Where does the worship of death seen in Dionysus spirit come from?

Crazy, nonsense, eyes and heart almost insomnia. This is Nietzsche's step by step towards death; Or, more accurately, this is Nietzsche's life in the eyes of outsiders. Tears of relatives, sadness of friends and embarrassment of followers are all concentrated on him. In Weimar, the last stop of Nietzsche's life journey, his friend Kramer made a statue for him and engraved his understanding of Nietzsche with expressionism. Reverence and sighing are like seeing a strong heart broken.

However, Nietzsche did not think so, nor did he feel so. He believes that God made him lose his mind, which is a pity for his restless mind. He always remembers that he wrote several good books; There is also an undeniable fact, that is, the peace and happiness away from waking up at this time belongs to him, which is so precious and comfortable. He asked his sister, who stared at him in tears: "Elizabeth, why are you crying?" Aren't we very happy? " This is Nietzsche, who came to this world with a mission of being different, cynical and discovering death, and was complacent when facing his own death. It seems that I am not going to the grave, but to attend a spiritual feast, a spiritual destination that I have been pursuing for a long time.

The time is 1900, or earlier. Obviously, Nietzsche's life resources were exhausted prematurely without endless intense thinking; Fighting against the moral system of the whole era often makes his lofty and aloof psychology out of balance; Illness not only hurt his body, but also hurt his spirit. He found that it was a dead world and everything was distorted. So, he was desperate. He said that my time is not up yet, and I belong to the future. My words are for people 200 years from now. At this point, he seems to find his own death coming in the dark. An understanding God helped him. 1889, 1 month, gave him a chance to have a stroke.

I remember that day, Nietzsche let go of his thoughts at his home in Turin. 100 years have passed, and I still don't know what he is thinking. Perhaps, I am intoxicated with the narcissism of "look, this man"; Perhaps, I just want to clarify the complex relationship between his Apollo spirit and Dionysian spirit; Or, I'm going to give a lecture on "aristocratic radicalism". In a word, his thinking certainly didn't stop. The only thing that can stop him from thinking is illness. He suddenly felt that his eyes were black and his head was spinning, and his flying thoughts were like a kite with a broken line, which was blown down by a gust of wind and floated away. Stumbling, he hurried back to his attic and recorded some thoughts he might think before he died. His letter to brandeis was signed "The man who was crucified"; The letters to Lockhart and Hofstadter Baker are all rubbish. He often beats, sings or wails on the piano with his elbow to express Dionysian ecstasy, so people have to send him to an insane asylum.

However, at this time, death is still far from Nietzsche; In other words, Nietzsche did not complete the mission of discovering death, and of course he could not meet the arrival of death. Stroke and madness are just a special way for God to observe the world and discover death. For this gift, God gave Nietzsche a lot of care.

184410 June 15, Nietzsche was born in the family of a Protestant priest in eastern Germany. There are two points worthy of special attention, time and environment. This is God's careful arrangement for Nietzsche. This day happened to be the birthday of the reigning Prussian King Friedrich William IV. On this day, the whole country will celebrate. Nietzsche said, "In any case, it is very helpful to choose that day as my birthday." Here, Nietzsche used the word "choice". I think, under the conditions at that time, there was probably no ultrasound, no artificial insemination and no caesarean section. So, who thought of such a choice, and who can make such a choice? Maybe it's just God. Reminiscent of Nietzsche's mission and extraordinary life, it is obvious that God did this with a purpose. Is to let Nietzsche experience mediocre death and great birth when he was born; Experience an extraordinary, extraordinary. Just like Freud who gave birth to a fetus, he had a belief and passion as a winner all his life. Nietzsche once said that he was a descendant of Polish aristocrats. Although there is no real evidence, it obviously gives him Freudian self-confidence and pride. He lost his father when he was a child and was the only man in the family. Therefore, the piety of the priest and the femininity of women constitute the basic environment of his life. He has a special gift for languages. He is proficient in German, Latin and Greek. At the age of 65,438+00, he was able to compose music and write poems. At the age of 65,438+04, he graduated with excellent results and was recommended by the school to study in the famous Puffarth school. He graduated from this school with excellent results at the age of 20 and entered Bonn University, which was deeply appreciated by his tutor.

