Dongbula, tell me about it

Eight-tone classification has existed since the Zhou Dynasty. Shangshu Shundian: "Eight tones are harmonious, without phase, and heaven and man are one." Academics believe that this is a way of thinking related to octupole, such as Eight Diagrams and Eight Roads. This classification mainly divides musical instruments into eight categories according to different materials: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, bamboo, earth, leather and wood. Among them, gold (bell, cymbal, holmium); Stone (Qing); Silk (architecture, piano, musical instrument, Zheng); Leather (drums, nuts); It can be said that wood (bamboo, pool, flute) directly takes the substance of the vocal body as the classification standard of the above five kinds of musical instruments; Hmmm (Yu, Sheng); Soil (mound, mound) is not completely distinguished directly by pronunciation materials. For example, bamboo instruments are basically wind instruments, and then bamboo percussion instruments are also included. The pronunciation of the musical instrument is the reed at the inner pipe end of the gourd, which has nothing to do with the musical instrument itself, but this musical instrument is an air-breathing instrument with a free reed, and the musical instrument is just a synonym. Except percussion instruments made of clay, such as Yi and Ou, clay belongs to wind instruments.

Most Chinese musical instruments are named with one word, except the above-mentioned musical instruments, such as cymbals, cymbals, harps, pianos, guzheng, flutes and sheng, as well as pipa, dulcimer, fire thinking, cymbals and suona. And most of them are foreign musical instruments. Today's traditional musical instruments are based on a wide variety of ancient musical instruments.

Indian classification

There are many classifications in India: first, there are two classifications: musical instruments are divided into stringed instruments and air instruments. Second, there are five categories related to Buddhism: single-skin musical instruments, double-skin musical instruments, front-skin musical instruments, percussion instruments and air musical instruments. The third is the four-classification, which has two connotations: one is to divide musical instruments into four categories: leather instruments, stringed instruments, metal percussion instruments and air instruments. The other is to divide musical instruments into string instruments, wind instruments or air instruments, leather percussion instruments and metal percussion instruments. Indian traditional classification once influenced the formation of modern logical musical instrument classification.

Arabic dichotomy

Arabic binary classification divides musical instruments into solid musical instruments and hollow musical instruments. The so-called solid musical instruments include: percussion instruments, playing instruments and rubbing instruments; The so-called cavity instruments mainly refer to wind instruments with * * * tunes.

Three European classifications

The three traditional classifications in Europe divide musical instruments into wind instruments, stringed instruments and percussion instruments. The three classifications originated from ancient Greece and Rome. In Greece, there have long been terms such as enchordon, entata (string), pneumatempneusta (pipe) and kroustukon (blowing); In Rome, there are tencile, inflaile, pulsation and other terms. Virdung, a German musician, defined this classification in his book The Essence of Music, and used instrumenta chordata (string), instrumenta pneumatica (pipe) and instrumenta pulsatilia (percussion instrument) as terms. Influenced by the classification of Indian traditional musical instruments, Belgian musician Mahillon (1841-1924) established four categories of terms: autophones (self-sounding instruments), membranophon (membrane-sounding instruments), chordophones (air-sounding instruments) and chords (chords).

Modern classification

Modern musical instrument classification, also known as logical classification, is developed on the basis of Indian four classification. 19 14, written by Hornpostel (v. Hornpostel, 1877- 1935) and Sachs (C. Sachs,1881-/kloc. That is, the classification system based on the vibration mode, incitement mode and performance mode of musical instruments. Saxophone basically adopted the Indian classification, renamed the automatic tone as personal tone, and then classified the decimal subordinates in detail and scientifically as a whole. Due to the appearance of electro-acoustic instruments, British musician Galpin (1858- 1949) still adopted Ma Yiyong's language in his book European Musical Instruments (1937), and added a new category of electro-acoustic instruments, expanding it to five categories. Then, at 1940, saxophone also added electronic sound. At this point, the foundation of the musical instruments we see today has finally been formed. They are called: body musical instruments, membrane musical instruments, air musical instruments, string musical instruments and electric musical instruments.

