How many political parties are there in America? I know Republicans and Democrats. What do they do?

The US presidential election is a contest between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

When the United States was founded, Washington, the father of the United States, and other manpower owners abandoned political differences, so there was no political party struggle at that time. However, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, two bourgeois political parties appeared: one was the federal party headed by Hamilton, and the other was the anti-federal party headed by Jefferson. Later, the two factions split and reorganized several times until the Democratic Party and the * * * Party were formally established before the Civil War. After that, he took turns to be in power and formally formed a two-party system. 1874, the famous American painter thomas Nast created a political cartoon, in which a donkey represented the Democratic Party and an elephant represented the Party. Since then, donkeys and elephants have become symbols of the two parties. Every election year, both parties choose these two animals as their party emblem, so they are called "the battle between donkeys and elephants" by the world.

In the history of the United States, the Democratic Party, communist party and communist party have always controlled American politics, and they have never met strong opponents. Although there have been some important third parties, such as 1968 American Independent Party candidate george wallace, only got 13.5% of all the votes; 1992 Billionaire Perot also failed as an independent candidate.

The Democratic Party was founded in 179 1. At that time, it was composed of some planters, farmers and some capitalists connected with slave owners in the south. Ceng Ming * * * and the party and democracy * * * and the party. 1828 changed its name. During 1933- 1953, Democrats Roosevelt and Truman successively served as presidents. The Democratic Party has been in power for 20 consecutive years, which is the most prosperous period of the party. The party was founded in 1854, when it was mainly composed of industrial and commercial capitalists in the north who opposed the expansion of slavery. 186 1 year, Lincoln became president, and the * * * party came to power for the first time. In the 70 years from 1933, except 16, it was * * and the party in power.

The number of party member members of the Democratic Party and the * * * and the Party is not fixed (which party to vote for in the election is party member), and there is no fixed platform, only a four-year campaign platform.

Is there an ideological difference between American democracy and the two parties?

So, is there an ideological difference between * * * and democratic parties in the United States? In fact, there is no ideological difference between the two. They are all political parties representing the interests of the monopoly bourgeoisie, but they are different in the implementation of specific policies. Generally speaking, * * * Party advocates small government and big society; Oppose the expansion of government budget expenditure on economic and social affairs, and advocate the expansion of national defense budget expenditure. The Democratic Party agrees that the government should take more active actions to promote social welfare and control enterprise activities.

Take the differences between the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party on government expenditure and financial allocation this year. Both the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party advocate tax reduction and return the fiscal surplus to the people. The Democratic Party tends to use the fiscal surplus for new projects in education and medical care. On the question of how to treat the social welfare system, the Democratic Party advocates that social welfare expenditure cannot be cut, while the Republican Party thinks that the American social welfare system encourages people's dependence. From this perspective, the two political parties have adopted different attitudes on some key issues. However, this is just the difference in solving problems.

Historically, neither party has completely united against the other. In more cases, party member on one side always agrees with the views of the majority on the other side. Therefore, in a sense, the political boundaries between American democracy, * * * and the two parties are not obvious; Of course, this does not mean that there are no major differences and debates in American politics.

American political parties. In the second half of 65438+90' s, a new socialist movement gradually rose in America. 1897 June18, the American Social Democratic Alliance was established in Chicago, and the executive body, the National Committee, was elected as its chairman. 1 On June 7, 898, at the1th Congress of the Union held in Chicago, it was divided into two factions because of the dispute over the report of the 247 Planning Commission. One faction advocates the implementation of the immigration plan; It is suggested that a socialist country should be established by organizing a large number of immigrants to the west; The other school advocates giving up this fantasy; Only believe in "international socialist principles and programs", only adopt socialist propaganda methods, refuse to recognize the immigration plan adopted by the general assembly by a majority vote, announce withdrawal from the general assembly and hold another meeting, establish the Social Democratic Party, and elect the national executive committee; Debs was elected as an executive member; The new party has developed rapidly by taking election as a means of political struggle. In the following two years, the Social Democratic Party appointed state candidates or local candidates in nine states including Massachusetts and New Hampshire. In the local election of 1899, some members of the party were elected as mayors, city councillors and town council members; 1900, Debs was elected as the first Socialist presidential candidate in the United States; 1900 On March 6th, the Social Democratic Party held its 1 th Congress in Indianapolis to discuss and demand the unification of socialist forces. 190 1 On July 29th, the party and M. Hillquit School, who quit the American Socialist Labor Party, formed the Socialist Party.

