The Life of the Characters in spruance's Works

Raymond Ames Spruance was born on July 3, 1986 in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 1906 graduated from the U.S naval academy (belonging to class 1907), the first commander of the U.S fifth fleet, and the third commander of the reorganized Pacific fleet, an admiral.

1903 In July, spruance was admitted to the United States Naval Academy from Indiana. Study hard at school, get excellent grades, but be unknown. 1906 After graduating in early September, he went to serve on a warship. /kloc-0 was promoted to second lieutenant in September, 908. 19 13 was promoted to captain of the destroyer belonging to the Asian Fleet of the US Navy. A year later, he moved to work on the shore and married Margaret Dean. 19 16 was promoted to naval major, 19 18 was promoted to naval lieutenant colonel. 19 19 became the captain of destroyer Allen Ward of halsey destroyer detachment, which was highly appreciated by halsey. 192 1 year, successively served as the director of the distribution department and the director of the electric power department of the US Naval Engineering Bureau. 1924 was transferred as the captain of the destroyer Dell, and later became the assistant chief of staff of Andrews, commander of the US Navy in Europe, and soon became the captain of the destroyer Osborne.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/926, spruance entered the US Naval Military Academy for further study. Later, spruance thought that his successful combat operations were greatly influenced by this advanced study, and later went to the battleship Mississippi as the vice captain. 1931June, transferred to the naval military academy to take charge of correspondence courses. The following year, he was promoted to captain of the navy. 1in may, 933, he became Watson's chief of staff, commander of destroyer escort fleet. 1In April, 935, he was transferred to the head of the Tactics Department of the Naval Military Academy, and many of the trainees held important positions in World War II. 1938 became the captain of the battleship Mississippi. 1940 was promoted to commander of 10 naval military region in February, and to rear admiral in June of the same year 10. With the development of the European war, its responsibilities gradually increased. 194 1 June, 2008, concurrently served as commander of the Caribbean theater. 194 1 September, served as the commander of the 5th cruiser detachment of the Pacific Fleet, with Northampton as its flagship and serving under halsey.

19411On February 2nd, under the command of halsey, spruance left Pearl Harbor to carry out the task of transporting fighter planes to wake island, thus avoiding the disaster in Pearl Harbor. Since then, he has led the escort aircraft carrier task force many times.

1942 in may, halsey led 16 task force back to pearl harbor. Nimitz, who was planning the Battle of Midway, found that halsey suffered from skin diseases and had to be hospitalized. Halsey strongly recommended spruance to take over as commander of 16 Task Force, which was recognized by Nimitz. Nimitz also ordered the emergency repair of the aircraft carrier "York City" and set up a 17 task force under the command of Major General Fletcher. Although Nimitz explicitly ordered senior Fletcher to be in charge of the battlefield command of the Battle of Midway, the two fleets always commanded and fought independently in actual combat. On May 28th, spruance led two aircraft carriers (Enterprise and Hornet), six cruisers and nine destroyers to leave Pearl Harbor, and on June 3rd, he joined Fletcher in the scheduled sea area northeast of Midway Island, waiting to engage with the Japanese joint fleet.

At dawn on June 4, Nan Yun, commander of the Japanese aircraft carrier fleet, ordered the first attack wave to bomb Midway Island. Not knowing that the American fleet was nearby, Nan Yun modified all the planes carrying torpedoes originally planned to deal with aircraft carriers to bomb them, so that the second attack wave could be dispatched as soon as possible. Just then, the reconnaissance plane reported the discovery of the American aircraft carrier, which made Nan Yun in a dilemma: the first wave of attacks was about to land, and it needed to be replenished with oil and bombs; The second wave of attacks requires reloading torpedoes, and the fighters protecting the aircraft carrier are about to run out of fuel. Nan Yun ordered a retreat to the north. While picking up the plane, he changed torpedoes and refueled. The unloaded bombs were placed on the deck of the aircraft carrier.

