What are the reform measures of Shang Yang's reform?

The focus of Shang Yang's political reform is to completely abolish the old Shi Qing record system and establish a new feudal autocratic centralization of authority. The main contents are as follows:

1) encourage soldiers to implement a 20-level rank system.

Shang Yang ordered that "anyone who has meritorious military service should be rewarded according to his rate and punished according to his severity" to reward meritorious military service and prohibit private fighting. It is stipulated that the title should be awarded according to the meritorious military service, and the imperial clan should not be included in the public book unless it has meritorious military service, that is, "those who have made meritorious deeds show honor, those who have made meritorious deeds are rich without honor."

In other words, aristocratic children who have made contributions can enjoy prosperity; He who has no credit, though rich, cannot be extravagant.

The establishment of the 20-level title means that Shang Yang completely abolished the old Qing Shilu system. In the future, titles will be awarded according to the size of military service, and officials will be selected from those who have military service titles. 20-level titles: the first level is male scholar, the second level is Shang Zao, the nineteenth level is Guan Neihou, and the twentieth level is Che Hou. "Hanshu" records: "Shang Jun is the Qin law, and those who want to be officials are knighted."

It also explains the reward method: in the war, the pawn will behead the enemy's head and be awarded the rank of 50 stones; The pawn will cut the enemy's head in half and be awarded the rank of 100 stone. Titles at all levels stipulate the number of Tian Jia and handmaiden and the grade of clothes.

The so-called private struggle does not mean ordinary people fighting, but refers to "urban fighting." "City War" refers to ordinary towns occupied by slave owners. Slave owners often fought for land and property. The new law stipulates that private struggle is not allowed, aiming at weakening the power of slave owners and strengthening feudal centralization. The way to severely punish private fighting is to punish private fighters according to the seriousness of the case.

The Qin army greatly enhanced its combat effectiveness because it praised the meritorious military service. In the foreign war, Qin's national strength was further enhanced, thus reversing the long-term passive backwardness. In 355 BC, Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang joined forces in Du Ping, which ended the long-term passive situation that Qin was not aligned with the governors of the Central Plains and improved the status of Qin. Qin also gradually occupied Bashu area with fertile land and high level of agricultural development and northwest area rich in cattle and horses by force, and social production developed rapidly.

2) In addition to the "Shi Qing Shi Lu system", imperial clan nobles were encouraged to establish a military service system.

According to Records of the Historical Records, the State of Qin stipulated that "an imperial clan cannot be a noble family unless it has the theory of meritorious military service. The title and rank of nobility should be respected, each family should be named after its inferior rank, and the clothes of male and female servants should be given according to the rank of their family. Those who make meritorious deeds show their glory, and those who have no merit are rich. " In other words, according to the size of the meritorious military service, the status of the nobility is determined. This rule dealt a heavy blow to the old nobles of slave owners, which aroused their antipathy. Historical Records.

3) Reform the household registration system and implement the deskmate method.

The capital, towns, cities and gathering places of Qin are all natural settlements. In order to strengthen the feudal autocratic rule and manage the vast number of residents, Shang Yang stipulated that residents should register their household registration. For minor crimes, heavy penalties are imposed. The Li Kui Law of Wei State was promulgated and implemented, and the Tongzhi Law was added. The main contents are: residents regard five as "five", ten as "what", what and five? Nine families must report together, and if they don't report, ten families will sit together and be guilty. If you don't report the beheading of traitors, those who report "traitors" will be rewarded with those who behead the enemy, and those who hide traitors will be punished with those who surrender the enemy. This is the same as the later Baojia system. Shang Yang also stipulated that hotels should not take in people who have no official proof of accommodation, otherwise the stores will sit together.

