Architectural categories such as Baroque

The architectural styles are very complicated, and they come from different countries, different regions and different eras

Among the European styles, the familiar categories are:

Greek, Roman, Gothic French style, Baroque style, Rococo style

There are many ways to say villas:

Dutch style (Dutch)

Dutch style includes colonial style and colonial style The Revival style, based on the architectural styles of the 1880 Revival period, absorbed the architectural features of the Singer style, notably asymmetrical (L form) and sometimes a huge Singer window on the roof. Dutch-style buildings have reasonable layout and good ventilation and lighting.

Dutch colonial architecture first emerged in New York and New Jersey. It has two obvious features: (A) double mansard roof; (B) several dormer windows along the side walls along the street.

American style (Ametican Colonial Revival)

American style is based on the creative expression of folk houses in various parts of the American continent (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain) during the colonial period. Formed, more building materials are consumed. After the national railway network was established, the transportation of building materials became more convenient, making it possible to build this type of housing on a large scale. After more than 200 years of revival and development, this style has gradually stabilized and become the main form of American villas. It emphasizes the residential function of the building and emphasizes the style characteristics.

There are three types: Type A, with double gables on the front facade (double called Shotgugun); Type B, with L form; Type C, with four-sided sloping roof.

Neoclassical style (Neoclassical)

At the 1893 World's Fair held in Chicago, the United States, the design plan for the main venue was decided to adopt classical ideas and styles from the beginning. A large number of architectural designs displayed at each branch venue fully demonstrate the classical style. Due to the unprecedented success of this exposition, neoclassicism became the last popular style in the United States in the 19th century. It originated from the classical tradition and really pushed its charm to the limit.

The characteristics of this type of villa are:

A. The front facade is generally designed as a luxurious porch with the same height as the eaves, symmetrical and balanced;

B , The pediment of the porch is supported by thick classical columns (the capitals are often Corinthian or Ionian);

C. The eaves are very delicately decorated. It has five forms: the porch is the same height as the eaves; part of the house number porch is lower than the eaves; the front facade is a full-section porch; the front gable porch; and a house with four-slope roof.

French Colonial

The initial influence of the French villa style on the United States began with the popularity of the French Colonial style in several central states.

Its characteristics are:

A. Tall and steep hipped roof or side gable roof, villas are often one-story;

B. Thin doors and windows And long, there are small grids along the vertical direction on the doors and windows, arranged in a row. It has two forms: urban tradition and rural tradition.

The rural tradition consists of a porch supported by a series of pillars around it, providing the occupants with a 360-degree panoramic view, but the most outstanding one is the entrance staircase of the porch, which was later used as the porch of royal garden villas across Europe. The prototype of the design.

Stick style (Stick)

Stick style is the transition between Gothic Revival style and Queen Anne style. It emphasizes the overall decoration of the wall rather than limiting the doors and windows. Or details on the eaves, etc. This style was very popular in 1878. It is very beautiful and enjoys the nickname "wooden Queen Anne style".

Its characteristics are: the front facade is a steep gable, and there are also triangular gables intersecting on the sides. There are decorative wooden frames on the gables; the eaves and the entrance porch are both decorated with diagonal wooden bars; the exterior walls It is often wrapped with wooden boards and inlaid with wooden strips in both horizontal and vertical directions. It has two forms: front facade gable; often used as urban residences.

Georgian

The classical Renaissance tradition is the architectural style of the Renaissance in various European countries (Italy in the 15th century, France in the late 15th century, and Britain in the 16th century). Forming the profound background of the American Renaissance, although various countries infiltrated their own aura and ideas during the Renaissance, one thing is the same, that is, the inheritance and innovation of classical style. The villa style is characterized by symmetry, balance and exquisite detail decoration.

During this period, the influence of Western Europe on American villa style was obvious. It was also during this period that Europe began to gradually become the most powerful region in the world in terms of economy, politics and culture. Traditional styles include Georgian style and Adam style. British villas emphasize the decorative nature of the porch and are more "fashionable".