In this way, on the road of Nietzsche's growth and progress, this detachment from the ordinary and extraordinary seems to be everywhere. When Nietzsche consciously realized this, he found that after Yongchang's death, "whenever and wherever, it is not only his dissatisfaction with today's people that drives him, but also his desire and expectation for realistic people and possible people" (German philosopher Jaspers). In Nietzsche's view, all puzzles, dilemmas, western cultural dilemmas, moral dilemmas, scientific dilemmas, God dilemmas and modernity dilemmas are first expressed through people. What happened to the man in Nietzsche's eyes, or what did he find? He felt incredible and painful that the distortion of human nature by western rationalism made people lose their original vitality day by day; Christianity makes people lose themselves and lose themselves. Only smart people keep dancing and awake. So Plato is more different from ordinary people than ordinary people and chimpanzees. Only philosophers, artists, saints and other spiritual aristocrats can transcend animal nature and become real people and superman. Hell is man's natural state, and Superman left the natural kingdom and entered a beautiful paradise. Here, Nietzsche attracted many misunderstandings and even attacks; This misunderstanding is more due to the customary differences between language and culture. Superman is just a translation of German Ubermensch, which literally means "above people". According to Nietzsche's explanation, it is just a counter-proposition of mediocrity and stagnation; Only by overcoming death and rigid mediocrity and surpassing ourselves can human beings become superhuman. Obviously, Nietzsche's talk about man and superman is a higher ideal spiritual realm difference, not a natural attribute. Nietzsche took himself as an example and said, "What I don't have is God and virtue." He not only discovered eternal death, but also found a way to save it. Facing the same kind, Nietzsche seems to show more care and warmth. On the contrary, Nietzsche is more ruthless in the face of morality, science and God.

Nietzsche found that the death of morality is on a wandering road that is almost alienated from others. The catalyst that helped him realize this discovery was mainly a person, a mountain and a church. That man is his sister, the guardian of his spirit and life. Perhaps it was because of different thoughts, or in pursuit of her own happiness, she suddenly left him. What made Nietzsche even more unacceptable was that she married an anti-Semitic who he hated, and then went to Paraguay to set up a production base. The mountain is the Alps, I have been there, and I have been to eight European countries in 2002. It is the crisp autumn, and the layers of forest are dyed, not monotonous golden, but golden, light yellow and lush colors, and then covered with a clear blue sky. It was the morning we crossed the Alps, and we were intoxicated by the scenery outside the window. Naturally, we stopped all the dull and muddy jokes, held our breath, settled down leisurely, and let our body and mind melt in the mysterious autumn scenery. Nietzsche came here and was hit by his first illness. He almost reported to Schopenhauer, whom he admired, and his body and mind almost collapsed. It is often said that once people have experienced such a disaster of life and death, they will make new discoveries about many things that they are used to. Nietzsche is also a mortal. Now that I am in the Alps, I can better understand Nietzsche's mood at that time. I seem to see a thin, aloof, sunken eyes and bushy beard, standing alone on a mountain peak in Ashan, hesitating and thinking silently. All his bags are a sick body and a world-weary heart; Lonely and vast Shan Ye is his most reliable companion. He is relaxed and happy, and his mood is flying. "My soul is rising, occupying the surrounding space" "I want to sing a song/even if I am a person/I want to sing loudly/let my song reverberate in my ears" "What is your happiness on the horizon/not shining for others/you see/I am tired of my wisdom/just like a bee that has picked too much honey", in this way, at the sacred moment when Wagner died in Venice.

