Classical Chinese from Pre-Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty

1. Are there any grammatical differences between the classical Chinese of the pre-Qin period and the classical Chinese of the Qing Dynasty?

First of all, before the New Culture Movement, the ancients’ writing and language were different, and their speech was basically the same. There is not much difference between the ancient times and now, but the wording is slightly different. After all, the cultural penetration rate in ancient times was very low, and it was impossible for everyone to understand it. And if we just look at the text, the pre-Qin texts are more concise and more difficult to understand, because the most primitive characters emerged from sacrificial activities. The earliest oracle bone inscriptions and later stone drum inscriptions are still difficult to translate into modern Chinese characters. Understand. It is also for this reason that the translation of earlier ancient texts is a matter of judgment. Even the Analects of Confucius has various ways of understanding it, let alone other texts?

Due to the long-term language improvement, the literature of the Qing Dynasty has roughly developed into two directions, one is vernacular, and the other is ordinary classical Chinese. At this time, classical Chinese is already everywhere, but understand It's not difficult to get up. In comparison, the meaning expressed is more accurate, but it is also bloated to write. 2. Are there any grammatical differences between classical Chinese in the pre-Qin period and classical Chinese in the Qing Dynasty?

The spoken language in the Qing Dynasty is very close to ours now, but classical Chinese requires special learning. Some words that have not changed much do not even need to be translated. But we cannot generalize. Some people in the Qing Dynasty went to extremes. This is why some Qing Dynasty classical Chinese texts are extremely difficult to understand and do not speak human language.

This is a hand-typed answer. Please accept it if you are satisfied with it. Thank you. Classical Chinese is the vernacular spoken by people every day. For example, in the Analects of Confucius, the characters and grammar created by the ancients must be consistent with their daily speech.

More obscure classical Chinese texts such as "Wolf" in Liaozhai. In other words, in fact, at least in the pre-Qin period, otherwise they would be causing trouble for themselves. This is not in line with their purpose of creating writing, and it is indeed more difficult to understand than many classical Chinese texts in the pre-Qin period.

The main reason is that classical Chinese is ultimately a kind of writing, and writing is used to record language. If it is true that the ancients intended to create a language to record what they said every day, would it be easy for such people to write in classical Chinese? To put it simply, pre-Qin classical Chinese was the spoken language at that time. Suppressed by feudal culture, constrained by ideas, and the eight-legged essay in the imperial examination reached its peak, many pedantic literati deliberately made classical Chinese extremely difficult to understand and did not speak human language.

Deliberately choosing those extremely rare words to show knowledge, that is, Confucius' disciples recalled what their teacher said during his lifetime and recorded it, which is equivalent to "Confucius' Daily Speech Record". Therefore, the classical Chinese at that time only had some vocabulary usage that we were not familiar with, and there was no need to deliberately turn it into written language.

In later generations, when the spoken language was separated from the spoken language, classical Chinese was written in order to write written language. By the Qing Dynasty, it became completely two different things. For example, Kong Yiji in Lu Xun's novels is an example, showing off and showing off fennel. There are several ways to write the word bean fennel. However, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the increasing evolution of spoken language, the language and characters gradually deviated and became larger and larger.

3. From the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, what are the important literary genres in my country?

Pre-Qin Dynasty------"The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci", prose by various scholars, and essays! In particular, there has been a spectacle of hundreds of schools of thought contending in our country's literary world. Confucianism, Taoism, Zajuism, Legalism, Mohism, etc. all came together at once, and some great works were born from this. From then on, these great works have influenced almost all Chinese people, until now! The two Han Dynasties--Han Fu is naturally a literary style that marks a generation in this period (Zhang Heng, Sima Xiangru, etc. appeared as a group of writers). Secondly, the articles in the Han Dynasty are quite in the style of the times. No wonder some people also compare Tang poetry and Song lyrics Chinese articles are juxtaposed! Most of the articles in this period express ambitions and have a very high style! Three Kingdoms------The four-character and five-character ancient styles of the Three Kingdoms have reached a high level, especially the four-character poems that are unrivaled in my poetry world (the representative work "Dan Ge Xing")! The poetry language of this period is simple, almost all of which are poems expressing ambitions, and their character is extremely high! Later generations called the articles of the Han Dynasty and the poems of the Three Kingdoms together: the style of Han and Wei! During the two Jin Dynasties------Jin Dynasty, there were no outstanding works of poetry. Although there were many, they were still difficult to compare with their predecessors.

However, this era is the beginning of Chinese novels, and the earliest novels in my country appeared. Some people call them "people and strange things" novels. The representative work is Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji". Southern and Northern Dynasties - Mainly poetry. There were many poets in this period, but they had little achievements and many works, but no famous works.

The characteristics of poetry in this period are corruption and decadence, and the content is mostly unhealthy or praising peace. However, it is completely different from the simple style of the poetry of the Three Kingdoms. The poetry of the Three Kingdoms is simple, but the poetry of the Southern and Northern Dynasties has gorgeous language and the most luxurious words! However, some poets' landscape poems or some mood poems were not the same as those written at that time, such as Yu Xin, Bao Zhao, etc., which were highly praised by later famous writers such as Du Fu.

Wengjuan’s poems from this period were also used in the banquets of the Song Dynasty! Sui and Tang Dynasties------The Sui Dynasty was very short. Many great poets in the Sui Dynasty, such as Yu Shinan, etc., were attributed to the Tang Dynasty! It makes sense that poetry developed into the Tang Dynasty and achieved amazing results! Starting from the Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period to the Tang Dynasty, eight generations of pioneers have worked hard and accumulated enough experience for the Tang people to use! Therefore, poetry reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty became the era of the culmination of this literary form! In addition, another kind of novel appeared during this period, the "talented scholar and beautiful lady" novel, which is relatively famous. The novels of this period were the second wave after the emergence of "aspirational people and strange monsters" novels in the Jin Dynasty. As novels, the "talents and beauties" novels of the Tang Dynasty have gradually matured! The two Song Dynasties------the greatest achievement in Ci poetry, there is no need to go into details about this! Poetry appears in another form, no longer the same as the free and charming poetry of the Tang Dynasty.

Rather, reasoning is the main focus, which has become the main feature of Song poetry! Jin and Yuan ------ During this period, the upper class did not pay attention to culture. The rulers of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties were not as cultivated and gentle as the Han people, so there were almost no famous writers from the upper class! Of course, between the alternation of Jin and Yuan, a great master appeared: Yuan Haowen, who once wrote the famous "Asking the World..." and his scenery poems were very beautiful, almost comparable to Wang Wei! However, the Han people who were notified of the class gradually became popular among the people! In addition, the development of Zaju reached a peak, and the four major tragedies of the Yuan Dynasty that are still circulated to this day appeared (such as "The Orphan of Zhao" which is still touching today)! Guan Hanqing wrote more than 60 kinds of dramas in his life, the famous ones include "The Injustice of Dou E", "Rescuing Feng Chen", "Wangjiang Pavilion", etc., as well as the famous Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu... Ming and Qing novels ------ Novels It has matured, especially from the single theme of "talented scholars and beauties" novels in the Tang Dynasty to all aspects. Moreover, during this period, novels in classical Chinese and vernacular appeared. As for us now, we can still read and understand them easily! Okay, okay, my hands are sore! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The original poster’s question is not easy to answer, but roughly speaking, that’s it! . 4. List the representative literary styles from the pre-Qin to the Ming and Qing dynasties

Fu is a literary style in ancient my country that emphasizes literary grace and rhythm and has the qualities of poetry and prose.

It is characterized by "using prose and writing about objects," focusing on describing scenes and expressing emotions through scenes. It first appeared in the prose of various scholars and was called "Short Fu"; the "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan was the transition from poetry to Fu, and was called "Sao Fu"; the Han Dynasty formally established the style of Fu, which was called "Ci Fu"; After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it increasingly developed in the direction of parallel prose, which is called "parallel Fu"; in the Tang Dynasty, it shifted from parallel style to rhyme style, which is called "Lv Fu"; in the Song Dynasty, fu was written in prose form, which is called "Wen Fu".

Famous poems include: Du Mu's "Afang Palace Fu", Ouyang Xiu's "Qiu Sheng Fu", Su Shi's "Qian Chibi Fu", etc. Parallel prose originated in the Han and Wei dynasties, formed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and became popular in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

It uses four and six characters to form a final sentence, which is known as "Four-Liu Wen" in the world. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content because it accommodates sentence patterns and piles up vocabulary. After Han and Liu promoted the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined.

The famous one is "Sishu with Zhu Yuan" written by Liang Wujun of the Southern Dynasties. The meaning of "original" is to study the origin, which is an ancient argumentative style.

This style of writing is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and is highly theoretical. Such as Han Yu's "Yuan Rui" and Huang Zongxi's "Yuan Jun".

Debate "Debate" means to argue between right and wrong, distinguishing between truth and falsehood. The characteristic of this style is to refute a wrong argument or analyze certain facts. Such as Han Yu's "Taubian" and Liu Zongyuan's "Tongye Fengdi Bian".

Shuo is a general term for a type of articles in ancient times. It is not much different from "theory", so later the essays on reasoning and analysis were collectively referred to as essays.

"The Preface to Differentiating Styles of Articles": "The speaker, the interpreter, explains the meaning and explains it in his own way." The articles we have studied in this genre include "Shi Shuo" and "Ma "The Theory of Young China", "The Story of the Snake Catcher", "The Theory of Huang Sheng Borrowing Books".

On is a style of essay, according to "Yun Shu": "The commentator is the one who discusses." "Selected Works of Zhaoming" contains: "There are two types of treatises. One is called historical treatises, which are discussed by loyal ministers at the end of the biography to judge the good and evil of others.

For example, Tai Shigong after "Historical Records" said .... The second kind of political commentary is when scholars and officials discuss ancient and modern figures or comment on classics and history, and correct their fallacies."

Such as "On the Six Kingdoms", "On the Passage of Qin", etc. Memorials are the collective name for memorials submitted by subjects to the emperor in ancient times.

It includes memorials, discussions, comments, tables, countermeasures, etc. "Preface to the Differentiation of Styles of Articles": "Before the Seven Kingdoms, they were all called petitions. In the early Qin Dynasty, they were changed to memorials.

Han Dynasty established etiquette, which has four categories: one is called Zhang, to express gratitude; the other is called memorial. The third is to express, to present one's feelings; the fourth is to discuss, to implement the decision." (1) Shu.

means a claused statement. Such as Jia Yi's "On Accumulation and Storage".

(2) Table. It is to state an opinion or something.

Such as Zhuge Liang's "The Master's Guide". (3) Countermeasures.

In ancient examinations, the questions were written on strategies, and the answers of those taking the examination were called strategies, and the articles to which the candidates answered were called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies". Preface (Postscript) The preface is also called "narration" or "introduction", such as today's "introduction" and "preface".

It is an article explaining the purpose of writing or publishing a book, the arrangement of the book, and the author's situation. It may also include reviews of the writer's works and research and elucidation of related issues.

The "Preface" is usually written at the front of a book or article (some are listed at the back, such as "Historical Records Taishi Gong's Preface"), and those listed at the end of the book are called "Postscript" or "Post-Preface". This type of article is classified as expository or argumentative depending on the content. An expository article that explains the purpose of writing and an introduction to the writing style and content is an expository article.

Argumentative essays are those that comment on the author's works or elaborate on issues. The "prefaces" we have learned include: "Self-Preface to "Scream"", "Preface to "Rural Survey"", "Post-Preface to "Guidelines"", "Preface to the Biography of Lingguan", etc.

Preface: style name. In ancient times, each farewell was preceded by a poem or prose, which is called a preface.

For example, Han Yu's "Preface to the Scholars Sending Stone": "So people from the Eastern Capital... then named it the Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems, and sent Yu to write the preface.

"Afterwards, all articles with farewell words, not attached to poems, are also called prefaces, and the contents are mostly words of praise, praise or encouragement.