The Georgian style has been popular in British colonial countries for a full century (18th century). It was derived from the Italian Renaissance style after it was introduced to Britain. It adheres to the principles of classical symmetry and harmony. One of the most influential styles in America.

Its characteristics are:

A. There is often a classical porch on the front facade;

B. There are rectangular clusters arranged under the eaves, and there are dentils on the eaves. ;

C. Windows are paired up and down and divided into many small grids (9 to 12). Usually the windows are also in 5 columns and are centrally symmetrical;

D. Doors often have Rectangular carvings form an arrangement pattern, and there are vertically arranged rectangular patterns on the door beams. There are five forms: side gables; double mansard roofs; hip roofs; central gables; often used as urban residences.

Adam style (Adam)

Adam style is the development and essence of Georgian style. It is extremely popular in the northeastern United States. It draws on the research results of the Adam brothers on the Italian Renaissance style. Compared with the Georgian style, the eaves dentils are lengthened, a semicircular or oval transom is added above the main door, and the wall windows are decorated with decorative windows. The rest of the features and shapes are almost the same as the Georgian style.

The most obvious feature of Italian Renaissance style Renaissance architecture is that it abandoned the Gothic architectural style of the medieval period and re-adopted the columnar composition elements of the ancient Greek and Roman periods in religious and secular buildings.

Renaissance architects and artists believed that Gothic architecture was a symbol of Christian theocracy, while the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome was non-Christian. They believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical column composition, embodies harmony and rationality, and is similar to the beauty of the human body. These are in line with the humanistic concepts of the Renaissance movement. On the one hand, it adopts classical column style; on the other hand, it is flexible and boldly innovative, and even integrates architectural styles from various regions with classical column style.

Roman Revival

Derived from the ancient Roman style, also known as the early classical revival style, it was most popular in the late 16th and early 17th centuries after the United States gained independence.

The characteristics of its villa are:

A. It has a simple triangular roof or triangular ridge;

B. The front facade is a classical villa with the same height as the eaves. The porch (it is the most conspicuous entrance to the facade);

C. The classical porch consists of four pillars with a square foundation and a front gable (triangular lintel);

D . There is a semicircular or oval transom above the main entrance;

E. The windows are symmetrically distributed around the central axis, usually with five columns (less than three and more than seven are rare) ). It comes in three forms: two-story; one-story; with side annexes.

Shingle style (Shingle)

There are many such villas in the northeastern United States. Most of them were built between 1880 and 1900 and are still well preserved.

It is based on three major styles:

(A) Queen Anne style with long, asymmetrical porches;

(B) Colonial Revival style Double mansard roof, classical capitals and Palatine "windows";

(C) Roman-style asymmetry and sculptural form.

Some scholars believe that Singer style villas are the wooden products of Roman style villas.

The most eye-catching features of this style are:

(A) The large steep gable on the front facade (orthogonal to the other gable) and the long porch;

(B) Multi-level eaves;

(C) The wall continuously transitions at the corner, and the wall and eaves transition continuously.

French Eclectic Style (French Revival)

During World War I, many Americans served in France and had an intuitive understanding of French villas. The dual influence of the castle style and the academic style, after the war, began to build villas between the two in the United States - the eclectic style,

Its characteristics are:

A. The decoration is relatively simple, with high and steep triangular roofs, sometimes with gables;

B. The decoration at the contact point between the eaves and the wall is only a step;

C. Brick wall The structure or exterior wall layer is painted, and sometimes the exterior wall decoration method is used;

D. There is only one stone strip for decoration on the window edge.

There are three forms: symmetrical; asymmetrical; with tower.