Schaffner (A.Schaeffner, 1932) put forward a binary classification system of matter states. Dournon (G.Dournon, 199 1) improved the Hoxhlet-Saxhlet classification system. Hood's "symbol classification system" (M.hood, 197 1) and H.Heyde's "natural" and "artificial" classification systems all have unique methodologies. R. T. A. Li Slovand and J. mattson of the United States put forward a "variable classification", which has richer viewpoints.

Minleyi editor

National musical instruments are divided into four categories: body musical instruments, membrane musical instruments, air musical instruments and stringed instruments. China national musical instruments have a long history. Only unearthed cultural relics can prove that there were various musical instruments as early as the pre-Qin period. Such as Neolithic cultural heritage

The site is the bone flute unearthed in Hemudu, Zhejiang Province, the Jia Hu bone flute in Wuyang County, Henan Province (the earliest flute is about 8000 years ago), the tomb unearthed in banpo village, Xi 'an, the Yangshao cultural site, the stone chime and wooden python drum unearthed in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan Province; Chimes, bells, hanging drums, drums, flutes, sheng, Zuo and harp unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province (buried in 433 BC).

opportunity

(1) percussion instruments: Ding Dong, xylophone, rhyme board, Keno bamboo tube, bamboo tube piano, gong, clang, single, Tang gong, bronze drum, triangle iron, Muyu, Cantonese version, xylophone, aluminum plate piano and so on.

Exquisite Musical Instruments Atlas (20 pieces)

(2) percussion instruments: sticks, bronze mirrors, bamboo poles, bamboo poles, cymbals, cloth cymbals, chest cymbals, head cymbals, second cymbals, small cymbals, cymbals and cymbals.

(3) Falling percussion instruments: music pestle, bamboo rammer, bamboo tube, Yao bamboo tube, Aga, etc.

(4) Body-beating musical instruments: Lianxiang stick, Sabayi, Reba bell, Pan bell, Jingang bell, Yao bell, Shaman bell, rattle bell, string bell,

Two bronze bells, eight-treasure bronze bells, knives, etc.

(5) Comprehensive musical instruments: bamboo spring, dance, iron spring, Xibo iron spring and so on.

Membrane sound

(1) Clam percussion instruments: Drum, Pai Drum, Zhuang Yang Drum, Yao Drum, Shui Drum, Rabbit Race, Xiaodou, Guangju, Xinjiang Gift, Yao Monkey Drum, Miao Monkey Drum, Waist Drum, Pig Mouth Drum, Ginger Drum, War Drum, Flat Drum, Eight-tone Drum, etc.

(2) Clapping musical instruments: Sherpa drum, octagonal drum, tambourine, big drum, yellow mud drum, long drum, Guangya, Guangtun and Jiangnan fishing drum.

(3) Mixed percussion instruments: tambourine (commonly known as snakeskin drum), round drum, side drum, double-sided drum, stick drum, bee drum, Wang Du, etc.

breathe

(1) Lip vibrating instruments: horn, brass horn, rigid hole, conch, deer flute, trombone, organ, tangguan, bubba, trumpet, tenor, horn, etc.

(2) Musical instruments with vibrating sound: spurge, acacia flute, and so on.

(3) Frontier instruments: Hu Jia, Zhuang Di, Naiyi, Transverse Di, Clarinet, Paixiao, Short Xiao, Pipe Xiao, Nose Xiao, Eagle Di,

Guti, Native, Zhitongxiao, Buliya, Bagdiedong, Ledu, Zan, Kuluo, Shuangguan Bidi, Zhaling, Awu, Dilaonuo, Niwayu, Koudi, Lian, etc.

(4) Breathing instruments: Xiao, Night Flute, Dong Flute, Plug Flute, Award, Wagolo, Su Naiyi, Dulu, Bass Dulu, Taiping Xiao, Mayxiao, Bamboo Shoots, Sister Flute, Double-tube Dong Flute, Bo Xiaohu and Jue.

