How to set out the retaining wall in the building? The more detailed, the better! Please, I'm an intern.

Summary of construction setting-out skills: the beginning of each construction project is construction positioning setting-out, which is related to the success or failure of the whole project. 1 Setting-out Technology for General Rectangular Buildings 1. 1 The first step of construction setting-out is to review the coordinates drawn on the construction site plan of the planned fixed-point location and plan the technicians to locate the site. However, the planning orientation means that the theoretical value is different from the actual position of the building on the site, so it must be checked and revised. It is necessary to synthesize the design intent, determine the position according to the actual situation on site, and then lead the control points out of the building protection piles. 1.2 Step 2, determine the axis and elevation of the building. The conventional practice is to drive gantry piles, nail nails and mark the elevation of the red triangle. Then, all layering processes are connected, and the line is stretched upwards in turn; When excavating, spread the ash line, and after tamping the cushion, play the powder line. Special attention should be paid to the position of the column that pops up on the cushion, and it should be marked at the four corners with red paint to facilitate the positioning of the column reinforcement. At the ground beam (0.000), accurately pop up each axis net, and recheck it, such as 5000 between A-B axes. When rechecking, from B-A, measure whether the total length of the building is consistent with the sum of the axes. Each axis leads vertically, and the control axis network is determined by the floor. The elevation is led by a pillar and a corner, the floor is marked with a 50cm line or a 100cm line, and a horizontal line is played on each wall and column around. Construction setting-out is a rigorous and meticulous work, which should be done step by step, step by step, and must not be sloppy. The key axes and dimensions are operated by the construction technicians themselves. For example, the "0" starting point of steel tape is about 100mm from the ruler end, while the "0" starting point of leather tape is the end point of the hook. If one end of the ruler is a migrant worker and the other end is a technician, the setting-out error of 10cm will often occur because the migrant worker misreads the ruler, so the technician must carefully review it. First of all, get your equipment ready! Pay-off generally uses theodolite, but also uses total station! I always use theodolite, so let's talk about theodolite. Before starting construction, the elevation of the basement shall be defined so as to determine the width of the base edge, and the extension length of the axis can be determined after determining the slope width of the base edge. After the length is clear, use theodolite to scan the straight line, and make an angle (90 degrees) with the axis according to the size given on the drawing to determine several big corners of the building! Extend the axis outside the pit and mark the axis pile (the axis pile must be fixed). Usually there are two piles in a big corner. After the pile is finished, the shape of the whole foundation pit can be seen intuitively with the rope. Then, according to the width and slope of the foundation, widen it to both sides along the axis with a ruler, sprinkle with white ash, and the edge of white ash indicates the scope to be excavated. It can be said that the experience of field construction setting-out is 1. First, the main axis (horizontal and vertical control lines), and then according to the structure diagram, design the basement interior and exterior walls, columns, shear wall columns, foundation beams (beam-slab-raft foundation), elevator foundation pit, post-pouring belt positions, etc. 2. The column lines of walls, columns and shear walls should be marked with colored paint, usually red paint, so as to facilitate the placement and placement of the main reinforcement of wall columns after the raft reinforcement is completed. It should be noted that after the foundation line setting-out is completed, the steel binding construction can only be carried out after self-inspection, mutual inspection and final acceptance confirmation by the supervisor. During construction, put the main axis first, so it is much easier to put the wall column line again. Mainly to correct the details such as the position of the wall column, because there are often small mistakes in the details. After the completion of the pay-off, make a good record of the basic pay-off and other engineering materials. How to set out the excavation edge of foundation trench and level the foundation pit 1? Before foundation excavation, according to the width of the foundation groove and the size of the top slope on the foundation detail drawing, measure the dimensions of the excavation sideline from the central pile to both sides, and mark them properly; Then draw a thin line between the marks at both ends of the foundation trench, and sprinkle white ash on the ground at the edge of the foundation trench along the thin line, and excavate according to this gray line during construction. 