Colonial Revival

This is a century-old style that was created by the American architect Mckim. Although other styles also had an influence on it, it It basically maintains the Georgian and Adam style (British tradition), and is asymmetrical due to absorbing the Queen Anne style (such as opening a Singer window, adding an Anne castle, etc.). After World War II, this style was gradually simplified due to changes in fashion. Even so, this style is a cornerstone of the modern American villa style. Compared with the Adam style, the low-level windows evolved into a pair of left and right windows, the large porch was lengthened in depth, and a crown was added to form an entrance. The other features are close to the Adam style.

There are nine schools of this style: asymmetric; hipped roof with full-width porch; hipped roof; side gables; central gable; mansard roof; first floor; second floor Overhang (Gallison style); three stories.

German style (Germany)

The most representative styles of German democratic architecture in villas are German style (fachwerk-bau) and castle style (many construction sites in Germany still retain Prototype) castle style can be classified into the castle style for discussion. The German style was developed from medieval imperial folk houses. It is similar to the British Tudor style, but the difference is that almost every facade has obvious decoration. It is commonly known as "bandage" style architecture, which is the main residential form of the Germanic people.

Chateauesque

Originated from the 16th century French castle architecture, it combines early Gothic style and Renaissance decorative techniques. American architect Hunt designed the first chateau-style villa in the United States in 1895 after studying in France. Since most castle villas are made of stone and the detailed decorations are extremely expensive, there are not many of them.

Its architectural features are:

A. High and steep sloped roof, with several dormer windows on the front facade roof extending along the wall;

B. There are often exquisite Gothic decorations on the dormer windows, chimneys, and side walls, rising vertically to the sky;

C. Stone walls, usually with an antique tower, which looks like Very mysterious.

It has five forms: four-slope roof with two intersecting gables; side gable roof; front gable roof; two orthogonal gables; and double fold line roof.

Greek Revival

Originated from the temple style of ancient Greece and became popular in the United States in the mid-19th century. There are two main factors:

(A) Anthropological surveys at the time confirmed that the source of ancient Roman style was ancient Greek style;

(B) Greece fought a war of independence from 1821 to 1830. For these two reasons, people's interest in Greece and ancient Greek architectural styles doubled. The Greek style was fashionable for about 40 years and was gradually replaced by Gothic style, Italian Renaissance style and Victorian style.

Its characteristics are:

A. The roof is a low-slope gable or hip roof;

B. Under the triangular eaves and the roof of the main porch There is a wide and long upper lintel;

C. The top of a classical porch (sometimes as high as the eaves) is usually flat and supported by several round or square columns;

< p> D. There are horizontal decorative strips on the main door, which are integrated with the refined marble decoration.

It has six forms: the porch is the same height as the eaves; the porch is lower than the eaves; the front facade is a full-section porch; the front gable porch; the front gable porch with side wings; flat roof (in urban residences).

French Second Empire style (French Second Empire)

French architecture has always emphasized the beauty of the roof and enjoys the reputation of "the first roof". Contrary to the retro sentiment of the Italian style and Gothic style at the time, the French Second Empire style was very fashionable. It originated from the architectural style of Paris during the reign of Napoleon III. It was introduced to the United States through the United Kingdom and was originally used as a public house. The main form of architecture was gradually adopted in garden villas.

Its architectural features are:

A. The tall and protruding wedge-shaped roof - Mansard;

B. Its side roof ( There are two types (flat and curved)) equipped with several dormer windows, gaining a lot of living space;

C. The decoration of the eaves is similar to the Italian style;

D. The tapered roof There are long decorative strips like small steps on the upper and lower lintels.

It has five forms: simple Mengsha roof; central gable or main wing; asymmetrical type; with tower; urban residential type.

British residential style (Postmedieval English)

In addition to Indian houses, the earliest post-medieval British residential style in the United States was the British residential style. This type of building was first developed by the British Built in the most fertile area on the northeastern coast of the United States, most of it is made of wood and has been preserved for more than 300 years. Its appearance is monotonous.