(5) Single-reed musical instruments: Bawu, Gui, Gui Xiang, Miao Di, Mangguan, Zhuyeqing Di, Mabu, Lu, Inch Di, Dongdongkui, Pen Tube, Dragon, Duo Duo Duo,,,.

(6) Double-reed musical instruments: ballaman, Bobo, Xiaomudi, Surnai, Changsona, Jialing, Polei, Miao Suona, Bai Suona, Yi Suona, Bai, Leyou and Dongba.

(7) Free Lusheng musical instruments: Lusheng, Hulusheng, Paixiao, treble sheng, alto sheng, bass sheng, etc.

Xianming

(1) percussion stringed instruments: dulcimer, bamboo harp, bamboo harp, Qiang, etc.

(2) plucked instruments: guzheng, Qin Liu, Ruan (Da Ruan, zhongruan, Xiao Ruan), guqin, butterfly guzheng, Xuanqin, gayageum, Yatoga, banjo, piano solo, five-string pipa, Naxi pipa, fire, thunder, Comes, Sougou, Zamunian, marbles, etc. Yueqin, Yi Sixian, Miao Sixian, Dong Dapipa, Dong Zhongpipa, Dong Xiaopipa, Qibu Song, Da Sanxian, Longtou Sanxian, Yi Xiaoxian, Lahu Xiaoxian, Bo Sanxian, Saiji, Zhuang Sanxian and Ge Sanxian in Xianning, Guizhou.

(3) Bowstring instruments: Erhu, Quhu Zhonghu, Laohu, Gao Hu, Jinghu, Banhu, Ma Touqin, Gu Ni, Yazheng, Tajik Ai Jieke, Huqin, Sattar, Huhitar, Coconut, Huluhu, Hutu, Genka, Duolang Ai Jieke, Ai Jieke, high-pitched Ai Jieke and low-pitched Ajek. Xiqing, Duoluo, Zhani, Yisanhu, Hu Si, Mongolian Hu Si, Hu Sixian, Yi Hu Si, Buyi Hu Si, Ma Touqin, Chiac, Erzhi, Niuguqin, Kubuzi, Chaoer and so on.

supplement

Supplement: Undoubtedly, the most exquisite bronze ware is the bronze ritual vessel. Bronze musical instruments are mainly chimes, grand chimes, cast bells used alone, and instruments belonging to the same family as chimes, such as priests and cymbals. In ancient times, it was difficult to separate ceremony from music. No matter sacrifice or feast, since

saxophone

Of course, in the luxurious bronze ritual vessels, they are full of wine and delicacies, but they must be accompanied by corresponding grand music. Therefore, fundamentally speaking, music is subordinate to the ceremony. Some bronze musical instruments are not only used for sacrificial ceremonies, banquets, weddings and funerals, but also for conquering and commanding operations, such as "ringing gold and beating drums", which means using military music to command the advance and retreat of the army.

-Bronze musical instruments mainly include cymbals, cymbals, bells, secretaries, bells, hooks, upsetting and drums.

west

Western musical instruments (14 pieces)

Western musical instruments mainly refer to orchestral instruments, stringed instruments and keyboard instruments that have been stereotyped in European countries since the18th century and have been recognized in the list.

Western music editor

bowstring

String instruments are an important branch of musical instrument family. In classical music and even modern light music, almost all lyric melodies are played by strings. It can be seen that softness and beauty are the common characteristics of all stringed instruments. The timbre of stringed instruments is unified and has multi-level expressive force: the ensemble is full of passion, and the solo is gentle and graceful; And because of the variety of bow skills (trembling, breaking, plucking, jumping, etc. ), it has a smart color. The pronunciation of stringed instruments depends on mechanical force to vibrate the taut strings, so the pronunciation volume is limited to some extent. String instruments usually play different sounds with different strings, and sometimes it is necessary to press the strings with your fingers to change the length of the strings, thus changing the pitch. Phonologically speaking, stringed instruments are mainly divided into bowstring instruments (such as violin) and plucked stringed instruments (such as guitar).

