After-class exercises are called three quarks.

Frustration, accident, confinement, tunnel

Similarity characteristics

Sui (Sui) Sui (Wish)

words explanation

Frustration: vent emotions and lose confidence and motivation.

Beauty: a mysterious place.

Confinement: It is a kind of punishment to lock the wrong person in the house and let him reflect.

Common sense of literature:

1. About the author: Bian Yulin,/kloc-0, born in July 1943,/kloc-0, graduated from the Astronomy Department of Nanjing University in 1965,/kloc-0, engaged in astrophysics research at Beijing Observatory of Chinese Academy of Sciences in March 1965, and worked in Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press in April 1968.

2. About quarks: Quarks are particles with both strong and weak interactions. Quarks were first derived from theory, and later they were discovered one after another. The last quark, the top quark, was discovered at the beginning of 1995.

Text content analysis

(1) Title Interpretation

Through a figurative structure and a poem as the title, this paper not only reveals the basic idea of "quark model" put forward by physicist gherman, but also sets the language tone for the interpretation of the full text.

(2) structural analysis

Atom-nucleus-hadron-quark

(c) Overall view

1, analysis of key paragraphs

This paper focuses on the whole process of the discovery of quarks, an ultrafine particle. This part of the content is written in the order of proof from wrong ideas. First, gherman, an American scientist, used his imagination to put forward the "quark model" and explained the origin of the name "quark". Then, he wrote about many scientists' painstaking research in search of quarks. This part is very rich and varied. It not only writes out the gains in the research, but also writes out the difficulties in the research; It not only writes the evidence that can prove the existence of quarks, but also writes many puzzles that can't be explained so far. Writing is also choppy.

2. Key sentences.

"Is there a structure smaller than protons and neutrons?" These interrogative sentences draw the question deeper and deeper.

3. Theme

Starting from the process of people's exploration and research on material structure, this paper expounds people's different understanding of material structure at different stages, and introduces the latest achievement of material structure research-quark, which inspires people to explore and study material structure continuously.

4. Writing characteristics

(1) The language is popular and the structure is rigorous. The whole language is plain and easy to understand, and the almost colloquial expression makes the original abstract physical theory knowledge very easy to understand. The article begins with the metaphor of a gift box, which makes it easier for readers to understand the content of the article. The structure of the article is also arranged based on this metaphor. The beginning enters the theme, and the end is still closed. The derivation of each part in the middle is still a transition with this metaphor. The figurative sentence about "box" runs through the article from beginning to end, which makes the article clear and structured.

(2) Multi-level complex classification is also a major feature of this paper. This paper comprehensively uses metaphors, examples and other interpretation methods. But the most important thing is classification. This is determined by the content of the article. The content of the article is to explain the material structure and introduce the research results of the material structure according to the order of people's exploration and research process. Only by using the classification description correctly can the relevant contents be explained clearly. Moreover, many new achievements are formed on the basis of the original understanding, so the level of this classification is more complicated. Multi-level complex classification, so it can be clearly expressed as follows: first, use rhetorical questions to continuously lead the problem to a deeper level. The second is to use the keyword "you" to express the depth of the explanation.

(3) This paper embodies the scientific spirit in the process of expounding scientific knowledge, which gives people inspiration. The process of studying material structure is a process of discovering, exploring and solving problems. The discovery and proof of quarks embodies the valuable scientific spirit of scientists. This spirit is exactly what contemporary teenagers should study seriously first, and only with this spirit can we explore the secrets of science.

The first net of the new curriculum standard is x k b 1. co m

5. Experience development

An unfortunate person, poor, disabled and lonely, the world did not give him joy, but he created joy for the world! He used his sufferings to create joy, as his grandiloquence said,-that can sum up his life and become the motto of all brave hearts:

"painful happiness." -Who's who?

(1) "He" in Selected Works means that he is a great man.

(2) What kind of spiritual qualities do you feel when reading Who's Who?

Answer: (1) Beethoven's pains and tribulations (2) Struggling tenaciously in the predicament and not bowing to fate.

Practice answering after class.

The first question:

In order: atom-nucleus-hadron-quark.

