How to evaluate Wu Sangui objectively?

It was later verified that Wu Sangui was loyal to the Ming royal family. In those days, the Qing soldiers were brought into the customs because there was a plague in the background at that time, so the Ming army in Beijing quickly perished, and at the same time, the Li Zicheng army also suffered from the plague. Wu Sangui wanted to lead the Qing soldiers into the customs first, and it was Dourgen and Li Zicheng who suffered both losses and injuries by using the plague. Finally, he took advantage of the fishermen himself.

of course, this is a family statement. Believe it or not, it is up to you.

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1644 is a very special year in the history of China. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the first year of Yongchang and the year of Shunzhi Yuan, Beijing, a thousand-year-old ancient capital, changed the flag of King at the head of the city for one year.

In the past 361 years, future generations have been discussing the history that happened in Beijing that year and its influence on China for a long time.

When I was young, I came into contact with this period of history, and I read Guo Moruo's "Jiashen 3th Anniversary Festival". In that era when resources were scarce, I read that pamphlet again and again. This famous article, which was written at the end of the Anti-Japanese War, formed the view that Dashun army was corrupt and deteriorated after it entered the city. Even a few years later, before the army entered Beijing, Mao Zedong also warned that he would seize the world's * * * producers and

must learn from Li Zicheng.

is history really like this? What caused the dramatic changes in Beijing in the spring of 1644?

the Ming dynasty began to decline in the Wanli period, and its demise was inevitable, but it didn't survive the seventeenth year of Chongzhen

? Although Chongzhen is suspicious and changeable, he is still a diligent and good emperor among the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. To the north, the Qing dynasty

saw the new funeral of Huang taiji, and Dourgen came to power, which was unstable internally and would not invade on a large scale for the time being. Rebellion swarmed everywhere, but the rich south of the Yangtze River was intact. The only urgent need is Li Zicheng. Why can't you hide from it?

although Li Chuang defeated the generals all the way, he only occupied Shanxi. The Ming dynasty paid more attention to capital city than other provinces, and always concentrated heavy troops in Beijing. The three battalions claim to be 47,. Although there are many imaginary amounts, half of them should be there. Although the fighting capacity is not strong, Enemy at the Gates and Beijing Camp in the Qing Dynasty were many times

, which can be regarded as battle-hardened. The Yugoslav capital of Beijing is very strong, and it has been impossible for foreign enemies to attack the city many times since Anda. During the Chongzhen period, the Manchu Dynasty also hit Beijing many times, and the Beijing camp may not be good at fighting in the field. The city can be defended for at least < P > months, in addition to the help of the red cannon. The ability to attack the army is very poor, and a Ning Wuguan will lose tens of thousands of elite. Why

attack Beijing like taking something out of a bag?

it's hard to explain why Chongzhen didn't move south and ordered the prince to go south. It's heroic for a king to die in his country, but no one wants to

be the king of the country. Different from other dynasties, the Ming dynasty took Nanjing as its capital, and the former dynasty when the prince was stationed in Nanjing also had it. Chongzhen is not

so fatuous that Nanming was later destroyed because of the imperial system. It can be said that

Chongzhen didn't believe that the city was trapped when the invading army approached, and Wenwu also had this confidence, otherwise it would have fled in all directions.

There is a saying that Chongzhen malicious officials tried to flee for their lives, deliberately prevented the prince from going south, and everyone hanged themselves from a tree. This

speculation is too outrageous. It should be said that Chongzhen didn't believe that the city was trapped when the army was approaching, and Wu Sangui would arrive in a few days. Once the army was under the fortified city, the loyal soldiers and horses from all over the country would come one after another. Chongzhen does not need to defend the city for a long time, as long as it can persist for a month, it will turn the corner.