(1) Bowstring instruments: violin, viola, cello and double bass.

(2) plucked instruments: harp, guitar, electric guitar, bass.

woodwind instrument

Woodwind instruments originated very early and evolved from folk mud flutes and reed flutes. Woodwind instrument is one of the most abundant musical instruments in the musical instrument family, which is often used to express the scenes of nature and rural life. In the symphony orchestra, whether as an accompaniment or a solo, it has its special charm and is an important part of the symphony orchestra. Woodwind instruments mostly produce music by air vibration, which can be roughly divided into lip singing (such as flute) and spring singing (such as clarinet) according to the way of sound production. The material of woodwind instruments is not limited to wood, but also can be metal, ivory or animal bones. They have different timbres and distinctive features. From beautiful and bright to deep and gloomy, everything is available. For this reason, in the band, woodwind instruments are often good at shaping various vivid musical images, which greatly enriches the effect of orchestral music.

(1) Marginal sound: flute and piccolo;

(2) Reed: clarinet, oboe, English horn, bassoon and saxophone.

brass

The forerunners of brass instruments are mostly trumpets and hunting horns. The number of copper pipes used in early symphonies was very small. For a long time, the symphony orchestra only used two horns, and sometimes a trumpet was added. Until the first half of the 19th century, brass instruments were widely used in the symphony orchestra. Brass instruments have different pronunciations from woodwind instruments. They don't change the pitch by shortening the air column in the tube, but by changing the air pressure of the player's lips and connecting the instrument itself with an "additional tube". All brass instruments are equipped with cylindrical horns with similar shapes, and the pipes are long conical. The timbre of brass instruments is characterized by grandeur, brilliance and enthusiasm. Although timbre has its own characteristics, the grand and wide volume, like brass instruments, is beyond the reach of other types of instruments.

(1) Brass instruments: trumpet, cornet, trombone, French horn and tuba.

keyboard

In the keyboard musical instrument family, all musical instruments have a common feature, that is, the keyboard. However, their singing styles are subtly different. For example, the piano belongs to percussion instruments, the organ belongs to reed instruments, and the electronic synthesizer uses modern electroacoustic technology. Compared with other musical instruments, the keyboard instrument has incomparable advantages, that is, it has a wide range and can emit multiple tones at the same time. For this reason, keyboard instruments, even as solo instruments, have rich harmony effects and orchestral colors. Therefore, since ancient times, keyboard instruments have been concerned and loved by composers and music lovers. Among them, the piano is known as the king of musical instruments.

(1) Keyboard musical instruments: Piano, organ, accordion and electronic organ are the oldest musical instruments in the family. Its family members are numerous and have their own characteristics. Although their timbre is very simple, and some sounds are not even musical, they play a decisive role in rendering the musical atmosphere. Percussion instruments are usually made up of

The percussion, friction and shaking of musical instruments will make a sound. Don't think that percussion instruments can only strengthen the strength of music and prompt the rhythm of music. In fact, there are quite a few percussion instruments that can be used as melody instruments! Modern orchestras have added many exotic percussion instruments to African and Asian music, and it is almost impossible to list them completely.

(1) Tuned percussion instruments: timpani, xylophone, piano, pipe bell, etc.

(2) atonal percussion instruments: drum set, snare drum, bass drum, triangle drum, tambourine, castanet, malaga, cymbals and gong.

Percussion instrument tiger drum. Commonly used western musical instruments include woodwind instruments, brass instruments, stringed instruments, keyboard instruments and percussion instruments. Woodwind instruments originated very early, and they are the most abundant timbres in the musical instrument family, and are often used to express scenes of nature and rural life. The timbre characteristics of brass instruments are majestic, brilliant and warm; String instruments are also characterized by softness; Keyboard instruments are characterized by a wide range and can emit multiple tones at the same time; Percussion instruments are mainly used to render the musical atmosphere.