2. Leveling of Foundation Pit In order to control the excavation depth of foundation trench, when the excavation of foundation trench is close to the trench bottom, horizontal piles 0.3~0.5m higher than the design elevation of trench bottom are laid out from the corner on the trench wall every 3~5m as the basis for excavation depth, leveling trench bottom and laying foundation cushion. Generally speaking, horizontal piles are laid out with a level according to the +/-0 mark or the elevation of the top surface of the gantry. As shown in Figure 9.9, the design elevation of the tank bottom is-1.700 m. In order to lay out the horizontal pile 0.500m higher than the design elevation of the tank bottom, first, place a level gauge at a proper position on the ground, set a level ruler at the top of the plus or minus 0 mark or the portal frame plate, and the rear view reading is 0.774m, so as to obtain the front view reading of the laid-out horizontal pile of 0.774+6544m, and then stick one on the tank wall. Until the horizontal line of sight reading of the leveling staff is 1.974m, a small wooden stake is driven on the groove wall along the bottom of the staff, which is the horizontal pile to be set out. Figure 9.9 shows the foundation of masonry building, and the excavated geosyncline is called foundation pit. If the foundation pit is too deep, the elevation of the pit bottom can not be directly measured by general methods, and the ground elevation can be transferred to the deep pit by hanging steel ruler instead of leveling ruler. 9.3.2 Foundation construction pay-off Foundation construction includes the construction of cushion and foundation wall. 1. After the foundation cushion is laid, according to the axis nail or axis control pile on the portal frame plate, the axis will be measured to the elevation of the cushion with theodolite or the method of hanging hammer ball with rope (see Figure 9.8a and Figure 9.8b), and the wall centerline and foundation sideline will be popped up with chalk line as the basis of foundation laying. Because the whole wall masonry is based on this line, it should be strictly controlled. 2. Layout of horizontal elevation of cushion The layout of horizontal elevation of cushion is controlled according to the horizontal piles on the tank wall or by driving small stakes at the bottom of the tank. If the cushion needs support, the template can directly pop up the elevation control line on the template. 3. The center line of the control wall for the elevation of the foundation wall is cast on the cushion. After the elevation of each corner cushion is detected with a level, the foundation wall (the wall below 0.00) can be laid, and the height of the foundation wall is controlled by the foundation measuring rod. The number of basic skin poles is made of wood poles, and the thickness of each skin brick and mortar joint is drawn one by one according to the pre-designed size on the poles, and the number of skin bricks (indicating the number of layers of the basic skin poles from 0.00 m down) is indicated in each figure 9.8b, and the elevation position of 0.00 m and the moisture-proof layer are indicated. As shown in figure 9. 10. When setting a number of poles, you can first make a stake at the vertical pole, and set the foundation construction sequence higher than the elevation of the cushion layer by a certain value (10㎝) on the side of the stake with a level (starting from setting out). Firstly, the corner points of the building foundation are determined according to the control points, and then the outline of the foundation and the edge line of excavation (pay attention to the reserved width of the slope) are released, and the corner points are led away before excavation. What are the steps of construction pay-off? I have just begun to lay the foundation. Thank you for being more detailed! What is the basic beginning? Did you start from the foundation or just start the construction of the engineering foundation? Pay-off total station set coordinates, leveling set elevation, you can change stations or hang the ball in an invisible place. It is enough to set a protective pile at a convenient position nearby. The calculation of coordinates and elevation is very important, and there are enough technicians for on-site operation. How to put the foundation line on uneven ground? We have a retaining wall project. Before foundation excavation, we and the construction team set the excavation line of retaining wall foundation and prepare to dig straight slope. At that time, the gray line was scattered, but after the foundation excavation, the gray line was definitely out of sight. How to find the original excavation line? I thought of a way, but I still have to sprinkle ash, which is very wrong. I hope my friends can tell me the exact method. My method is: use theodolite to determine the endpoint of the outer line of each straight line segment through angle intersection. First put a stake on the ground, put the theodolite on the stake and set a point. In the distance, set a stake and set a point with the sight of the theodolite. Use theodolite to measure and record the two angles between ab and each endpoint and the length of each segment at points A and B respectively. When looking for lines after excavation, one method is to draw lines from A and B to each end point respectively according to the angle values, and then dust falls on the lines to find each end point through the intersection of the dust drops. Another method is to find the first endpoint after ash falling, and determine each endpoint according to the length of its section and the angle between the next endpoint and ab. What's with the fixed point of pile insertion? Can you explain it in detail This has always been fixed by inserting piles at both ends of each straight line, so that the piles are still in place after digging, and you can draw a line according to the piles. How many times did you nail the gantry pile and set it off from the flat ground to the top of the main body? After excavation, should the axes be guided to the foundation wall with reference points? After the foundation is backfilled, nail it on the natural ground. So you only need to nail the gantry stake twice, right? Or is it easier to nail directly on the natural floor once than to lead it to the foundation soil wall? The setting-out of civil engineering/housing construction project is inseparable from the opening line from the positioning of the building to the capping of the main project. You didn't mention "leveling" here, so I omitted it. ) can be roughly divided into three stages: building positioning (setting out), foundation construction (setting out) and main body construction (setting out). 