Why Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

1, the Southern Dynasties inherited the Jin orthodoxy. Ancient times were very orthodox. Wei can be said to inherit the orthodoxy from Korea to a great extent (Cao Pi got the Zen position and surrendered to Wei, so Wei can be called orthodoxy in any way), Korea inherited the orthodoxy from Qin, and Qin inherited the orthodoxy from Zhou. Jin inherited Wei, so the Southern Dynasties were bound to prevail.

Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty

Whether the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty should be regarded as two different empires or a complete dynasty in history,

It is an intriguing question.

The Han Dynasty lasted about 200 years in BC and AD respectively, and was interrupted by Xin Mang 15 years. If you count one.

A dynasty, which lasted for more than four centuries, was the longest dynasty from pre-Qin to Qing Dynasty for two thousand years.

It is said that the population of China suffered a lot after Wang Mang, but it gradually declined after the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Gradually return to its original state. Official statistics are often inaccurate. By the end of the Han Dynasty, it was estimated that there should be10 million families in Zhong Changtong. Then the Han Dynasty was there.

Under normal circumstances, the total population should be between 50 million and 60 million, which is not significant after BC and AD.

The difference.

As far as territory and military power are concerned, there are few changes between the Han Dynasty. The establishment of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula

Enough, the Eastern Han Dynasty can probably be maintained. Cross-toe rebellion, Ma Yuan pacified. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also tried his best to attack the Huns. this

Nomads were divided into north and south forever after Wang Mang, which gave Dou Xian an excellent opportunity in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was in the north in 89 AD.

Sign, fortress three miles, each drop of 200000 people, men more after five miles, so that the north khan "I don't know.

Finally. "Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions, and Ban Chao in the Eastern Han Dynasty broke his ambition. Ban Chao planned that "soldiers don't spend China.

And food is self-sufficient. "He was led by China, but there were more than 1000 volunteers, and then 800 soldiers helped him.

Man, he can "control foreign countries with foreign countries". When he attacked shache, he sent twenty-five thousand troops. In 94 AD, there were 70,000 soldiers from eight countries in the Western Regions.

People ask for help.

Only the frontier problem existed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its thorny degree was not found in the Western Han Dynasty. This is the Qiang nationality in Qinghai grassland area.

People. These Tibetan nomads have no unified organization, and the tribes live in harmony. Sometimes Han Chinese bully them, too.

Because of the deep hatred between the two sides, wars often occur, and each time there are more than thousands of casualties on both sides. Grassland can't be occupied, Eastern Han Dynasty

Immigration is also extremely expensive. That is, recruiting Qiang people's subordinates will not only have no effect, but also have future troubles. Before the demise of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo supported his troops with self-respect.

That is, relying on the support of Qiang people. This kind of troops, only he can command, others can't control.

But even so, in the eyes of people at that time, Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, was considered as a land carrier, so everything was yellow.

Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was lucky, so the clothes of the towel flag were mainly red. In fact, there was only one dynasty. Guangwudi Liu

Xiu, a Miao descendant of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, is also the ninth grandson of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Dynasty. After he rebuilt the ancestral temple in Luoyang, he only dedicated it.

The monarch of the Western Han Dynasty ended in Yuan Di. Because for Guangwu, Yuan Di still belongs to his father, the proclaimed emperor belongs to his brother, and the lost emperor belongs to his nephew.

Pingdi is a grandnephew, not in the ancestral hall. Guangwu even suffered from Zhu Luzhi because Lv Hou didn't obey the will of Gaozu.

Although it was 200 years later, she was removed from her spiritual position and replaced by the spiritual master of Wendi's biological mother, Empress Bo. So he himself

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in BC, they are all patrilineal heirs. So, in history, Liu Xiu.

Known as the "Lord of ZTE".

Archaeological discoveries in recent decades have given us the opportunity to experience the daily life of the Han Dynasty. These materials are also provided to

The above questions give some answers. Unearthed cultural relics, including all kinds of information on food, clothing, housing and transportation, if there is no physical object, that is,

There is a model diagram. From stationery stamps to toilets and stoves to pavilions, you can see them at a glance.

. In the Han dynasty, people thought there was not much difference between life and death. Although there are snakes and ghosts in the underworld, strangers must fight to the death.

Sacrifice, don't need to repent, don't need gratitude, don't need to turn over. Because of this, the tombs of the Han Dynasty lacked recognition.

It is a religious symbol and decoration, but it is engraved with the theme of daily life. These tablets and paintings, introverted coffins, are good.

Some people like to show their appreciation to the dead, and some cite historical stories, such as Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin, Fending in Hanwu, and so on.

Carving chariots and horses, courtyard kitchen stables, farm work, market transactions and even acrobatics. Its universality and authenticity can be studied.

People who study history are an eye-opener.

From these data, together with historical proof, it can be said that the cultural life of the Han Dynasty has been very good for more than 400 years.