Domestic development editor

In 2008, the industrial sales output value of 278 manufacturers above designated size in China's musical instrument industry reached 65.438+05.935 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 654.38+02.59%, and that of export delivery value reached 6.885 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 0.84%. The total industrial output value (current price) was 65.438+06.045 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 654.38+02.68%. The above data show that in 2008, the production enterprises above designated size in China's musical instrument industry continued to maintain a steady growth trend, but the growth rate of industrial sales output value decreased by 65,438 0.49% compared with 2007, and the growth rate of exports decreased by 4.44%, which was the lowest in the past years.

In 2008, musical instrument manufacturing enterprises above designated size were distributed in 17 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. Guangdong, Shandong, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hebei, Liaoning, Beijing, Shanghai and Henan are the main musical instrument producing areas in China, with a total industrial output value of 1.5 1.98 billion yuan, accounting for 95.37% of the total musical instrument industry output value, with 20,000 enterprises. The total industrial output value of Henan, Liaoning, Guangdong, Hubei and other provinces and cities increased rapidly, which was lower than that in 2007. Tianjin, Shanghai and Beijing are the three municipalities directly under the central government, and Shanghai has the largest decline, with a year-on-year decrease of 7.9 1%. Guangdong, Tianjin, Shandong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu are the five major export provinces and cities in China, with a total export volume of 5.385 billion yuan, accounting for 78.2 1% of the total export of enterprises above designated size, of which Hebei's exports increased by 65.9 1% year-on-year, ranking first among the provinces, and Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing, Hubei, Shanghai and Tianjin all have above designated size.

National strike

Drum, tambourine, bangzi, gong, cymbal, cymbal, wooden fish, bell, castanet, drum, tambourine, bell, square ring, bell, chime, chime, chime, chime, chime.

National games

Hulusheng, Huluxiao, Hulusi, Bawu, and Xiao ......

Hulusheng is a single-reed musical instrument of Yi, Lahu, Wa, Hani, Li, Naxi, Nu, Pumi and Miao nationalities. Yi language is called Buluo and Ang. The Lahu language is called Ruo and Ruo Guo. In the Wa language, there is no change in worship, laurel worship and grace. Your languages are Manu and Apu. The Hani language is called Rachel and Baoza. Naxi language is called "cow hair" and "North skin oil". Popular in Wei Chu, Simao, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Baoshan, Lincang, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Bijie, Anshun, Southwest Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

Hulusi, also known as Huluxiao, is called Bo Dao Lang in Dai language ("Bo" is a general term for wind instruments in Dai language. "Lang" means direct blowing, and "Dao" means gourd), which is a musical instrument of ethnic minorities in Yunnan, and is mainly spread in Dai, Yi, Achang, De 'ang and other ethnic groups. Hulusi can be divided into three types: high, medium and low, and the commonly used key is B, C and D. Hulusi originated in lianghe county, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, and is mainly popular in Dehong and Lincang areas where Dai, Achang, Wa, De 'ang and Bulang nationalities live together, with strong local colors.

Bawu, a reed musical instrument, also known as Bawu, is popular among Yi, Miao and Hani nationalities in Yunnan. The Hani people call it Gobi, the Yi people call it Bilu or Houlle, and the Dong people call it Bai, which is often used for solo or accompaniment in dance and rap. There are many varieties of Bawu. There are single tube and double tube in Hani nationality. Due to the different lengths and thicknesses of bamboo pipes, there are also treble, alto and bass.

The flute is one of the woodwind instruments commonly used in China traditional music, namely China bamboo flute, which is generally divided into Qu Di in the south and Bangdi in the north. Di Zi is often used in China folk music, China traditional opera, China national orchestra, western symphony orchestra and modern music, and is one of the representative musical instruments in China. Most flutes are made of bamboo, but there are also stone flutes and flutes. However, the best material for making flutes is bamboo, because flutes made of this material have the best sound effect.

Xiao, also known as Xiao, stands alone.