Its architectural features are:

A. Steep side triangular roof with almost no decoration on the eaves;

B. Wooden wooden door, slanted grid windows, conspicuous of elaborate chimneys. It has two forms: a two-story wooden house with a central chimney (north); a two-story brick house with chimneys on both sides (south)

Italianate

Italianate style and The Italian style was also popular in Britain for nearly 200 years and was introduced to the United States. This style emphasized the unique beauty of the arch. It was once popular in places such as Florence and Rome. The first Italian-style villa in the United States was built in 1830. Later, due to A.J. The publication and influence of the Downing architectural style prevailed for about 40 years. Because this type of villa was expensive to build, it shrank due to the economic depression at that time. A few years later, when the economy recovered, Italianate style was replaced by a newer style - Queen Anne style.

Its characteristics are:

A. Square tower, low-slope hip roof, mostly two to three stories;

B. Slender windows It is equipped with an arched decorative upper lintel (inverted U shape);

C. Decorative brackets are evenly arranged under the wide and long eaves;

D. There are many carvings on the door and door frames. The carvings are also complex. It has six forms: simple hip roof; hip roof with central gable; asymmetrical shape; with tower; front gable; flat roof (in the city).

Prairie style (prairie)

This style is represented by the American architect Wright. He was very famous during his lifetime, and many clients asked him to design their own villas. This style was developed based on the hip roof style of the American Colonial Revival style, highlighting the democratic nature of the building.

Its characteristics are:

A. The extremely flat and steep roof extends horizontally to all sides.

B. Detailed decorative strips on the exterior walls are arranged horizontally: This style gradually disappeared after the First World War.

C. The design of the window highlights horizontal stretchability.

D. There is often a thick porch on the ground floor connected to the main building: the porch is supported by square pillars.

Minimal Traditional style (Minimal Traditional)

This style is a simplified form of the Tudor style in the 1930s, but it also has a main gable and a large chimney, and a relatively simple form of exterior decoration. , more popular in the 1930s and 1940s after the economic depression. This type of villa usually has only two floors at most, with structures such as wood, brick, and stone. Later, it was gradually replaced by the ranch style, which is currently the cheaper type of villa in the United States.

Shed style (Shed)

The shed style is mainly reflected in the changing taste of the roof. The entire roof is divided into several sloped roofs with different orientations. There are horizontal and vertical roofs on the walls. Or arranged in diagonal slender wooden strips, sometimes with solar cells on the roof, which is an extremely popular style at the moment.

Its characteristics are:

A. The intersection of the sloping roof and the gable wall;

B. The wooden strips on the wall are mixed with the brick wall;

C. The windows can be opened freely;

E. The eaves are smooth and do not protrude.

Gothic Revival

Gothic style originated from the construction of French churches, such as Notre Dame de Paris, which is an outstanding representative of Gothic style. The earliest use of the Gothic Revival style in villa design in the United States was in 1832. Later, the publication of design books about this villa style led to the adoption of this style by villa designers. The British Parliament Building also belongs to the Gothic Revival style. This style reached its peak during the High Victorian period. Gothic style emphasizes the sense of vertical lift.

Its distinctive personality is:

A. The central gable and the steep side gable roof intersect, and the eaves of the gable are exquisitely decorated;

B. The front facade wall extends directly into the central gable without interruption;

C. The wooden beams on the windows are in the shape of pointed coupons;

D. The first-floor or full-facade porch , supported by clever Gothic columns. It has six forms: central gable; a pair of gables; front gable; asymmetrical; castle style; brick wall color contrast style.

French Beaux Arts

France was the center of world art during the Louis Era and the Warring States Period, and its artistic foundation was profound in the academic architectural style. Several subjects reached their peak.

The United States began to adopt this style at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1983, and it was promoted across the country, becoming the main scene of urban monuments, and later gradually adopted by villas. The owners of these Lou villas are often millionaires.