Socialist Party (Socialist Party)

American political parties. 190 1898 On July 29th, 1998, the Social Democratic Party, led and founded by American labor and political leader Debs, merged with the moderates of the socialist Labor Party led by Hillquit and was named the Socialist Party. Headquartered in St. Louis; The party's basic program is to form a political party with the working class and the sympathetic class, and take part in elections as a means of political struggle in order to seize various powers of the government and use these powers to turn the existing private ownership of production and distribution of materials into collective ownership by all the people. Oppose the establishment of socialism through social revolution; In 190 1 year, there were 1 10,000 employees in party member, and in 19 12 year, the number increased to 120,000, which was distributed all over the country. The members of the organization are complex, including urban and rural petty bourgeoisie, including many lawyers, priests, small employers and immigrants from Russia, Poland, Hungary and other countries. There are also workers, mostly foreign-born workers. The middle-class intellectuals in the party hold the leadership of the party; The main leaders of the party are Debs on the left and Hillquit on the right. The right wing openly supports Bertstein's revisionism. The period of 1905- 19 14 was the heyday of socialist activities, and 13 daily newspapers, 12 monthly newspapers and nearly 300 weekly magazines were founded. 19 12 the first split of the socialist party; Heywood, a famous spokesman of the workers' movement, was dismissed from his position as a member of the National Committee. He and 134 worker party member quit the party one after another; 19 17, the socialist party, encouraged by the left, passed a resolution opposing the United States' participation in World War I; Debs and C.E. Rutenborg were arrested and imprisoned for anti-war activities; In the presidential election of 1920, Debs got 920,000 votes even though he was in prison. The Socialist Party has played a certain role in many local trade unions and the American Federation of Labor, and also played a certain role in the election of state and local councillors. However, the Socialist Party lacks strong unified leadership. Debs himself is a unionist and Hillquit is an opportunist. They ignored the demands of the masses, failed to fully organize and lead them in economic struggle, and continued to split within the party; After the October Revolution in Russia; The left in the party advocates abandoning the reformist program and directly overthrowing the capitalist system; 19 19, the socialist party split again; Left-wing Rutenborg and others withdrew to form the American Producer Party and Producer Labor Party (the two parties merged on 192 1 to form a unified Producer Party); 1924, the socialist party supported lafollette, the progressive party, to run for the presidency, so as to strengthen the United front of the bourgeoisie and trade union leaders, workers, petty bourgeoisie and peasants against monopoly capital; Since 1928, N Thomas (1884- 1968), one of the main leaders of the party, has been defeated in the presidential election for five consecutive times. After that, he participated in two presidential elections in the quiet years, and both of them received few votes. From 65438 to 0960, Debs decided to retire from national political life and devote himself to educational activities. In the late 1960s, the Socialist Party split into three groups: the left, the middle and the right. Leftists and centrists support the Democratic Party; The Social Democratic Alliance split from 1936 merged with the Socialist Party in 1972 and was renamed the Social Democratic Party.

Communist party, USA.