The most incredible thing is that, on the occasion of Enemy at the Gates, Li Zicheng, Du Xun, the eunuch, was sent to make peace with Chongzhen, and offered

the following conditions: "discuss and cut off the northwest area to become the king, and reward the army with millions of dollars to retreat to Henan", "I am willing to curb

the bandits in the imperial court, especially to recruit soldiers to help control the Liao vassals, but I am not required to make a pilgrimage. Seeing that you are about to enter the city, you should offer such preferential terms

? And Chongzhen refused to accept it at the moment when the country was subverted. Li Zicheng has occupied Henan, Shaanxi, and it's the same whether it is cut or not. Moreover, he has become king on his own, and now it's time to pay out one million pieces of silver. You can also use him to destroy

Zhang Xianzhong and other bandits and even resist the Manchu Dynasty. Even if the end is too big to fail in the future, it will be ten thousand times stronger than the destruction of the country. Assuming that Chongzhen receives

the alliance at the gates, Li Zicheng will clear the way and lose the victory.

On March 17th, 1644, the day before the siege, both inside and outside the city decided that Beijing was impregnable. Where did this erroneous judgment

come from?

Second

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng led Dashun Army eastward, and its purpose was not to seize the world, but to plunder. Later generations argued that Li Zicheng thought the time was ripe, so he came to Beijing. In fact, he tried to retreat or turn to

several times during the crusade, especially after Ning Wuguan lost his troops. If the defenders of Datong had not come to surrender, they might have returned or diverted to Jianghuai.

Even at the gates of Beijing, the officials and ministers of Dashun still didn't think it was possible to break into the city easily.

After 4 days in and out of the city, Dashun Army, which was invincible before, was defeated by Shanhaiguan War, and has never fought a decent battle since

. If it is corruption, it is hard to believe that it is completely different within 4 days. Since ancient times, there have been many rebels who have entered

Beijing, and there are many who are more greedy than the invaders. They have never lost their fighting capacity in such a short time.

For example, Huang Chao's troops can still March south and fight north after withdrawing from Chang 'an. In contrast, the Rushing Department entered the capital in the shortest time, but < P > the fighting capacity dropped the most.

If Li Zicheng's troops were like this, it's hard to explain their previous achievements. Some people think that he didn't bring as many people into Beijing as

, and the elite of Shanhaiguan was lost in World War I. But what about the troops staying in Shaanxi? There is also a saying that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can last longer because of the bandits. However, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is also a rogue, but it will not leave after arriving in Nanjing. Li Zicheng has already established his inheritance in Xi 'an, so he is not a rogue. There must have been a lot of troops left in the rear and along the route when we moved eastward. How come these

troops who have not suffered losses have no fighting capacity?

Chongzhen couldn't keep Beijing because of the rebellion. Why did Li Zicheng withdraw immediately after he proclaimed himself emperor? In the Shanhaiguan battle, the Wu

army and the Qing army won miserably, and they didn't even have the ability to pursue them. Although Li Zicheng suffered heavy casualties, it was not completely annihilated

. Why not rely on Beijing's complete city defense to defend it? Li Zicheng led more than 2, people to crusade against Wu Sangui, and he brought more people to Beijing. At that time, Beijing decided that it would definitely leave heavy troops in Beijing. There are also three battalions of soldiers, which add up to hundreds of thousands.

Why don't you keep your guard, but leave in a hurry and let Wu Sangui chase you like a lost dog?

There is also a saying that it is Li Zicheng's elite who lost in Shanhaiguan. Even so, other second-rate troops should have a little fighting capacity. Li Zicheng won't take all the elite to Shanhaiguan, because there are so many casualties in the three battalions in Beijing

, so it is necessary to leave cronies and elite soldiers to guard them.

Li Zicheng has been fighting for decades, and his troops have the strongest fighting capacity among all the bandits. Even if they suffer losses, they will not be unable to

fight back. And his subordinate generals, why haven't these battlefield-experienced generals made an outstanding performance since they withdrew from Beijing? Why is this situation that the whole army is completely different? In contrast, Zhang Xianzhong was also defeated by World War I, and later

Li Dingguo even beheaded the king. Why are Li Zicheng's men so stupid?