The second question: 1, the difference between "about 65438+ million nuclei are equivalent to the diameter of an atom in a straight line" and "the diameter of 65438+ million nuclei is equivalent to the diameter of an atom" is as follows: ① The original sentence says "about", and the modified sentence is not as accurate as the original sentence because it is an estimate. ② The original sentence said "about 654.38+ millions of nuclei are arranged in a straight line", while the revised sentence directly said "654.38+ the diameter of millions of nuclei", with different contents. (3) The original sentence "quite" was changed to "equal". The former is a rough estimate, while the latter is a positive statement. In a word, compared with the original sentence, the revised sentence is not accurate enough.

2. "It's like picking up a box and shaking it. When you hear the noise, you can initially determine that there is something in the box. " This is a very vivid statement, which means that scientists have felt from the laboratory that hadron has a structure inside. This is just a kind of "feeling", which is an imagination generated by scientists according to experiments and has not been scientifically proved. It seems to have been proved by science, and it is obviously inappropriate to change it to "the internal structure of hadron provides a preliminary basis for scientists' analysis"

The third question: ellipsis.

Synchronous training

First, the basic knowledge and application

1. Write Chinese characters according to Pinyin or add some words below.

Documents () Traces () Imprisonment () Expenses ()

Su √ Dao () mode xíng( )xiè √ Qi ()

2. Explain the following words

Driving: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Confinement: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Frustrated: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Choose the following words in descending order, and the appropriate one is () 4 points.

First, the elementary particle-atom-nucleus-quark

Neutron-proton-electron-quark

C, atom-nucleus-hadron-quark

D, atom-hadron-quark-nucleus

4. Point out the explanation methods used in the following sentences. Eight points.

(1) In Fermilab, there is an accelerator, and the underground circular tunnel is 6.4 kilometers long. Over the past eight years, 900 scientists have worked here and finally found the top quark. ( )

(2) The nucleus itself is very small, about 654.38+ million nuclei are arranged in a straight line, which is equivalent to the diameter of an atom. ( )

(3) This is like picking up a box and shaking it. When you hear the noise, you can preliminarily judge that there is something in the box. ( )

(4) Electrons and neutrinos belong to leptons, and the number of leptons is relatively small; Most elementary particles belong to hadrons, including protons and neutrons. ( )

5, choose "quark" has different meanings in the sentence is () 4 points.

A, American scientist gherman put forward a "quark model", saying that all hadrons are made up of three kinds of quarks.

B, it is not easy to turn an imaginary quark into a real quark. After searching for 20 years, no trace of quarks was found.

C, because there is a sentence in the long poem "The Awakening of finnigan": "Three quarks to old Mike."

D, it's really strange. It seems that the soldier made a mistake and was confined and lost his freedom. Are there no free quarks?

Second, in-class paragraph reading

This is another "Is there a box in the box?" For this kind of problem, scientists have felt from experiments that hadron has a structure inside. This is like picking up a box, shaking it and hearing the noise, you can initially judge that there is something in the box.

At this time, scientists can only use their imagination. American scientist gherman put forward a "quark model", saying that all hadrons are made up of three kinds of quarks.

Quark is transliteration, which means the sound of seabirds. Because there is a sentence in the long poem "The Awakening of finnigan": "Call quark to old man Mike three times." Gherman borrowed quarks, which is nothing more than a pun, indicating that each hadron has three quarks.

Imagination is romantic, but theoretical analysis of quark model proposed by gherman is very reasonable. Slowly, gherman's theory was accepted by most people. This is tantamount to admitting that there is something in the box.

If you know there are quarks, you have to look for them. It is not easy to turn imaginary quarks into real quarks. After searching for 20 years, no trace of quarks was found. People are a little discouraged. Unexpectedly, in 1976, Ding Zhaozhong, a scientist from China living in the United States, discovered the J particle. The J of the J particle is very similar to the Chinese T-shape, which is also the beauty of the naming of this new particle. The discovery of new particles caused various speculations. Is the J particle the fourth quark? This discovery aroused the enthusiasm for finding quarks.

At this time, there is another saying: why can't quarks exist independently from other particles? This is really strange. It seems that the soldier made a mistake, was confined and lost his freedom. Are there no free quarks?

1 Paragraph 1 What does "you" mean in the sentence "Is there another box in this box?" What do you mean "there is a box in the box"?