We have learned from the Ming Dynasty writer Song Lian's "Send a Farewell to Ma Sheng in Dongyang" "Preface". In ancient times, the words engraved on objects to warn oneself or describe one's merits are called "mottos". Liu Yuxi's "Humble House Inscription".

An epitaph that narrates the life of the deceased and praises it is called "Epitaph" by Han Yu.

Sacrifice articles are recited when offering sacrifices to the deceased or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. The genres include verse and prose.

The content is to recall the main experiences of the deceased and praise his main qualities and achievements. To convey grief and inspire the living.

Miscellaneous notes include: (1) Miscellaneous notes describing mountains, rivers, scenery and personnel, such as "The Story of Xiaoshitan". , "Climbing Mount Tai"

(2) Notes. They are mainly short in length and about a thousand words long; they are rich in content, including historical anecdotes, relics, and literature. There are many kinds of essays, short essays on characters, scientific novels, textual research, and miscellaneous readings.

"Shishuoxinyu" and "Mengxi Bi Tan" are this kind of writing style. Travel notes are a kind of description of travel experiences. Prose form.

Travel notes can be drawn from a wide range of materials. They can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the strange and prosperous local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the history of a country. Major events, and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The writing style is relaxed, the description is vivid, and the description is detailed, giving people a wealth of social knowledge and a sense of beauty.

Some of the travel notes are argumentative, such as "The Story of Yueyang Tower" and "Yueyang Tower". "A Journey to Baochan Mountain"; some are scientific, such as Li Daoyuan's "Three Gorges"; some are lyrical, such as Liu Zongyuan's "Little Stone Pond", a kind of fairy tale children's literature. p>

Use rich imagination, fantasy and exaggeration to create characters, reflect life, and provide ideological education to children. The language of fairy tales is popular, vivid, vivid, and the plots are bizarre and interesting.

The natural scenery is often described in an anthropomorphic way, which can adapt to children's psychology and taste, stimulate people's imagination, and facilitate their acceptance and transformation. The fairy tales selected as textbooks include: "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Andersen and "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Ye Shengtao. "Stone Statues of Ancient Heroes".

Folktales are created and passed down orally by the masses, and are a literary form formed through continuous modification and processing by many people. The characteristics of folktales are: strong storytelling, vivid plots, colloquialism, and simplicity. Bright;. 5. Famous literati from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and their introduction

1. "The Book of Songs": also known as "Three Hundred Poems", my country's first collection of poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period There are 305 poems from the period, divided into three parts: "Feng", "Elegance" and "Song", which are listed as the first of the "Five Classics" ("Book of Songs", "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn").

Famous chapters include "Guan Ju", "Jian Jia", "Meng", "Shuo Shu", "July", etc. 2. Qu Yuan: named Ping, courtesy name Yuan, nickname Lingjun, a native of the Chu state at the end of the Warring States Period.

my country's first great patriotic poet, one of the world's four major cultural celebrities (along with Poland's Copernicus, Britain's Shakespeare, and Italy's Dante). He wrote my country's first long political lyric poem "Li Sao" in the form of Chu Ci, in which the famous line "The road is long and long, I will search up and down" has been passed down through the ages.

The Dragon Boat Festival, a traditional Chinese festival, commemorates Qu Yuan. 3. Confucius: Named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni, known as the "Sage" in the world, and a native of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period.

A great thinker, educator, founder of Confucianism and private school in ancient my country. The main words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples were recorded in 20 chapters of The Analects by Confucius's disciples and his re-disciples.

"The Analects" takes the first two characters of each chapter as its title. It is one of the "Four Books" of Confucian classics ("The Analects", "Mencius", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean"). 4. Mencius: Named Ke, courtesy name Ziyu, a representative figure of Confucianism during the Warring States Period, known as the "Senior Sage" in the world.

The main work is "Mencius" with 7 chapters, each chapter is named after the first few words. This book records Mencius' thoughts and political speeches and is one of the "Four Books". "If you gain the right, you will get many help, but if you lose the right, there will be little help", "Born in sorrow, die in happiness" and "Fish is what I want" are all from "Mencius".