I have been to the city, Luoyang and Xi' an before I entered Beijing. These are big cities. Why did it happen that I was completely corrupted when I entered Beijing?

? After withdrawing from Beijing, I couldn't even keep Xi 'an in the end, whether Li Zicheng was killed or became a monk. In the end, it wasn't a rebellion, but an army with a large crowd that just couldn't fight.

what Li Zicheng brought to Beijing was not a mob, and what he left behind was not a decoration. He did well when Shanhaiguan and Ning Guan fighters met

, which also shows that the corruption theory is incorrect. At least before Shanhaiguan, the Rush Department could fight. Why only had the power of World War I?

Third

Let's look at Wu Sangui, who is very important at this time. On March 7th, he accepted the order, on March 1th, he gave up Ningyuan, and on March 16th,

he arrived at Shanhaiguan. For a 2, people mixed with military and civilian, this speed should not be deliberately delayed. Wu Sangui

can leave the people and fly to Beijing, but Li Zicheng hasn't arrived in Beijing yet, so there's no need to be in a hurry. On March 18th

, Wu Sangui, who had not settled the families of officers and soldiers and Liaodong people, sent troops to rescue both capital city. However, on this day, the capital city had fallen

. This time, Wu Sangui is wholeheartedly rescue.

on March 23rd, after the news of the death of Chongzhen, Wu Sangui surrendered to Dashun. On March 27th, Wu Sangui arrived in Yutian, which is about 26 miles away from Beijing. He learned that Dashun army had raped and plundered in Beijing, tortured civil and military nobles and demanded gold and silver, and the Wu family was also implicated. At night, "I was scared to cry that all the six armies were in mourning, and I was angry when I rushed to the crown." I turned around and attacked Shanhaiguan. What happened to

in these four days?

After Wu Sangui's rebellion, Li Zicheng made a personal expedition, which showed that Wu Sangui was a formidable enemy in his eyes, otherwise he could have sent Liu Zongmin and others

. Such an important person, why can't wait for a few days, and must go to the Wu family to ask for gold, silver and Chen Yuanyuan? Many officials < P > surrendered in the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng always gave preferential treatment to the military commanders who supported the troops. Why was he so strict with Wu Sangui?

It shows that torturing Wu Xiang and even demanding Chen Yuanyuan are all false. Even if there is such a thing, Wu Sangui's anger is a beauty < P >, and his sergeant may not be willing. At that time, various places surrendered one after another. Why was Wu Jun the only one who was monolithic? If he wanted to surrender, he would surrender, and if he wanted to

rebel, he would be sentenced? Revenge for the Ming dynasty can't be justified, because Wu surrendered first and then rebelled. Why should I have known today?

Wu Sangui is the representative of Liaodong Military Group, not a reckless warrior. What he does should be considered from the interests of Liaodong Military Group, otherwise his subordinates will not obey absolutely. The decisive battle between Beiguan and Li Zicheng is extremely risky. Even with the help of Manchu,

It is hard to predict the outcome with the forces of Li Zicheng galloping in the Central Plains before. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, when people were unstable, why did Wu San

Gui troops stay in Qi Xin?

During the Shanhaiguan World War I, Wu suffered heavy casualties, and was able to pursue Li Zicheng and win in a row, which was completely different from the situation before Shanhaiguan. But why suddenly stopped chasing, just because Li Zicheng returned to Chen Yuanyuan? Wu San

Gui values family enmity and national hatred so much, how can anyone work hard for him? Manchu will not let him be the king of the southwest.