2. What do you mean by "it can be preliminarily judged that there is something in the box"? _______________________________________________________________________________

3. "After searching for 20 years, I haven't found any traces of quarks." What does this sentence tell us?

_______________________________________________________________________________

Third, study the transfer in class.

From loom to computer

Do you know what looms and computers have in common? Their blood relationship is beyond your imagination. The desktop on the desk, the PDA in the pocket, the mobile phone hanging around the waist, and even many household appliances at home are all descendants of a loom born in 1804.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, silk weavers in Lyon, France, wove silk brocade with gorgeous patterns, but the tools they used were poor quality and low efficiency old-fashioned hand jacquard machines. This kind of machine needs someone to stand on it and lift and lower the silk threads one by one, so as to weave fine and complicated silk threads, just like an actor manipulating a puppet.

With the invention of jacquard in 1804, this tedious work changed. This revolutionary loom uses pre-punched cards to control the weaving pattern of the fabric, which is 25 times faster than the old hand jacquard, just like a leap from bicycle to car. Jacquard's punched cards not only brought revolution to the silk industry, but also opened a door to information control for human beings.

Jacquard passed away 1836: two years later, Charles, a pioneer of computer science and a famous British scientist? Babic made a computer with wooden teeth and iron wheels, which was used to calculate many mathematical problems, and programmed the computer with the principle of jacquard punch cards. At that time, babic's girlfriend said that this computer with wooden teeth and iron wheels was weaving algebraic models just like jacquard weaving. Although language programming was not used (it didn't formally appear until a century later), babic put forward the idea of programming for computers after all, which inspired computer scientists in the 20th century. Later, people called babic the originator of computers.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9 century, American statistician Herman? Hollerith invented a special machine for census takers to process data by drawing lessons from jacquard punch cards. /kloc-In the last decades of the 0/9th century, the population of the United States exploded, making the census more and more difficult to operate. It takes at least ten years to process and process the data of a census. This machine, which Hollerith called a "tabulator", greatly improved the speed of population data processing. The principle of watchmaking machine is very close to that of jacquard machine. It punched a series of holes in the card, representing every citizen in every family. Different holes contain different information. If used properly, the tabulator can handle tens of thousands of cards per hour.

In the 1940s, IBM began to manufacture computers, and the computer age came. But at that time, the computer did not give up the punched card similar to the jacquard, and was still programming with it. This situation lasted until the end of 1980s, when punched cards were finally replaced by electronic media-magnetic tape and optical disk.

Seeing this, perhaps we can say that the computer is just an extremely advanced loom. What an amazing thing it is that computers, which we now regard as cutting-edge technologies, are connected with looms. When you use a computer, you are actually knitting at the speed of light.

1. Read the full text and fill in the blanks below.

This paper introduces the jacquard machine invented by jacquard, the wooden-toothed iron wheel computer made by babic, the jacquard machine invented by Hollerith and the computer made by IBM in turn.

2. Why do people call babic the originator of computers?

3. Why is the computer a descendant of a loom born in 1804?

This paper mainly adopts the method of comparison. Please give two examples and explain.

5. From the invention of jacquard machine to the birth of modern computer, what inspiration did you get from it? Please list two points one by one.

Fourth, expand extracurricular reading.

There is also fresh water on the seabed.

Developing new water sources is an important way to solve the water crisis. Facing the salty and bitter sea, people must have fantasized more than once: Is there fresh water in the sea? Can you drill fresh water from the seabed like oil?

At present, scientists have found sweet fresh water on the seabed, and the amount is amazing. For example, there is a spring at the bottom of the Aegean Sea in southeastern Greece, which can flow out 6.5438+0 million cubic meters of fresh water in one night. People separate spring water from seawater and irrigate 30,000 hectares of land with frozen water. In recent years, Russian oceanographers have shown that there are abundant freshwater resources at the bottom of the ocean, accounting for about 1/5 of the total seawater. Between Florida and Cuba, there is a fresh water area with a diameter of 30 meters on the sea. The color and temperature of water are different from the surrounding seawater, so it is called "fresh water well". There is a Laiyu Island in the east of Gu Lei Peninsula in Fujian Province, China, and there is also a fresh water area on the sea 500 meters away from the island, which is called "Yudai Spring". The above cases are all underwater fountains, because the water-bearing structure on the seabed not far from the shore is connected with the water-bearing structure on the land, and the sprayed fresh water is replenished by the land. Because the groundwater outcrop is very low, the head pressure below sea level is also very high. In addition, in the seabed alternating marine and continental strata, the continental strata also have fresh water layers, which are generally not connected with continental water-bearing structures and have no outcrops, and become sealed "fossil fresh water".

