How to manage grapes in winter

In summer, all kinds of fruits are listed in turn, which makes us feast our eyes. Today, let's talk about grapes. Grape, as one of the main fruits in summer, brings people the sour and sweet taste, which makes many people like to eat grapes. There are also many people who like to go to the vineyard to pick grapes, which can not only eat fresh grapes, but also add some fun.

However, we have started to grow grapes. Of course, some smarter growers are considering how to get their grapes on the market earlier than others and sell them at a good price. How to manage grapes in this period?

Key points of grape management in summer If we neglect the management of grape plants in the middle and late part of the year, it will lead to plant malaise, diseases, early defoliation and poor maturity of most fruiting branches. In addition, the germination rate of grapes will be very low in the next spring, the sprouted new buds will shrink and the leaves will turn yellow.

For the sake of grape production, let's first understand what should be paid attention to in grape management in July:

July is the phenological period of grapes: early-maturing grapes are in the stage of fruit expansion and coloring, and gradually tend to mature; Mid-late ripening grapes are at the second peak of fruit growth.

Key points of grape management in July: during this period, the temperature rises and gradually enters the hot summer, so we must do a good job in grape sun protection and fertilizer and water management.

Different varieties have different management methods.

early ripening varieties

In July, the fruit has basically completed the second expansion, and the next step of management is to take various technical measures to promote the fruit coloring and ripening.

Top dressing and colored fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main fertilizers, and potassium sulfate ternary compound fertilizer can be used for hole application, and 30~40 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer can be applied per mu. It can also be sprayed with 0.5~ 1% for pest control.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, spray 2~3 times.

Enhance light and promote ear coloring. According to the fruit coloring situation in the garden, measures such as uncovering the film and removing bagging should be taken as appropriate to increase the light and promote the coloring. In orchards with heavy fruit load, girdling measures can be considered to promote the color maturity of fruit ears.

Mid-late maturity variety

In July, the fruit is basically in the second expansion period, and the focus of fruit ear management is to pay special attention to the use of fruit expansion fertilizer. The second expansion of fruit needs adequate nutrition supply. Therefore, the rational application of expansive fertilizer is of great significance to increase the number of fruit grains and improve the yield and quality.

Generally, topdressing urea 15 ~ 20k g/ mu and compound fertilizer 15 ~ 20k g/ mu at the roots, and watering after application; Or spraying foliar fertilizer for 2-3 times.

At the same time, due to the high temperature and rainy in July, it is the prone period of diseases and insect pests such as red spider, downy mildew, black pox, anthracnose, white rot, powdery mildew and gray mold, so attention should be paid to prevention and control.

How to manage grapes well

1, variety selection. Through experiments all over the country, the varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation are Jingya, Jingxiu, Fenghuang 5 1, Jing Yao, Nezha and Jufeng. These varieties have the characteristics of short dormancy period, high yield, high temperature resistance, storage and transportation resistance, short fruit development period, early maturity, moderate growth, disease resistance and easy management. 2. Build a garden. Selecting one-year-old robust cutting seedlings requires more than 20 main lateral roots, a root length of more than 15 cm, a stem diameter of more than 1 cm, and 4-6 full buds. Planting density varies with varieties, site conditions, shaping methods and seedling resources. For general hedge shaping, the row spacing is 1.2— 1.5m× 0.5m, and the planting area per mu is about 1000 plants. After the planting row spacing is determined, it is necessary to improve the soil, apply base fertilizer and build gardens with high standards in order to obtain high benefits. Generally, 4,000-5,000 kg of farm manure is applied in a planting trough 50-80 cm deep and 50-80 cm wide. When pumping the trough, the topsoil and subsoil are separated, the topsoil is backfilled first, and then the subsoil is filled, and the organic fertilizer is applied in layers. During planting, the method is the same as conventional tree planting. 3. The management of that year. After the seedlings are planted and survived, promoting the healthy growth of seedlings is the basis of achieving high quality and high efficiency of the first fruit, so we should pay special attention to the following points: ① plastic pruning. Select and keep the main vines in time. Because of the high planting density of greenhouse grapes, it is very different from the traditional pruning method. Generally, the pruning method of single dragon stem is adopted, that is, only 1 main vine is left after seedling germination. The principle of setting vines is to leave no leaves, neither strong leaves nor weak leaves, and erase all the redundant buds. When the new shoots of the main vine grow to 80 cm, the first coring is carried out, and then every 30 cm, 1-2 leaves are left in the secondary shoots for coring. And tie the tendrils in time, generally every 30-40 cm, and remove the tendrils. ② Strengthen fertilizer and water management. After the seedlings survive, topdressing available nitrogen fertilizer in time to improve the seedlings, topdressing more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in autumn, and spraying fertilizer on the leaves at the same time, with less attention. In September, basal fertilizer was applied in the early stage. Water in time in case of drought during the growing season, and pay attention to drainage during the rainy season. In addition, do a good job of pest control.

4. Fertilizer and water management. After picking the fruit every year, apply sufficient base fertilizer, 3000-4000 kg/mu, compound fertilizer 50- 100 kg/mu, and dig ditches for deep application. Top dressing 1 time at germination stage every year, using 30 kg of urea and 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer; Topdressing for the second time after flowering, using 40 kg of urea; The third topdressing was in the early stage of coloring, with 50 kg of potassium sulfate. Spraying fertilizer on leaves for 3-5 times during the fruit growth period, using 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate or potassium amino acid to promote coloring and improve quality. In case of drought, irrigation should be done in time, especially in summer. After the shed is demolished, attention should be paid to drought prevention, and irrigation should be done once after applying base fertilizer. 5, pest control. The pests and diseases of grapes in greenhouse are relatively light, but they can not be ignored. Comprehensive prevention and control should be carried out. After defoliation, combined with winter pruning, cut off branches and dead branches of pests and diseases, remove leaves and weeds in the garden, and reduce the overwintering base of pests and diseases. The main diseases are Rhizoctonia solani, powdery mildew, brown spot and gray mold. Control method: Spraying 1 3-5 degree sulfur mixture before germination, and spraying 800- 1000 times 70% thiophanate methyl twice every 15 days before flowering. Spraying 50% carbendazim 800 times solution and half lime Bordeaux 200 times solution every 15 days after flowering. Insect pests mainly control thrips, red spiders and mites. 20% metoclopramide 2000 times solution and 40% omethoate 1000 times solution can be sprayed. Uncover the film after picking the fruit, and the pest control after uncovering the film is the same as that in the open field.