The political party of the American working class. 1 919 August 3 1 day and September1day, the left-wing socialist party successively established the American * * * production labor party and the American * * * production party. The political programs of the two parties are roughly the same; Soon it was banned by the US government at the same time, and 1920 and 1 were forced to go underground; 1920 in may, party member, affiliated with the * * * production party, first formed a joint * * * production party with the * * capitalist labor party. 192 1 in may, the party merged with the * * * production party to form the American * * production party, with C.B. Rutenburg as the executive secretary. The United States actively carried out activities through trade unions and workers' committees to support them to form an open American Workers' Party in June 5438+092165438+February; April1923; * * * The Producers' Party merged with the Workers' Party and called it the Workers' Party of America, thus ending the period of semi-public activities of the Party; 1In August, 925, the American Workers' Party was renamed the American Workers' Party; Rutenburg died in 1927, with J. Lovestone as executive secretary. 1928 10, criticizing the clean-up of Trotskyist J.G. Cannon opportunism group; Marxists represented by W.Z. Foster publicly exposed and criticized Lovestone's revisionist line. 1In July, 929, the US Central Committee purged this revisionist group from the Party and elected four people, including Foster, as its secretary. 1990, the Party's "Seventh National Congress" was renamed the American Producer Party; 1929- 1933 During the world economic crisis, the United States led a massive mass movement to protest unemployment, hunger and pay cuts, participated in organizing a series of strikes and demonstrations that shocked the whole country, and went deep into the south to fight for the political and economic rights and interests of workers, blacks and agricultural laborers; The American * * * production party firmly stood on the anti-fascist stand, sympathized with and supported the invaded countries such as China and Spain, and organized 3,000 soldiers to join the 1937 international column to support the Spanish people; When President Roosevelt's "New Deal" was attacked by fascists, America's initial expectation for Roosevelt and some of his reforms changed to limited and critical support. The popularity of the United States increased rapidly, and the number of people in party member increased to 654.38 million+in the late 1930s. 1932 Foster is seriously ill. 1934 in April, at the eighth national congress of the United States, E.R. Browder was elected as the general secretary, but he gradually slipped to revisionism; After the Tehran conference, he publicly advocated abandoning social revolution and implementing reformism and class cooperation; 1944 may * * * the production party was dissolved and the CPPCC without party affiliation was established; 1July, 945, American producers of * * * held an extraordinary meeting under the leadership of Foster, severely criticized Browder's wrong line and restored the organization of * * * producers; 1946 In February, Browder was expelled from the Party and Foster was elected as the chairman. After World War II, the American government persecuted and suppressed the producers and their sympathizers on a large scale. 1948, 12 members of the political bureau of the United States were sentenced; 1956 after the 20th national congress of the Soviet union, the United States was hit by international events such as "anti-Stalinism", and some people in the party were shaken, and even put forward the idea of turning the party into some kind of political or' educational association', and the number of people in party member dropped sharply. 1In February, 1957, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China criticized this erroneous tendency, but since then, revisionism within the Party has continued to spread. 1958 February, the United States * * * held a national committee to criticize revisionist erroneous views; The leader of the Party, Foster 196 1, died, if Flynn succeeded as the party chairman; 1966 the United States resumed its legal status and various public activities, 1968 and 1972 put forward presidential candidates to run for public office. After the 2nd1Congress of the United States, industrial workers and blacks were the focus of work. 1979 The program adopted by the 22nd Congress of the United States pointed out that monopoly capitalism should be defeated by peaceful means and a socialist America should be established. At the end of 1970s, there were about 15000 people in party member, and the party organizations were distributed in 37 states, with G Hall as the general secretary and H Winston as the chairman. The central theoretical journal of the Party is Political Monthly, and the organ newspaper is World Journal.

United States Labor Organization (ILO)

Labor organizations in the United States include trade unions and workers' political parties. Trade unionism played an important role in it. 1866 the first national trade union Federation-the national trade union was established in Baltimore. The founder is W. Sylvester. In its heyday, it still had more than 10 thousand members. Including radical and reformist organizations, established contact with the first international and declined in 1872; 1869, Stevens founded the Knights of Labor in Philadelphia. Before 1878, the organization was in a secret state and later became public. It was the first national organization founded by the American working class, with more than 700,000 members in the mid-1980s. Later, due to the class cooperation policy of the group led by T.V. Powderly, it declined sharply in the late 1980s. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) replaced it. Formerly known as organized trade unions and labor federations in the United States and Canada, it was established in Pittsburgh in June18811. The main founder is S. gompers. 1886 launched the "May 1st" national strike, and was reorganized as the "AFL" at the end of the year. Gompas is the chairman; At the end of 65438+90' s, the AFL promoted "Gompasism", namely "labor-capital cooperation", "unconventional politics" and "unionism". During the period of 1866- 1900, the number of members surged from130,000 to nearly 550,000. When 1955 merged with the Federation of Industry and Commerce, there were about109,000 members. /kloc-In the late 9th century, five extremely conservative and independent trade unions appeared in the railway system, commonly known as the Railway Brotherhood, also known as the "Five donkey kong", namely the locomotive drivers' association, the railway conductor association, the locomotive stoker association, the railway crew association and the turnout workers' association, with a total membership of about 1893. 1969, the last four trade unions merged into the United Transport Union (AFL-CIO). /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the first batch of industrial trade unions appeared in coal mines, mines, railways and other departments, which formed competition with trade unions such as the AFL, among which the progressive force was quite strong; The World Federation of Industrial Workers was born in Chicago on 1905. Its founders were three left-wing leaders at that time: W.D. Heywood, E.V. Debs and D. Delane: 1908 began to evolve into a purely unionist organization, which disintegrated in the late 1920s, and some members joined the American * * * production party; 1920, W.Z. Foster established the union education alliance in Chicago, with the support or participation of hundreds of thousands of AFL members, and the American production party actively supported and led it. 1929 reorganized into a unified trade union and became an independent progressive trade union center; 1935, in order to unify the trade union, it was dissolved and the subordinate trade union merged with the trade union. In the mid-1930s, laborer Zuo Ji and the upper middle faction led by the AFL jointly launched the industrial trade union organization movement, which promoted the birth of the Federation of Industrial Trade Unions (hereinafter referred to as the Federation of Industrial Trade Unions). 1935 10 at the AFL congress, J.L. Lewis, chairman of the United Miners' Union and a centrist, put forward the idea of organizing industrial unions in basic industries, which was opposed by the green right-wing leading group; So the 10 trade union that supported this idea formed the industrial organization Committee (the predecessor of the "Federation of Industry and Commerce"); It has about 1 10,000 members, and soon the Committee was expelled from the AFL; 1938 was reorganized into "Production Federation", with Lewis as the chairman, becoming the second trade union center. It is an industrial trade union federation. At the beginning of its establishment, under the leadership of the center-left alliance, it played an active role in organizing a large number of workers in basic industries. However, after World War II, the right-wing leadership groups of P Murray and W Russell abandoned their previous progressive policies and rejected the left-wing forces. 1Feb. 955, AFL and AFL held a merger meeting in new york, which was named AFL-AFL. There are more than 140 international and national trade unions with about160,000 members (accounting for 85-90% of the total union members and 34% of the total workers). After the merger, the leading group continued to implement the class cooperation line of the AFL, and it is still the largest trade union federation. Its official publications are AFL-CIO News and Federalist. 1968, the United Auto Workers' Union and Truck Drivers' Union, which withdrew from the AFL-CIO, initiated the establishment of the Labor Action Alliance, with Luther as the chairman and 3.65 million members. At the end of 1970s, there were 185 trade unions in the United States, of which 120 belonged to the AFL-CIO, and the rest were independent trade unions, with a total membership of about 20 million, accounting for about 20% of the total number of workers.