Where does the fresh water on the seabed come from? Scientists from all over the world have put forward many theories after hard exploration. According to the infiltration theory, the fresh water on the seabed comes from land. Every year, 330,000 cubic kilometers of seawater in the ocean is evaporated, turned into rain and snow, and then some of it seeps into the ground, and when it meets impermeable rock formations, an aquifer is formed. If the aquifer is close to the sea, fresh water may flow into the rocks on the seabed through the coast.

According to cohesion theory, surface fresh water can only penetrate to a certain limit, but in fact there is still fresh water below this limit, obviously not from land. Some fresh water on the seabed is condensed by water vapor in the air there.

Magmatic theory holds that there is a degassing zone deep in the earth, where a surprising amount of gases are released, including a lot of oxygen and hydrogen, which combine with each other to form magmatic water.

The subsidence theory holds that the source of groundwater is related to the deposition process of seabed sediments. A large amount of sediment carried in seawater is deposited on the seabed layer by layer, and the sediment in the lower layer squeezes out water under the action of gravity; Squeezed water is brought into the deep layer with the decline of sediments, forming groundwater.

No matter which theory is more practical, it is an indisputable fact that the seabed is rich in fresh water. Scientists imagine that one day a fresh water factory will be built at sea and fresh water will be drilled with a drilling rig like diamond oil.

(Excerpted from Encyclopedia of Knowledge, abridged)

1. Read the full text and tell me what the article means by "there is fresh water under the sea". (4 points)

2. How are underwater fountains formed? (3 points)

3. There are three theories about the source of fresh water on the seabed. Please choose one and summarize it in concise language (no more than 20 words). (3 points)

4. From the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development, what problems do you think should be paid attention to in the process of developing seabed fresh water? Please describe it in articles and write at least three articles. (3 points)

Five, examination questions (2007 Yancheng volume)

Viruses.

The name of our family is "virus". As the name implies, it is a poison that can cause disease. Therefore, people talk about virus discoloration. But, this can't rely on us! It is you humans who have given us such an indecent name.

We don't blame humans either. We are given this name for a reason. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, tobacco got mosaic disease; Dutch botanist Billing Jack mashed the diseased tobacco leaves, squeezed out the juice and filtered it with an unglazed ceramic filter. The filtered juice could not detect any bacteria with the best microscope at that time, but it still made tobacco sick. Jacklin believes that this must be caused by particles smaller than bacteria. He called this particle a "virus", and that's how humans know us. Later, it was discovered that many human diseases, such as influenza, measles, hepatitis and so on, were caused by us. That's all the more reason to call us viruses

With the continuous enhancement of human ability, scientists finally see our true colors. The smallest member of our family is only a few thousandths of the size of bacteria, only one millionth of a centimeter in diameter, and the largest is only 25 millionths of a centimeter. (1) Our structure is much simpler than that of bacteria. We don't have a cell structure at all, but a nucleic acid molecule (the substance that records the genetic code) is wrapped in a protein shell.

In fact, like everything in the world, there are harmful viruses and beneficial viruses among us.

At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists discovered that some members of our family possessed the Monkey King's ability to enter the belly of Princess Iron Fan. They could enter bacteria, breed there and kill them. Scientists call them "phage". (2) People infected with vaccinia can be immune to smallpox. Vaccinia is a smallpox virus with weakened toxicity after "transformation". After this transformation, it will not only no longer harm mankind, but also fight back and help mankind eliminate this terrible infectious disease. Now viruses of many diseases have been used to make vaccines to serve human beings. Some members of our family are called "intestinal saprophytic virus". They enter the baby's intestine shortly after birth and stay there all the time. Some of them are beneficial. They can promote human body to produce interferon for preventing and treating diseases, and inhibit pathogenic enterovirus and influenza virus. Scientists have now produced live enteroviruses, influenza viruses and so on. Scientists have now made a live enterovirus vaccine, which can prevent many infectious diseases and even have a certain anti-cancer effect!