4) implement the county system

Shang Yang's major political reform is to "set small cities as counties", take counties as local administrative units, and abolish the system of enfeoffment, "where there are 31 counties"

(Some historical records indicate that it is 4 1 county or 36 counties). County magistrate is in charge of county administration, county magistrate assists county magistrate, and county commandant is in charge of military affairs. There are several cities, townships, cities and towns in the county. By establishing counties, Shang Yang returned the political privileges of the lords to the central government. This measure effectively cooperates with the policy of "abandoning ore and building"

Later, Qin set up a county in the newly occupied area, which was of a large scope and had the nature of border defense and military control, so the county chief was called the county chief. Later, the situation in the county was stable and turned into civil affairs, so there were several counties under the county, forming the county system of Qin State.

Establish county organizations, merge towns and villages, and organize into counties, which are directly managed by state officials. In this way, the power of the central government is more centralized.

5) Establish Qin law, and "burn poems and write laws".

Shang Yang's measures are to eliminate the interference of retro ideas. The high-pressure policy of "burning poems" initiated by Shang Yang not only greatly suppressed people's thoughts, but also destroyed China's cultural classics.

6) Move the capital to Xianyang.

In order to facilitate the eastward development, the capital moved from Liyang to Xianyang, north of Weihe River.

Such a large-scale reform is bound to cause fierce struggle. Many nobles and ministers opposed the new law. On one occasion, the king of Qin broke the law. Shang Yang said to Qin Xiaogong, "The laws and regulations of the country should be observed from top to bottom. If the people above can't abide by it, the people below will not trust the court. If the prince breaks the law, his master should be punished. "

As a result, Shang Yang committed crimes against the prince's two masters, Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia. One had his nose cut off and the other had words tattooed on his face. Therefore, some nobles and ministers dare not violate the new law.

Ten years later, Qin became richer and richer. The Emperor of Zhou sent messengers to sacrifice to Qin Xiaogong and named him "Fang Bo". The vassal States of the Central Plains also congratulated Qin. Wei had to cede territory to Hexi and move the capital to Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan).

Twenty knights and old and new nobles;

Biographies of Historical Records of Shang Jun said: "Imperial clan must have the theory of military service, not for family members. It is better to be humble than to be famous, and men and women are not as good as their families. Those who make meritorious deeds show glory, and those who have no merit are rich and have nothing to show. " This policy suppressed and reduced the imperial clan nobles, thus promoting the emerging military nobles. It should be noted that even these privileges are more expensive and superior than the old ones. The so-called twenty-rank system was also expanded by Shang Yang according to the old system of Qin Dynasty. Its rank names are: Male Scholar, Shangzao, Guan Geng, Bu Geng, Doctor, Official Doctor, Public Doctor, Gongcheng, Wudefu, Zuo Shu Chang, Right Subordinate Chang, Zuo Geng, Zhong Geng, Right Geng, Less Shangzao and Big Shangzao. However, the principle of the fifth grade remains in the bones. The reason for raising the rank is to reward military service and let more people get the opportunity and right of "military service". According to the newly published Qin bamboo slips, not only civilians, but also slaves and criminals can get knighthood as long as they can get the first-class rank, and they can be upgraded step by step. Although it is not easy to get a senior rank, it is finally compared with the hereditary status of blood.

The 20th order system only replaces the old order system with the new order system. If you get a title, your rights and interests are not only Tian Zhai, male and female servants, but also "illegitimate children" who can be driven by the title. The Book of China and Shang Jun said: "Beggars with titles, those without titles are considered assholes. They begged for a class of people. They have no service, and their illegitimate children serve their doctors, June 6; If its service is also good, it will be raised. " Doesn't this mean that in addition to slaves, you can also get serfs in service? In addition, people above the title can enjoy the preferential treatment of "tax" and "city". Of course, if you are a civilian, it is not easy to reach the title and above. Anyone with knighthood can enjoy all kinds of privileges when committing crimes. Felony can be mitigated and misdemeanor can be exempted: people who commit the same crime can get more preferential treatment than people with lower ranks. In this way, Shang Yang became a traitor.

Legalist laws not only failed to protect the status and interests of emerging businessmen and farmers, but also increased their burden because of strict laws. Shang Yang's political reform didn't abolish slavery at all, but harsh laws, aggravated labor and years of foreign wars pushed farmers into bankruptcy faster, and even expanded the ranks of slaves, becoming allies of the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty.