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Wine and China Ancient Literature
Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not only an objective material existence, but also a cultural symbol, that is, a symbol of Dionysian spirit.
In China, Dionysian spirit originated from Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "wandering things", "wandering around the world" and "land without things". Zhuangzi would rather be a free turtle shaking his head in a mud pond than a bound swift horse. The essence of China's Dionysian spirit lies in pursuing absolute freedom and forgetting the benefits of life and death, honor and disgrace.
There are striking similarities between world cultural phenomena. Dionysus, the god of grape cultivation and wine making, is the symbol of Dionysus in the west. In ancient Greek tragedies, the Dionysian spirit in the west rose to the theoretical level and was sublimated by the philosophy of German philosopher Nietzsche. Nietzsche believes that Dionysian spirit is a symbol of emotional catharsis, a survival experience of abandoning the traditional bondage and returning to the original state, and human beings have gained great pleasure in life in the desperate and painful cry of disappearing the unity of individuals and the world.
In the kingdom of literature and art, Dionysian spirit is ubiquitous, which has a great and far-reaching influence on literary artists and their masterpieces. Because freedom, art and beauty are trinity, art is born of freedom and beauty is born of art.
The artistic freedom gained by drunkenness is an important way for China ancient artists to get rid of bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous figure in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the first "drunkard", said in Ode to Wine Virtue: "There is a gentleman who regards heaven and earth as the sky, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a moment, and eight droughts as the DPRK." "The curtain is on the ground, which means so." "I was drunk, but I suddenly woke up. If you don't listen to thunder, you won't see the mountain shape. I can't feel the feeling of cutting muscles in cold weather and summer. Looking down on everything, it is like Jianghan duckweed. " This "people-oriented" realm is a typical embodiment of China's Dionysian spirit.
"Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine. Chang' an went to sleep in a restaurant, but the son of heaven didn't get on the boat and claimed to be Brewmaster. " (Du Fu's Eight Immortals in Drinking) "When you are drunk, you are a guest and poetry becomes a god." (Du Fu's "Poem of Self-management") "Give yourself what you want, and make a poem of wine." (Su Shi's Drinking with Tao Yuanming) "A cup of unfinished poetry has been completed, and the poetry day is amazing." (Biography of Yang Wanli going to Wanhua River Valley in February after the Ninth Festival). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "Flowers fly after the rain, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine. "In the history of China's poetry, examples of drunken poems handed down from generation to generation abound.
Not only poetry, but also the Dionysian spirit is more vivid in the paintings and artistic calligraphy unique to China culture. Among the painters, Zheng Banqiao's calligraphy and painting are hard to get, and those who seek them treat each other with dog meat and wine, while those who seek calligraphy and painting can get what they want. Zheng Banqiao also knew the painter's tricks, but he couldn't resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, so he had to write a poem to laugh at himself: "Look at the moon, you might as well go all out, only hate the wine coming late. Laugh at him and ask for a book, and ask his husband to get drunk. " Wu Daozi, the painter of The Wind in Five Dynasties, must get drunk before painting, and then start painting when he is drunk. Huang in Yuan Sijia is also "too drunk to draw". Wang Xizhi, a "book saint", wrote the Preface to the Lanting Pavilion when he was drunk, saying that he was "charming, extremely healthy and unparalleled", but when he woke up, he "read dozens of books, but failed to reach it". Li Bai wrote Huai Su's "Drunk Monk": "My teacher was drunk and slept in bed, sweeping thousands of copies in a moment. Flying flowers and showers are shocking, falling flowers and flying snow. " Huai Su was drunk and splashed ink, just to keep his "self-narrative post" that ghosts and gods admired. Zhang Xu, the sage of the grass, wrote "every drunk calls for madness", so he has his "four ancient poems".
Wine is a beauty between heaven and earth. Although it also enters the stomach, it can't satisfy hunger and thirst, but only acts on people's minds. As soon as the heart-nerve wine is moistened and stimulated, it will produce inexplicable changes, and this inexplicable strangeness is unusual in words and deeds. Therefore, with wine in the world, human life will be colorful, human history will be colorful, the vast world will add many interesting scenery, and the short life will add many long flavors. If our ancestors hadn't been inspired by the sour taste of rotten wild fruits and leftovers and invented wine making, the vast history of twenty-four years would have been much more boring and the social life of past dynasties would not have been so bleak. When we look back, we may lose a lot of interest. History is a long river. When the wine is just right in the river, the river will flow more romantically and vividly, and the billowing waves will still make people feel relaxed and happy after the ages.
