer glazed" porcelain tire in the Qianlong period, its transformation was perfected and developed in the Yongzheng period. In the middle period of Yongzheng, the difficulty that enamel glaze could not be attached to glass glaze was overcome, which made the subsequent porcelain painting enamel the best in the Qing Dynasty. The porcelain tire painting enamel in Yongzheng period occupies an important position in the whole history of porcelain tire painting enamel and has the significance of rewriting history. 1. Historical Data of Enamel Porcelain Production in the Early Years of Yongzheng It has been quite a long time since the porcelain tire painting was produced in Yongzheng period. If there is no archives of the Qing Palace Department as a reference, it will be difficult to be convincing and it will be difficult to correctly understand the relevant production in this period. According to the existing historical archives, the enamel workers in the Qing Dynasty began to make enamel porcelain in the first year of Yongzheng.

Brief introduction of dry Qinglong enamel bottle

In 6 18-907 ad, I had a process of filling the dam glass color with metal on the gold and silver vessels in the Tang Dynasty. That is to say, before13rd century, China ceramics had already produced a porcelain tire manufacturing process, a kind of porcelain resembling cloisonne enamel. The enamel technology of ancient cloisonne in China flourished during the Jingtai period of Ming Dynasty. Cloisonne was famous for its blue brilliant gems "blue, gold and purple" in the filler of copper tire cloisonne during the Jingtai period.

The official name of enamel porcelain should be "porcelain embryo painting enamel", which is a kind of porcelain decoration technique. It is a decorative technique introduced from abroad, and later it was called "Gu Yue Xuan" and "Rose Color" abroad. In the early stage, the unglazed part of the carcass was painted with enamel and then painted with flowers. Flowers without birds is a feature. According to the documents and archives of the Qing Palace Construction Institute, it was a new variety of porcelain created at the instigation of Emperor Kangxi. The enamel craftsmen of the Construction Institute successfully transplanted the technique of painting enamel on copper tires to porcelain tires.

Characteristics of painted glaze for porcelain tires

Enamel porcelain is very particular about the production of fetal quality. The tire wall is extremely thin, uniform and regular, and closely combined. In this kind of embryo, the glaze color is extremely fine, the glaze color is extremely white, and the glaze surface is shiny without orange peel glaze, loose glaze and brown eye phenomenon. It can be called "flawless white jade". Enamel colored porcelain is characterized by exquisite porcelain, dignified color materials, bright colors and exquisite painters. Making enamel porcelain is extremely labor-intensive, and it disappears after drying. Most of Kangxi's enamel porcelain is painted with passionflower and peony bound branches, which is monotonous with flowers but no birds.

Yongzheng is dominated by floral patterns, as well as landscapes and figures. At that time, it was particularly prominent that the pictures were accompanied by corresponding poems. During the Yongzheng period, the calligraphy of these poems was excellent. At the beginning and end of the poems, there were rouge water or red seals from Zhu Wen and Bai Wen, and the printed words often matched the pictures and the contents of the poems, such as "Ran Bin" and "Gentleman" printed as painted bamboo; Draw landscapes with the seal of "high mountain" and "long water"; Plum blossoms are painted with "Spring Chapter" and so on.