5. Mozi: Named Zhai, the founder of the Mohist school during the Warring States Period. "Mozi" is generally considered to be a collection of Mozi's words and deeds by his disciples and his subsequent disciples. Among them, "Universal Love" and "Fei Gong" represent the main thoughts of Mozi.

"Gongshu" is selected from "Mozi". 6. Zhuangzi: Ming Zhou, a philosopher during the Warring States Period and a representative figure of Taoism.

The main work is "Zhuangzi", one of the Taoist classics, with a strong romantic color. The masterpiece "Xiaoyaoyou".

7. Han Feizi: a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period, a disciple of Xunzi, and the master of Pre-Qin Legalist thought. Author of the book "Han Feizi".

"Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai", "Five Beetles", "Zhizi Suspicious of Neighbors", etc. all come from this book.

8. Sima Qian: a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, also known as Tai Shigong. The main work is "Historical Records", also known as "Tai Shi Gong Shu", which is my country's first biographical history book. It records the 3,000-year history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The book has 130 chapters, divided into "this era, family history" and "historical records". "Five genres: biographies, lists, books".

Lu Xun called it "the swan song of historians, the rhymeless "Li Sao"". "Chen She Family" is selected from "Historical Records".

9. Cao Cao: courtesy name Mengde, a politician, strategist, and poet in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the leader of the "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi). His representative works include "Guan Cang Hai", "Gui Sui Shou", "Dan Ge Xing", etc., which belong to Yuefu poetry.

Create a new trend of "Jian'an style". Lu Xun called him "the founder of reforming articles."

10. Tao Yuanming: also known as Qian, courtesy name Yuanliang, nicknamed Mr. Wuliu, posthumous title Jingjie, a famous poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the first outstanding pastoral poet in my country. His representative works include "The Peach Blossom Spring", "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", "Drinking", etc.

11. Wang Bo: Zi'an, one of the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" (Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and King Luo Bin). The main work is "The Collection of Princes".

Among them, "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuzhou" and "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion" are the most famous. He is the most accomplished poet among the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty".

12. Meng Haoran: The first person to write a large number of landscape poems in the Tang Dynasty. He is as famous as Wang Wei and is known as "Wang Meng" in the world. The main works are "Passing the Old Friend's Village", "Spring Dawn", "Looking at Dongting Lake and Presenting to Prime Minister Zhang", etc.

13. Wang Wei: courtesy name Mojie, official to Shangshu Youcheng, so he was called Wang Youcheng. He was a poet and painter in the Tang Dynasty. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative of the Pastoral Landscape School in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

His main works are "The Envoy to the Fortress", "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi", "Zhuli Pavilion", "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th", etc. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting within poetry" and "poetry within painting".

14. Li Bai: named Taibai, also known as Qinglian layman, known as the "Poetry Immortal". One of the three great poets of the Tang Dynasty (Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi).

His main poems include "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and there was this message from Longbiao far away", "Farewell at Crossing Jingmen", "Moon Song of Mount Emei", "Traveling is Difficult", "Farewell to the School Secretary Shu Yun at Xie Tiao Tower in Xuanzhou", etc., etc. It is "Collection of Li Taibai". His poems belong to the romantic and bold school and are the peak of classical romantic art.

Han Yu praised: "Li Du's articles are as bright as ever." 15. Du Fu: Zi Zimei, who calls himself Shaolingye Lao, once served as Zuo Shiyi, Inspector and Works Department member, and is known as Du Fu in the world. Ministry of Industry.

As famous as Li Bai, he is known as the "Sage of Poetry" and one of the three major poets of the Tang Dynasty.

The main works include "Looking at the Mountains", "Spring Look", "Songs of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Wearing that the Official Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Climbing the Tower", "Jiangnan Meets the Year of Li Gui" and "Three Officials" ("Xin'an Officials", "Shihao"). "Officials", "Tongguan Officials"), "Three Farewells" ("Farewell to the Newlyweds", "Farewell to the Elderly", "Farewell to the Homeless"), etc., were compiled into the "Collection of Du Gongbu".