At the same time, spruance, who paid attention to air search, got a report from the reconnaissance plane: two Japanese aircraft carriers were found and a large number of planes were flying to midway. Based on this, spruance judged the return time of the Japanese aircraft, and ordered the carrier aircraft of the aircraft carriers Enterprise and Hornet to take off from 200 nautical miles away from the Japanese aircraft carrier, which was the first important decision to raid the Japanese aircraft carrier. Three squadrons of American torpedo bombers flew over the target, but the attack failed because there was no fighter to protect the ship. Only six of the 4 1 bombers can return to the aircraft carrier. However, Nan Yun failed to organize aerial reconnaissance and could not send fighters quickly. It also ignores an important rule that no matter where the torpedo bomber appears, the dive bomber will follow. While most of Nanyun's planes were waiting to take off on the deck, spruance's dive bomber flew over the Japanese aircraft carrier, and Fletcher's plane arrived later. The former dived and dropped bombs on the carrier Chicheng and Kaga, while the latter dived and dropped bombs on the carrier Canglong. After the Chicheng was shot, the bomb exploded on the deck, and the Kaga and Canglong were also shot, plunged into the sea of fire and sank one after another. Later, spruance talked about this action: "Some authors praised me for accurately choosing the time when the Japanese aircraft carrier was in the most unfavorable situation-the aircraft deck was full of planes that had been refueled, loaded and waiting to take off-to carry out the attack. Actually, it's not like this. I think the only thing I can boast about is that I am very sensitive to the urgent need to take unexpected actions. As soon as I get close to the enemy, I will try my best to attack the enemy's aircraft carrier. " Later that day, the escaped aircraft carrier Dragonfly found and destroyed Fletcher's Yorktown, and Fletcher handed over the command to spruance. Spruance led the fleet to recover all the planes after sinking the oncoming "Dragonfly" aircraft carrier. Regardless of the blame of the superiors and the opposition of the staff officers, he turned around and quickly evacuated to the waters near Midway Island, and then headed west after midnight to give full play to the advantages of the carrier aircraft at dawn, and bankrupt Yamamoto borrowed the midnight revenge plan. This move is regarded as spruance's second important decision. Stop the pursuit in the process of pursuit, so as not to enter the air power circle of the Japanese army in wake island, and make Yamamoto's attempt to attack the American fleet in the air power circle to save the defeat go up in smoke. This move is regarded as the third important decision of spruance.

After the Battle of Midway, spruance was transferred to the post of Chief of Staff of the Pacific Fleet in June 1942. At that time, the attack plan of Marshall Islands had been determined, but spruance thought that the US military lacked both Marshall defense information and amphibious combat experience, so it was better to capture gilbert islands first. After his battle plan was approved, spruance carefully considered the choice of commanders, the configuration of troops and weapons and the organization of logistics support, and also formed an important mobile service fleet according to Nimitz's instructions. During his tenure as chief of staff, he was promoted to vice admiral and lived with Nimitz. He has a very harmonious relationship with the war guidance and discussion of various actions in the Pacific theater.

1In August, 943, spruance became the commander of the Central Pacific Fleet, with the cruiser Indianapolis as the flagship, organizing and commanding the Battle of gilbert islands. The participating troops were organized into five special mixed fleets, with 1 1 aircraft carrier, focusing on Majin Island and Tarawa Island. 165438+1On October 20th, the US military began to land operations after preparing for fire, which met with stubborn resistance from the Japanese army. Because the naval shelling time is too short, the enemy fortifications are not damaged enough, the air raid time is inappropriate, the frequency is too few, the amphibious landing vehicle is too few, the effect is not good, and the quality of communication equipment is poor. In addition, without the influence of flank and tide, the US military ended the battle in three days and wiped out more than 4,000 people. Among them, Tarawa killed more than 3,000 people at the expense of more than 3,000 casualties, which is known as the "terrible Tarawa Beach". Spruance summed up the experience and lessons of this campaign and greatly developed the theory and tactics of amphibious operations.

1944 65438+1On October 29th, spruance commanded the landing troops and five special mixed fleets to prepare for the start of the Marshall Islands campaign with two days of artillery fire. On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, the US military first attacked Kemajuro Island, and then attacked Roy Namu Island. On February 1 day, the United States landed on Kwajalein Island with accurate and timely coordinated action, and fought fiercely for seven days to annihilate the enemy. After the Battle of Kwajalein Island, spruance was promoted to Admiral, and the Central Pacific Fleet under his jurisdiction was renamed the Fifth Fleet. On April 24th, the Marshall Islands was conquered. During this period, spruance's aircraft carrier also launched a devastating attack on the Trucks Islands, isolating 50,000 defenders. In the Battle of Marshall Islands, the US military effectively used the tactics of seizing the airport on the island and suppressing the surrounding islands and reefs with air fire. At the cost of 1582 people being injured and 372 people being killed, 8 1582 people were killed.