(Selected from Su Jiao Edition "Junior Middle School Chinese Self-study Textbook")

1. Perception as a whole, answer the question.

(1) What two aspects are mainly introduced in this article?

(2) Generally speaking, what kind of interpretation order does this article mainly adopt? Think about why the author arranged this.

2. Please use the method of "read and write" to imitate the examples and make some comments on one of the underlined sentences (a) and (b) (only fill in the letters and don't copy the original sentence).

Example: original text-"... filtered juice can't detect any bacteria with the best microscope at that time. But it still makes tobacco sick. "

Note-this "at that time" is well used. Limited by time, science and technology were not developed at that time, even the best microscope could not detect bacteria, but it was impossible after it was not denied, which reflected the accuracy and scientificity of the interpretation language.

Original-()

Notes—

3. Discuss while reading and answer questions.

(1) As can be seen from the text, what is the main reason why people call "we" a virus? (No more than 16 words)

(2) What does it mean to add "actually like everything in the world" before "there are harmful viruses among us"? Which correct method is included to analyze the problem?

A:

Six, fragment composition (30 points)

Write a short article on the topic of "micro-world"

Answer: 1. 1, dàng zūng jūn hè tunnel drainage 2. It is a kind of punishment to lock the wrong person in the house and let him reflect. Vent, lose confidence, drive. 3, C4, (1) Column number (2) Column number is used for comparison (3) Analogy (4) Classification 5, C.

Second, 1 shows that this problem has been encountered before, and new problems have emerged here, which urges scientists to continue their exploration. At the same time, introduce the following contents. Are there any structures smaller than neutrons and protons? 2, refers to the experiment, and according to speculation and guess.

The road to scientific exploration is difficult and tortuous. Only those who keep exploring and never give up can taste the fruits of victory.

3. Time (or: the development of things) punched cards (or: pre-punched cards) tabulator 2. (1) babic made a computer; (2) babic put forward the idea of computer programming. 3. Because from the earliest wooden-toothed iron wheel computer to the modern computer made by IBM in the early days, the information is controlled by punch cards using the principle of jacquard machine. 4. Example: (1) Compared with the old manual jacquard, the former has a faster programming speed. (2) Comparing the data processing speed of tabulator and manual processing, the former is faster. (3) Comparing the tabulator and jacquard, we can see that their programming principles are the same. 5. Example: (1) Science and technology are developed on the basis of inheriting previous research results. (2) Revolutionary development and creation will have a far-reaching impact on human civilization. (3) Scientific inventions are often closely related to the needs of social life. (4) Reading and learning also need to learn and absorb the knowledge and experience of predecessors.

4. 1. Focusing on "there is also fresh water on the seabed", this paper explains the amazing amount of fresh water on the seabed, the two types of fresh water on the seabed, the source theory of fresh water on the seabed, and the development prospect of fresh water on the seabed. (The information is complete and the meaning is correct)

2. The terrestrial water-bearing structure extends to the seabed water-bearing structure not far from the shore. The groundwater outlet is below the sea surface, and the head pressure is very high. Groundwater gushed upward, forming a submarine fountain. (The information is complete and the meaning is correct. )

3. Case infiltration theory; Precipitation (rain and snow) seeps into the ground to form an aquifer and flows into the seabed.

Magmatic theory: underground degassing zone releases oxygen and combines oxygen.

Settlement theory: the water in the sediment is squeezed out by gravity and brought into the deep layer (complete data. As long as it has the right meaning. )

4. The pollution to the marine environment should be reduced as much as possible in the process of building factories and drilling; It is necessary to develop moderately and not over-develop; Pay attention to avoid damaging the marine ecological environment near the fresh water area.

Five, 1. (1) This paper introduces the name, origin, self-structure and how human beings use viruses to transform.

(2) This paper mainly adopts logical order. This helps to remind the essence of things from the outside to the inside. 2. Notes to the original text (1): The small size of the virus was accurately explained by enumerating and comparing the figures. 3.( 1) The chief culprit of many diseases is virus.

(2) Everything has a bad side and a good side, which is divided into two parts. We should learn to look at problems comprehensively and dialectically.

Wenzhanglai