From the palace to the streets and alleys, people drink. Emperor Jin and Yuan gave a banquet, and the old people in the three villages exchanged. Although the grades are different and the styles are different, it is the same to drink good wine or old bad wine and taste the wonderful process. Compared with lawyers, businessmen, craftsmen and farmers, literati seem to have more fate with wine. First, literati are addicted to alcohol. Wine can inspire and activate thinking in images; There is a beautiful saying in writing poems after drinking. Drinking itself often becomes creative material. In a history of China literature, almost all the pages smell of wine. Li Bai and Du Fu, outstanding representatives of China literati, are lifelong alcoholics. Li Bai called himself "Brewmaster", and Du Fu was named "King of Wine Industry" by Mr. Guo Moruo because of a remark that "a bully is always a coward and a heavy drinker". They also took pains to count out that among their existing poems, Li accounted for 17% and Du accounted for 2 1%. This reminds us that if there is no wine, Du Li's poems will lose a lot of charm, and the works of Li Taibai and Du Gongbu we read today will be much thinner. Second, scholars pay special attention to the process of drinking, especially the set of red tape in the process of drinking. Therefore, it is necessary to make a very strict law and dance with all kinds of alcoholic drinks. The order of drinking is not fun, but a severe test of people's intelligence, knowledge level, literary accomplishment and adaptability; If you don't read enough poetry books, you are extremely smart and make a fool of yourself on the spot. Literati simply put this set into a wonderful extreme, and simply put hundreds of classics, poems, proverbs, allusions, couplets and other cultural contents into the wine sequence. Therefore, banquets are always full of strong and persistent bookish and cultural atmosphere. In the interweaving, we not only appreciate the mellow beauty of wine, but also appreciate the fragrance of culture. We can't see with our own eyes the elegant taste of ancient literati when feasting, but we can only get a glimpse from novels such as A Dream of Red Mansions, The Garden of Mirrors and books about wine. Because of the participation of literati, drinking is a taste, a realm and an infinite scenery. The wonderful part of wine culture is really created by literati. After the May 4th Movement, modern literati often get together for banquets, and even Mr. Lu Xun has attended many times, which is often recorded in Lu Xun's diary. His poem "Self-mockery" (the poem "Look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow down as a willing ox" became a famous couplet), which was made when Yu Dafu hosted a banquet. Yu Dafu is a drinker. He once said, "Be drunk for three thousand days, and then be drunk for ten years". He was drunk and wrote many good poems on impulse. The elegant collections of new literati are still full of cultural flavor, and improvisation of poetry is still a major theme. Feng Zikai once wrote: "The best things in the world are wine and food, which is like a poem." The rapid development of the May 4th Movement cleansed the old world, but the wine culture that has been passed down through the ages is still in the same strain. The new literati who created a new culture, as soon as they picked up their glasses, still looked like their ancestors.
When talking about the relationship between wine and literature, ancient Greece and Rome especially loved to talk about the role of Dionysian spirit in literary creation. China is a country with underdeveloped mythology. Wine has not yet risen to the status of "God" in the relationship with literature, but it plays an important role in catalyzing writers' literary thinking or poetic interest.
China ancient literature has two important characteristics: First, lyric works occupy the mainstream position. Needless to say, lyric poetry is very lyrical even in the works described or endorsed. It goes without saying that lyric literature is catalyzed by wine. Another feature is the individuality and self-entertainment of the work. Most of China's traditional literature is not oriented to the society (although saints also have this requirement, thinking that literature should play an educational role), but entertaining themselves. Therefore, it is less controlled by external factors (such as considering economic factors in the face of the market), more personal, and will not care too much about the consequences of wine on literature. Of course, this influence has both positive and negative aspects.
The Book of Songs? "Ji Dechu": "Ji Dechu is a branch. Wo Wo in death knows nothing about fun. The poet suddenly sighed when he saw the lush peach trees shining in the sun and admired the ignorance of the vegetation. However, people can't be unconscious. The sufferings in the world need people's feelings to savor. The more sensitive a poet is, the more painful he is. Perhaps people still have the memory of heaven when they are born, so the pursuit of beauty is almost the essence of human beings. But how many people can get their wish? The pursuit of failure has deepened people's pain.