1. Architectural positioning is the first setting-out after the start of a construction project. The personnel involved in building positioning are: the urban planning department (subordinate survey team) and the survey personnel (professional) of the construction unit. According to the building planning positioning map, positioning is carried out, and finally (at least) four positioning piles are formed on the construction site. Pay-off tools are "total station" or "advanced theodolite". Second, the foundation construction pay-off, building positioning piles set, by the construction unit professional surveyors, construction site director, supervision * * * pay-off to review the foundation project (supervision is mainly on-site supervision and verification), and finally release all the building axis positioning piles (also according to the building size interval pay-off). All axis positioning piles are set out according to the positioning piles (at least four) of the planning department and the construction plan of the bottom floor of the building. The pay-off tool is "theodolite". How do builders learn to pay off the line? In other words, how to start after reading the drawings? First, we should master the use of measuring instruments; Second, you should be able to understand the construction drawings; Third, it depends on some schemes of pay-off measurement. As long as we have these foundations, I believe there is no problem. Pay-off for the first time, be careful and careful, and the data of control points must be accurate. Check it again and you will have experience! Briefly describe the baseline setting-out process of building foundation? First look at the drawings, the elevation of foundation and natural ground, determine the slope coefficient, calculate how long the upper and lower edges of foundation pit excavation deviate from the axis, determine the axis position of the building according to the corner points of the building left by the surveying and mapping station, and lead out the pile points, do a good job in maintaining the axis pile points, pull through the axis with thin lines, measure the positions of the upper and lower edges with a tape measure, and sprinkle thin lines with white ash. Finally, you can see the upper edge of a large foundation pit. It is said that there are many holes left in the floor, and there is another instrument called laser collimation instrument. This is the same as the function of the wire hammer, which plays the role of pulling up the anchor point, but the accuracy is much higher than that of the wire hammer. Generally, a cube hole with the same vertical position of 15cm is left in the same vertical position on each floor. When positioning the line, you use a pendulum to mark the center of a plastic plate (this plastic plate is a laser plate with many small squares), and then use some small wooden blocks to position the laser plate. When paying-off, you can use theodolite to take points directly on the laser plate. Generally, each floor has a pay-off hole. If the area is large, more holes can be provided. How to pay off the line quickly at the construction site! ! ! Do you need any high-tech instruments? Or is there any good way? Building alignment is the process of determining its position and its components during the construction of a building project. The anchor point is mainly measured by latitude and longitude, and then Kimura is hit on the point; Infrared standing at the pile point to nail and nail hemp thread; Determine the required size according to the site, and then sprinkle it on the line with ash powder; According to the size and terrain of the building, theodolite, total station and level are selected to determine the foundation elevation of the building; Generally, the carpenter marks the position with black line, and leads to the positioning and setting-out of the building axis foundation on the walls at both ends; After the construction is completed. Pay-off tools: theodolite, gantry plate, rope, pendant, steel tape measure, etc. Small projects may start without surveyors, that is, builders. Note: the foundation axis positioning pile must be led to the permanent buildings or attachments around the proposed building at the same time of foundation setting-out, so as to prevent the axis positioning pile from being damaged and remedy it. 3. Setting-out of the main body construction: After the positive and negative zero construction of the foundation project, the setting-out of the first and second floors of the main body construction will be carried out until the main body is capped. Setting out tools: theodolite, pendant, rope, Mo Dou, steel tape measure, etc. According to the axis positioning pile and the external axis reference line, the construction setting-out is carried out. Hit the axis to the building with theodolite, pop up the axis on the construction elevation of the building, and then set out the edges such as columns and walls according to the axis, step by step, until the main body is capped. I have more than 20 years of construction experience, so I won't go into details because of the time (there are many skills in setting out). I hope it helps you.