The characteristics of this villa are as follows:

A. The exterior decoration is luxurious and complicated, and the finishing touch is that the facade (one or more floors) is usually a row of elegant colonnades (double columns). Columns);

B. There are fine carvings on the walls, windows, window tops and eaves, showing a luxurious atmosphere;

C. The walls are made of stones. , the facade is often symmetrical. It has two forms: flat or low-slope roof; Mengmasha roof.

Queen Anne style (Queen Anne)

Popularized by the British architect Shaw, the name of the style has little to do with Queen Anne's reign. The first American Queen Anne style summer house was built in Rhode Island in 1874, and the style became popular throughout the United States due to its unique style, the establishment of the railroad network and the development of printing technology. This kind of building sometimes even has a tower, making it a paradise. Its spatial combination is as complex as the Roman style, and has formed schools such as Classical, Asymmetrical Colonial Revival and Heyday Queen Anne style, whose simplified form is Victorian.

Its characteristics are:

A. Irregular steep roof (the intersection of L gable and hip roof), and the front facade usually has a main gable;

B. There are part or all of the asymmetrical corridors on the ground floor, usually one storey high, distributed along one or both sides of the wall;

C. The corridors are supported by thin pillars. It has four basic forms: four-slope roof with two intersecting gables; two intersecting gable roofs; front gable; urban residence.

Hispanic

Hispanic style is a general term for colonial style, missionary style, eclectic style and Monterey style. It also includes the Spanish style that was popular in South America. He gradually advanced from the southwestern United States along the Mexican border and the California coast into the United States. Compared with other Western European architectural styles, its style is relatively unique. The missionary style often has multi-curved walls and curved decorations on the porches supported by columns.

Colonial and Monterey-style buildings often have a continuous row of corridors on the second floor, while the eclectic style, which is less decorative than the missionary style, became popular after the 1915 Exposition in San Diego, USA. It was replaced by contemporary style around 1940.

Its basic characteristics are:

A. The roofs are mostly paved with red porcelain tiles;

B. The roof edges extend toward both sides, and there are courtyards indoors. ;

C. Porches and windows are mostly arched.

Ranch style (Ranch)

It was first introduced by Californian architects in the 1930s, became popular in the 1940s, and became popular in the 1960s. It is still a very popular style today. This type of villa is usually only one floor, with an L-shaped plan. Sometimes the roof is supported by a number of exposed pillars. The back garden is large and is the main outdoor activity venue for the family. Ranch style has some traces of prairie style.

Its characteristics are:

A. The roof slope is low and the eaves extend;

B. It has a large back garden; It has three forms: positive Cross-gable roof; side-gable roof; hip roof.

Modern style (modernistic)

In 1922, the "Chicago Tribune" headquarters building solicited design plans, and the plan designed by Finland's Sharinan won the second place. The brand-new style in the modern style is the origin of the modern style. It has gradually developed and matured in the past. There are two types, A type and B type. Now we can see many buildings of this style in the city.

Contemporary style (modernistic)

It has two branches: flat roof and flat roof characteristics, which are influenced by the International Style and Prairie Style.

Its characteristics are:

A. Flat roof;

B. Exposed building columns and beams;

C. Unique window shapes;

D. The facade is simple.

International style (intrenational)

During World War I and World War II, the United States was obsessed with traditional and retro styles, while Europe was committed to new building materials and Through in-depth exploration of technology, the International Style was gradually formed, which advocated functionalism, allowing a building to be arbitrarily combined with the support of the structural frame to achieve functional satisfaction.

Its characteristics are:

1. Flat-slope roof without eaves and smooth walls;

2. Asymmetrical shape;

3. Remove unnecessary decorations from doors and windows.

Splite-level

This style was developed based on the ranch style of the 1950s. Usually villas are divided into quiet areas and non-quiet areas. The quiet area in a prairie style villa is moved upstairs, but instead of the entire first floor, it becomes a layered style. Its basic outline appearance characteristics are still similar to the ranch style. After the hierarchical style was formed, the contemporary urban differentiation theory of American garden villas gradually developed and matured.