The church is St. Kyle's Church. This is where Nietzsche's spirit returns. This cathedral, located at the seaside of Venice, is the center of social activities and religion in Venice. 1998 and 2002, I have been there twice, and I was deeply impressed. A small river flows slowly from the middle, like the pulse of the sea, injecting infinite vitality here. With its unique prestige, solemnity and sacredness, the church is full of mystery, solemnity and silence. Groups of pigeons in the square live in harmony with tourists, just like a tacit understanding, which makes people believe that the world of God and the world of man are connected by one vein. There are gorgeous shops, quiet cafes and elegant orchestral performances around. I believe that no matter how impetuous people come here, they will be calm and enter a world of spiritual freedom. Wandering in solitude, Nietzsche came here after going through Switzerland, Genoa, Nice and Turin, and chose this place as his "best studio", which is almost an inevitable arrangement of fate. Whether in the early morning, in the sunset, or in front of the pigeons flying around, on the shoulders and on the windowsill, he devoted himself to the kingdom of his own thoughts, writing and writing. With a never-ending pen, faithfully write down your thoughts at all times. This is his happiest thing. Later, Nietzsche collected the tidbits of these thoughts and compiled The Other Side of Good and Evil and The Genealogy of Morality, which became the death knell of the old morality.

Yes, morality is dead. Of course, Nietzsche's morality is a seemingly fair traditional old morality. Nietzsche discovered personality, value, dignity, etc. Not born, but as a human task; Try to finish it, in order to become yourself. The so-called universal and absolute morality does not exist; The existing moral value is the biggest obstacle for people to realize themselves. Morality is a manifestation of the will to power at first, and coercion gradually makes it a habit, forming people's psychological judgment, a thing called conscience. There are two kinds of morality, master morality and slave morality. The former is characterized by initiative and independence; Advocating strength and despising weakness; Pursue innovation and reject mediocrity. The latter is characterized by sympathy, kindness and humility. In the real society, they are independent and go with the flow. Therefore, morality is just an ideological tool that the weak try to use to restrain and bind the strong.

Of course, Nietzsche does not advocate abandoning all morality, but hopes to break through the old moral shackles that stifle life and creation, such as Christian moral orientation; He not only wants to break, but also wants to stand. In the grave of moral death, Nietzsche found new seedlings. It is full of vitality and thrives. That is the will of power. Because sensitive power is involved, some people translate power into power or collision in order to avoid suspicion. This change changed the essence of Nietzsche's thought. Following Nietzsche's vision, we find that since Aristotle established the first logical system in Europe, people have been accustomed to using concepts, judgments and reasoning to explain the laws of the universe. The will to power is in the same strain as this law. The real world is generated by flow, not existence, and existence is to fix the world in a state. This is man's imposition on reality and a manifestation of the will to power. The goal of cognition is not knowledge, but controlling the world; The whole organic world is just an intricate collection of systems seeking to enhance power. Therefore, happiness is the pleasure of increasing power, while pain comes from the obstacles in the will to power. Truth and error are only our fiction, and there is no substantive difference. The difference is that mistakes are not as useful or even harmful as other novels

Following the footsteps of moral death and power will, Nietzsche also discovered the death of science. In Nietzsche's eyes, science includes all human knowledge systems. This is quite classical. The western view of knowledge is based on "man is a rational animal" and is full of extreme rationalism of "knowledge for knowledge's sake". Nietzsche first discovered the death trace of science from a fulcrum of western thought-the dichotomy of soul and flesh. Since Socrates, westerners believe that soul and body can be separated and exist independently; The soul is fundamental, and the body is a vassal; The soul is the master and the body is the tool. Nietzsche, on the other hand, believes that soul and body are inseparable; The soul is not higher than the body, on the contrary, the soul is the tool of the body; The body is the combination of instinct and impulse, and the origin of knowledge and beauty; Knowledge is not a copy of the objective world, but a process of explaining it. Therefore, we must break the scientific dogma of traditional rationalism and replace rational subject with perceptual body. Facing the blind worship of science, Nietzsche warned the Oedipus tragedy. "The person who solves the mystery of nature must be the one who kills his father and marries his mother and disintegrates the sacred natural order."

In Nietzsche's eyes, mediocrity is dead, morality is dead and science is dead. Finally, Nietzsche found that God was dead and needed to re-evaluate all values. This seems to be the inevitable evolution of Nietzsche's thought, as natural as the sun, the moon, the sky and the river. I am thinking about the birth of tragedy written by Nietzsche. I think pessimism is decadence, optimism is superficiality, and only tragic optimism is the realm of the strong. But until his death, I don't know if he really understood what is the root of tragedy. God, then, when God dies, how can we find the root of the tragedy and re-evaluate all the values of this world?