His poems are the pinnacle of realistic poetry art and are known as the "history of poetry". 16. Cen Shen: An important representative of the frontier poetry school in the Tang Dynasty.

His main works include "Bai Xuege Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital", "Meeting the Envoy Entering the Capital", "Walking on the River to Send off the Feng Dafu to the Western Expedition", etc. 17. Han Yu: courtesy name Tuizhi, official to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, posthumous title Wen, known as Han Libu, Han Wengong, Junwang Changli, also known as Han Changli.

An advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, the leader of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, and Zeng Gong). Together with Liu Zongyuan, they are called "Han Liu".

His main works include "Ma Shuo", "Shi Shuo", "Jin Xue Jie", "Sacrifice to the Twelve Langs", "In Early Spring, Present to Zhang Shiba of the Ministry of Water", "Moving to the Left to Languan to Show Nephew Xiang", etc. , compiled into "Mr. Changli's Collection". 18. Liu Yuxi: courtesy name Mengde, a writer of the Tang Dynasty. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he is known as "Liu Liu", and with Bai Juyi, he is known as "Liu Bai".

His main works include "Inscriptions on Humble Houses", "Woyi Alley", "Autumn Poems", "Bamboo Branch Poems", "Rewarding Lotte at the First Banquet in Yangzhou", etc. 19. Bai Juyi: courtesy name Letian, nickname Xiangshan Jushi, the main advocate of the New Yuefu Movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty, one of the three great poets of the Tang Dynasty, and together with Yuan Zhen, known as "Yuan Bai".

His major works include "Spring Journey to Qiantang Lake", "Watching the Wheat", "Charcoal Seller", "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", "Pipa Play", etc., which he compiled into "Bai's Changqing Collection". He is the inheritor of the tradition of realist poetry and advocates "articles." 6. What is the difference between the classical Chinese of the pre-Qin period and the classical Chinese of the Republic of China

There is not much difference between the classical Chinese of the pre-Qin period and the classical Chinese of the Republic of China. People's spoken language has been changing.

The basic characteristics of Chinese characters are ideograms. Qin Shihuang unified writing but did not unify local languages. From then on, Chinese characters and pronunciation began to go their separate ways, starting the "separation of speech and language". The basic pattern.

By the Han Dynasty, people’s spoken pronunciation was already different from that of the Qin Dynasty, but the written language was basically fixed and did not change with the changes in spoken language. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "ancient prose had become a kind of dead writing." What Hu Shi meant was that by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the "separation of language and writing" had become very obvious for us. As we all know, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did something that would have a profound impact on the development of Chinese history, which was to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." In order to further strengthen the "uniformity of books and texts", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed all the schools of thought and established the Imperial Academy. , using Confucian classics as the standard for becoming an official, and using "classical Chinese" as the standard language for national communication, giving "classical Chinese" the status of an official language.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty designated "classical Chinese" as the standard for school education. Standard language, this is an excellent way to strengthen the status of "Classical Chinese" as the official language, and of course it will also help preserve the ancient "Classical Chinese". If future education and imperial examination selection systems follow this approach, the inheritance of Classical Chinese will naturally be guaranteed.

However, as time goes by, spoken language continues to change. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books" and "Five Classics". The distance between written writing and classical Chinese and the spoken language of later generations is getting bigger and bigger, and the "separation of language and writing" is becoming more and more serious. By the way, the rise of vernacular in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China should be closely related to the abolition of the imperial examination.

How did the spoken pronunciation in ancient languages ??change? Because there was no recording technology in ancient times, let alone cameras, it is impossible for us to have the opportunity to directly hear the voices of the ancients. Regarding the pronunciation in the long history The evolution of Song lyrics can only be studied by professional ancient Chinese scholars. For example, Song lyrics were originally lyrics for singing, but how to sing Song lyrics was lost because it could not be recorded at the time.

Now, we have also heard that some people have made efforts to resume singing Song lyrics, but it is difficult to say how well the singing is and whether the Song lyrics sung now are the same as those sung by people in the Song Dynasty, and may not be reliable. 7. Is the classical Chinese of the Qing Dynasty different from the classical Chinese of the previous dynasties?