In order to get rid of the pain, the most convenient way is to drink and anesthetize yourself. For example, Cao Cao said in "Short Songs": "When drinking is a song, life is geometric. For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan. Be generous, and your troubles will be unforgettable. How to solve your worries? Only Du Kang. " This kind of consciousness didn't begin in the Book of Songs at the end of Han Dynasty? There is a saying in "Curled Ears", "If I think about it, it will never hurt me. When the self-consciousness of life is more awakened, this desire to eliminate anxiety becomes stronger. When Li Bai arrived in the Tang Dynasty, this kind of sorrow turned into "eternal sorrow", which needed wine of "thousands of minutes" and "thousands of welcome" to wash it: "Spend thousands of flowers and horses, and give it to that boy for good wine, and sell it with you. Even so, it will still be: "but since the water is still flowing, although we use swords to cut it, it is even sadder to raise a glass to dispel our worries." Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat. " (Farewell to Secretary Shu Yun at Xie Tiao Villa in Xuanzhou) A person can lie in the wine country for a while, but what will happen after waking up?
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, people felt the catalytic effect of wine on the artist's personality and artistic creation. Tang people have a deeper understanding of this aspect. Du Fu's Song of Drinking Eight Immortals depicts not only a group of drunkards, but also a romantic art group. Wine enlivens their artistic temperament. For example, the romantic poet Li Bai: "Li Bai has a bucket of hundreds of poems and sleeps in Chang 'an Restaurant. "The son of heaven don't get into the boat, claiming to be Brewmaster. Another example is Zhang Xu, the master of calligraphy: "Zhang Xu's three cups of grass are sacred, taking off his hat and sticking out in front of the princes, waving paper like a cloud. "These artists and poets are in a semi-conscious state, and their usual political philosophy, moral norms and other' rational evil influences' have been broken by alcohol. At this time, they seem to be dominated only by intuition or subconscious, thus liberating humanity hidden in psychological energy to the maximum extent.
Although Confucianism pays attention to people, this "person" refers to groups, not individuals, and tends to use groups to suppress individuals. Wei and Jin Dynasties were the times when scholars' individual consciousness was awakened. When they confront the mainstream consciousness with their initial awakening self, they often feel that their internal strength is insufficient, so these literati have to rely on wine to support them. On the surface, they indulge their emotions, drown their sorrows in wine, destroy famous religions with all kinds of shocking behaviors and confront the mainstream society. These scholars often say, "Is the gift for our generation? They yearn for a laissez-faire attitude towards life and explore human nature from nature.
This was developed by Tao Yuanming. For the first time, he combined poetry, wine and nature to seek the true nature of human beings, that is, humanity. He said in the poem "Drinking": "A good day on the mountain will bring the birds home one day. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself. He also said: "If you don't know me, it is more valuable to know things. Because of its lingering charm, this wine has a deep taste. The so-called "true meaning" and "deep taste" refer to the understanding of the true meaning of life and human nature when drinking. All these were inherited by the people who pursued personality liberation in later generations. Li Bai's "Drinking the Bright Moon Alone" says: "Three cups lead the way, and a fight is natural. I'm just drunk for fun, and this smell can't be passed down! The so-called "joy in wine" is to get rid of the shackles of daily etiquette in a drunken hometown and gain spiritual freedom in the dark.
Li Bai's Drunk Songs: "Since God has given talents, let them be employed!"! , spin one thousand silver, all back! "("I will drink ") This is self-confidence; "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those who have high status and high positions? They will never tolerate others showing them a sincere face! " ("Dream of Mount Tianmu") cast great contempt for the powerful; "I broke the Yellow Crane Tower with a hammer for you, and you fell down for me!" ("Jiangxia gives Wei Nanling ice") shows great anger. These are not only drunken nonsense, but also poems that can best express Li Bai's true self. Song people accused Li Bai of having wine in his poems. In fact, wine has liberated many poets and artists from trivial matters and restored their true artistic demeanor. It is hard to imagine that Li Bai, who is always awake, can write so many immortal poems.
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