peasant association

The first national peasant organization. Agricultural protection association. At first, it was a secret society. In February, Minnesota farmer O.H. Kelly (1826-1913) founded the Agricultural Protection Association in Washington to safeguard the interests of agricultural groups. At the beginning of its establishment, due to the vague advocacy of farmers' mutual assistance and efforts to improve farmers' situation through publicity and education, the agricultural crisis broke out in 1873, and farmers' situation deteriorated sharply, and farmers' associations developed widely. They put forward slogans such as opposing mortgage loan system and monopoly capital tyranny, demanding fair legislation, protecting farmers from exploitation by usurers, banks and railway companies, and setting reasonable maximum charges for passenger and cargo transportation. Subsequently, the association launched a series of political activities in the midwest, forcing Illinois; The governments of Wisconsin and Iowa have enacted laws to control railways and grain depots; From 65438 to 0876, the peasant association movement entered its heyday, with about 850 thousand members and local branches all over the country. 1874- 1876, the farmers' association carried out a wide range of economic activities and established many cooperative shops, granaries, wholesale institutions, insurance companies and banks. Farmers' associations in some central and western States have also invested in the establishment of agricultural machinery factories and various agricultural products processing factories; After 1876, there were differences within the peasant associations, and the leadership of some local branches was usurped by wealthy farmers or agricultural capitalists. Some places are controlled by town businessmen; At the same time, many cooperatives founded by them also disintegrated under the exclusion of monopoly organizations, and the number of members decreased sharply, from 850 thousand to 6.5438+0.5 million in 1880. Since then, the focus of the peasant movement has shifted to the green-backed banknote movement; At the beginning of the 20th century, farmers' associations revived, especially in the eastern United States. 19 17 the peasant association announced that it had 560,000 members. In the 1970s, it reached 850,000 people, 25% of whom were in new york and Pennsylvania. At present, there are 7,800 regional, state and national organizations.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

A national organization composed of whites and blacks in the United States, headquartered in new york, aims to promote the civil rights of blacks. 1908 In August, two black people were lynched in Springfield, Illinois, which aroused the indignation of some white liberals. At the initiative of journalist W. Wolin, 0. Vilade, social worker M. Irvington and black scholar W. E. B. du bois, 1909 held a national black rights conference in new york in May, and established a national black committee. In May of the following year, this organization merged with the Niagara Movement led by du bois and established by radical black intellectuals, and was named the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Du bois was the only black among the early leaders. He was the director of the Propaganda and Research Department and the editor-in-chief of the institutional magazine Crisis. The goal of the association is to enable blacks to enjoy full civil rights, fair court jurisdiction and equal rights in economic, social, educational and political aspects by improving roads. The main means adopted by the association are court litigation, democratic legislation and publicity and education; Before the 1960s, the association mainly fought for the right to vote for blacks. In addition, he also made some contributions to residential segregation, improving the conditions of black schools and the segregation system of public schools. Some local organizations of the Association also actively participated in the civil rights movement in the 1960s, but some radical groups advocating direct action appeared, ending the position of the Association as the most important black civil rights organization in the United States. At the end of 1970s, the Association had 450,000 members and more than 65,438+0,700 branches in 50 states. At present, it is still a triad-related organization with great influence.