Finally, the Manchu Dynasty, in which only two flags were used in Shanhaiguan World War I, can be said that compared with other northern nomads, the Manchu Dynasty

was the easiest to capture North China. The main force is intact, and it is just the time to fight in spring and summer. But why didn't you go down to the south of the Yangtze River this year, except for Li Zi's success in the west, and let the small court of Nanming be established? Dourgen and Fan Wencheng Hong Chengchou, both of them < P > should know that the most dangerous thing is not the rogue, but it is a new moon. Then there was Li Dingguo, and Zheng Chenggong held high the big < P > flag of vision, but it fell short. As well as those who were rich in the Qing Dynasty for the purpose of robbery, they should all know that the northwest is broken and Jiangnan < P > is the fertile land. Why did Manchu delay this year in vain? Without the Qing side of Zuo Liangyu, it might be difficult for the Qing soldiers to cross the river, and the story of Song and Jin would be repeated.

in Beijing from March to April in 1644, what influenced history?

4

History is law and necessity in the eyes of future generations, and disorder and accident in the eyes of people at that time. Small and large accidents cause

history, at least local history is unpredictable. These accidents are often ignored by historians because what they see is a fait accompli. History can't be assumed, but the contingency in history or something neglected by people at that time or even modern people is often the real motive force of history.

On this planet, human beings are the masters, but besides human beings, there are animals, plants and natural environment. These

non-human things can also make history, because history not only belongs to human beings, but also is the diary of this planet. 164

In Beijing in 4 years, history was determined not by any person or group of people, but by the ubiquitous bacteria invisible to the naked eye.

in p>1644, people didn't know what bacteria were, although they were much longer than human history. In China's

historical records, pandemics often represent the epidemic of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the late period of the stormy Ming Dynasty, the Great Plague < P > was prevalent many times in the north. Plague began to appear in Shanxi during the Wanli period. In the sixth year of Chongzhen, there was an epidemic in Shanxi, and in the tenth year, there was a major epidemic throughout Shanxi, with the peak in the sixteenth and seventeenth years. During the 13th to 17th years of Chongzhen in Henan and Jiangsu, there were many epidemics. Near Beijing, in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, there was a great epidemic in Shunde and Hejian. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, there were great epidemics in Tongzhou, Changping < P > and Baoding, and they were introduced to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty said, "The great plague in the capital was from February to September." Like

in Shanxi, in the second year of the first epidemic, that is, in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the great epidemic in Beijing reached its peak, which was

in March and April.

what exactly is this epidemic that runs across north China? "Dead rats in the east, dead rats in the west, people see dead rats like tigers", which is the most important infectious disease in human history: plague. At that time, people didn't know the route of transmission, because every epidemic saw dead mice and knew that it was related to the death of mice, so it was named plague. 25 years later, Kitasato Shibasaburo, a Japanese, and Yersin, a Frenchman

isolated a bacterium from plague patients in Hong Kong, which proved that this bacterium was the source of plague, and people began to

know about plague and found preventive measures. However, in 1644, people could only do nothing in the face of plague

The most famous plague epidemic in history was the Black Death, which wiped out nearly half of the population in Europe in the 14th century. The Black Death was

spread among mice and between mice and people through flea bites. Its onset is rapid and its mortality rate is extremely high. But this < P > disease starts in hot and humid places, like Italy on the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, the sanitary conditions are very poor, and fleas and mice are everywhere. Although the sanitary environment in North China in the Ming Dynasty was not so good, the climate was dry and there was winter, which was not suitable for large-scale reproduction of fleas. < P > Why was plague also prevalent? Different from the Black Death, the plague prevalent in North China has a long incubation period, a low mortality rate, no black spots on its body < P > and often bleeding, so that some people still think it is not plague.

The answer to this question was found by a generation of famous doctor Lien Teh Wu during the plague epidemic in Northeast China in the early 2th century, which proved that there were two kinds of plague. What caused the Black Death was bubonic plague, which was spread by fleas. Pneumonic plague is prevalent in northern China. It spreads through the respiratory tract < P >, and the effective way to prevent it is to wear a mask. Masks masks, where did people know what masks were in 1644? It was not until 359

spring that Beijing became a city-wide mask. This time, it was SARS, a severe infectious disease spread through the respiratory tract, and the high incidence was also spring.

This also proves that the dry climate in Beijing in spring is suitable for the survival of respiratory pathogens, so that they can survive for a while after leaving the human body

.