Classical Chinese is a written language in China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the pre-Qin period. Commonly known as "Zhihu". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record words on "one roll" of bamboo slips, If you want to write down more things, you need to delete unimportant words. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the world's earliest "compressed" format for written records. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" in their correspondence had been finalized, and the use of "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy

I'll explain it to you now

The so-called classical Chinese refers to the pre-Qin period---------from ancient times until the Qin Dynasty established the grammar that people used when writing articles. This grammar was based on the speaking habits of people at that time.

Later, in the era after the Qin Dynasty, the way people spoke became more and more different from the way they wrote articles. That is to say, they used different languages ??to speak and write articles. Writing articles continued to use the classical Chinese passed down from the pre-Qin period, but speaking has been changing, such as Han Dynasty. The speech between the Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty must be similar. The Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty must be far different. We modern people may be able to understand a little bit if we go back to the Song Dynasty. Before the Five Dynasties, I was afraid that it would be troublesome. By the Qing Dynasty, the speech was almost the same as now

Writing articles is different. Even articles written thousands of years ago can still be basically understood by us now, such as The Analects of Confucius and National Policy. Because the way of writing articles has basically not changed for thousands of years, culture has been preserved

Classical Chinese There are many kinds, such as policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, parallel prose, etc.

But it is a pity to say that Dream of Red Mansions is not a classical Chinese text. There are also some lyrics from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Yuan Dynasty, as well as many from the late Qing Dynasty. Novels and other modern articles are more concerned with being oriented to the masses so that ordinary people can understand them, so most of them use vernacular because they are actually the vernacular of the time. The Dream of Red Mansions was only the language spoken by people in the Qing Dynasty, not classical Chinese.

For real classical Chinese texts, just read "Gu Wen Guan Zhi" and you will understand all the handwriting. If you don't understand, you can ask again

Urgent comment~ (@^_^@)~ 8. Are the classical Chinese texts from the Qing Dynasty period? It is different from the classical Chinese of the previous dynasties. How can I read Cao Xueqin

Classical Chinese is a written language in China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the pre-Qin period. It is commonly known as "Zhihuzheye". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record words on "one roll" of bamboo slips, To write down more things, unimportant words need to be deleted. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the world's earliest "compressed" format for written records. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's correspondence "official documents" The usage habit has been finalized. Being able to use "classical Chinese" has evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Now let me explain to you that the so-called classical Chinese refers to the pre-Qin period---------from ancient times until the establishment of the Qin Dynasty when people wrote articles. The grammar used was based on the speaking habits of people at that time. Later, in the era after the Qin Dynasty, the way people spoke became more and more different from the way they wrote articles. In other words, different languages ??were used when speaking and writing articles. Writing articles has always been based on the classical Chinese language passed down from the pre-Qin period, but the language has been changing. For example, the language of the Han Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty must be similar. The Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty must be far different. We modern people probably can understand a little bit of the Five Dynasties before going back to the Song Dynasty. I'm afraid it will be troublesome. Speaking in the Qing Dynasty was almost the same as it is now. Writing articles is different. Even though articles written thousands of years ago, we can still basically understand, such as The Analects of Confucius and National Policy, etc. The way of writing articles has basically not changed for thousands of years. Culture can be preserved through many kinds of classical Chinese texts, such as policies, poems, lyrics, tunes, eight-part essays, parallel prose, etc. But it is a pity to say that Dream of Red Mansions is not a classical Chinese text. There are also romances of the Three Kingdoms, some tunes and lyrics from the Yuan Dynasty, and many novels from the late Qing Dynasty. And modern articles are more concerned about being oriented to the masses so that ordinary people can understand them, so most of them use vernacular language because they are actually vernacular texts at that time. The Dream of Red Mansions is just the language people spoke in the Qing Dynasty, not classical Chinese. Take a look at the real classical Chinese. "Gu Wen Guan Zhi" is all handwritten. If you don't understand, you can ask again.