Then, spruance was ordered to aim at the Mariana Islands, which is the strategic point of Japanese internal defense circle. The US troops participating in the war were four special mixed fleets of the Fifth Fleet (including more than 600 ships including 15 aircraft carrier) and four divisions of amphibious landing forces, with more than 30,000 people 1 brigade and 13. On June 15, the US military landed in Saipan under the cover and support of carrier-based aircraft, and the Japanese troops guarding the island fought to the death. After learning the information that the Japanese joint fleet came to confront, spruance decided to cancel the Guam landing and accelerate the capture of Saipan, preparing to meet the enemy fleet. 19, the carrier aircraft of both sides launched a fierce battle, and the US submarine took the enemy by surprise and sank two enemy aircraft carriers. /kloc-from the night of 0/9 to the morning of the 20th, the United States lost the best opportunity to attack because of insufficient air search. On the afternoon of 20th, the US military lost more than 80 planes, sank 1 enemy aircraft carrier and 2 oil tankers, and injured 6 aircraft carriers and other warships. The Japanese fleet retreated hastily. On July 6, a senior Japanese general committed suicide in Saipan. The next day, all 3,000 Japanese soldiers who launched suicide counterattacks were wiped out and Saipan was conquered. Other islands also fell later. The fall of Mariana Islands led to the collapse of Tojo's cabinet. This service caused the loss of Japanese carrier-based pilots, and the combat effectiveness of the Japanese carrier fleet was seriously damaged. The sea control and air control in the western Pacific were completely handed over to the US military.

In order to deal a decisive blow to Japan, spruance suggested that Iwo Jima and Okinawa should be captured, and the airport of Iwo Jima should be used as the emergency landing site for air strikes against Japanese B-29 bombers and the forward base for escort fighters, which was approved by the superior. The U.S. military has about 600 ships and 220,000 people. 1945 February 17, spruance ordered to prepare for a two-day fire attack. From 19, the American troops who landed in combat suffered heavy casualties because the Japanese army resisted with strong fortifications. Later, with the support of tanks, the American army used a large number of flamethrowers and rocket launchers, and the war made great progress. 16 In March, the battle of Iwo Jima ended, and the US military wiped out 23,000 defenders at the cost of more than 28,000 casualties, 33 ships and 168 aircraft. Spruance concluded that seizing the port or establishing floating facilities in the landing area and reasonably organizing the transportation of materials and equipment are absolutely noteworthy issues in landing operations.

The Japanese army has 654.38 million people and 250 planes in Okinawa. There are dozens of minefields and anti-ship obstacles in the surrounding waters, and 500 kamikaze attack aircraft are assembled in nearby islands. Allied forces participated in the war with 7 US special mixed fleets, 450,000 British special mixed fleets 1 unit and 457 warships 1.457 (36 aircraft carriers and 2 carrier-based aircraft1.08). On March 27th, American troops captured the Qingliangjian Islands in the west of Okinawa, which served as a base for naval advancement. On April 1 day, after fire preparation, the US military landed successfully and established a wide landing site. On April 5, the Japanese army began to resist strongly. On the 6th, Japanese Kamikaze attack planes and bombers sank 16 American ships. On the 7th, American planes sank the battleship Yamato. Kamikaze attack aircraft have caused heavy losses to the US military alert radar ships, and the number of US pilots is also increasing. On the island, the first line of defense of the American army attacking the Japanese army was frustrated, and it was impossible to break through after ten days of fierce fighting. On April 19, the US army attacked again and broke through the Japanese defense line on the 24th. On May 8th, American troops attacked the Japanese second line of defense, and it didn't work until 2 1. Nearly two months of continuous operations have exhausted the physical strength and energy of the commanders of the Fifth Fleet. Nimitz was forced to replace all senior commanders. Spruance was replaced by halsey, and the Fifth Fleet was renamed the Third Fleet. On June 22nd, the battle ended, and the 65438+ Wan Shoujun was wiped out.

1945 September, spruance was ordered to command all Japanese navies. 1 1 In June, he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet and Supreme Commander of the Pacific Theater. 1946 In March, he became the president of the United States Naval Military Academy, and carried out teaching reform, emphasizing the interdependence of strategy, tactics and logistics. 1July, 948, retired from active service. 1952 to 1955, as the us ambassador to the Philippines.

1969 12 13 spruance, who was called "the general among naval generals" by Nimitz, died.