Great progress. In many ways, there is no significant difference in the life of families above the average level compared with the last century. Chinese and foreign studies

Scholars unanimously attributed this achievement to the policy of attaching importance to agriculture in Han Dynasty. The government is trying to cultivate small farmers and sell them while making iron. This is the West.

On the whole, all parts of the Eastern Han Dynasty were masters, which also made standard farm tools generally suitable for ordinary farmers. Besides, local officials are often very popular.

Managing water and discussing agriculture are like biographies of officials in Hanshu and Houhanshu. From these aspects, China's early.

During the period of reunification, it is not entirely without benefits to implement a simple and similar legal system for the vast areas. At the same time, in this primitive heavy

Under the agricultural policy, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty were indeed linked. If not, its population and territory will be

It's hard to make do with so many of each other.

However, this question can still be asked in reverse: If the Han Dynasty really comes down in one continuous line, why did this happen in the historical society of the two periods?

Big difference? Today, when we read the history of the Western Han Dynasty, we will find that there are many wonderful things in it.

People feel scared, sad and surprised. This feature is hard to see in the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Even today's sword

Denis Twitchett, editor-in-chief of the History of Bridge China, once told me that I couldn't find a satisfactory one.

Han history. Where is this truth?

From a modern point of view, the Western Han Empire is still in its initial era, that is, the rule of culture, using the thoughts of Emperor Dong Zhongshu.

Want to control, Huo Guang's monopoly, Xuan Di's bullying, are inseparable from an experimental nature, so it can arouse the reader's curiosity.

Heart. The monarch of the Eastern Han Dynasty did not have this kind of creative opportunity. The main reason is that after the rough embryo of the empire stabilized.

Legislation cannot be carried out. Monarchical power can neither be divided nor combined according to the actual situation if it wants to maintain the symmetry and balance of various places.

Physics and chemistry. This situation once led Zhong Changtong to say that the three fairs are nominal, and in the end they are still oligarchs. At the same time, bureaucratic groups

Knitting, from top to bottom, is only led by criminal law, not supported by civil law. The law cannot develop at the same time, and the private economy is developing.

To a certain extent, the government is technically incapable of dealing with all kinds of complex problems in society. The power struggle between North Korea and China,

However, in the name of morality, Zhang Ben was created, and the empress dowager, consorts, eunuchs and cronies made a mess, confusing business and private affairs. today

People who study history in Japan find it difficult to analyze the true face of the problems behind them except that the data are repeated and Rosso is entangled.

It is difficult to judge who is right and who is wrong.

Strictly speaking, only the first three monarchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty can make a difference. This is "Zhongxing" by Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiuzhi.

"Ming Di and Liu Zhuang consolidated their empires with harsh laws, and made the monarchy mysterious and artistic with various buildings and ceremonies.

Zhang Tan's reaffirmation of Confucianism aims at strengthening the supporting role of moral power in administrative management.

In fact, only ZTE is a pioneering work. Recognizing "Zhongxing" means the unification of the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In this way, it is not surprising that the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty was poorly written. A country has no legal system for more than 400 years.

Substantial improvement, its administration can not show activity and vitality, so we have to say that it is inevitable. Notes on Hanshu in the Western Han Dynasty

For criminal law records, food records, ditch records and other materials, Ji's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" did not exist at all, but was replaced by a lot.

Lienv, Snake Demon, Judge, Chiwan Narration. This has something to do with the eye art of historians (The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also has something to do with it)

Like Hanshu, it was not written by one person, but it still has a key point, which is from a long-term historical perspective.

The later Han Dynasty followed the previous generation too far and could only continue to enrich a primitive empire with small yeomen as the backbone, which could not replace China.

China found something new.

In fact, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty are the historical names of later generations.

During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang founded the country, which led to the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, but was destroyed by the minority dog Rong. Later, Emperor Guangwu and his descendants established the Han Dynasty in the south of China, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. The strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty is not as good as that of the Western Han Dynasty, so it is impossible to achieve reunification. Then there are many military separatist forces. These military separatist forces continued to fight and local unity emerged. The Eastern Han Dynasty also slowly rolled out the historical stage, and finally only three military regimes were left. I think everyone who has seen the Three Kingdoms knows it!

The Han Dynasty (202-220 BC) was a dynasty that appeared after the Qin Dynasty in the history of China. It is divided into two historical periods: the Western Han Dynasty (202-8 BC) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), which are collectively called the Han Dynasty.

The Western Han Dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, with Chang 'an as its capital. The Eastern Han Dynasty was founded by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. In the meantime, there was a new dynasty of Wang Mang (8-23 AD) which was briefly independent. In addition, some parts regarded Shu Han as a continuation of the Han Dynasty and classified it as a part of the Han Dynasty, so that the Han Dynasty died in 263, but most of them classified the Shu Han regime established by Liu Bei as the history of the Three Kingdoms.

The Han Dynasty was a powerful empire and created a splendid civilization. Together with the later Tang Dynasty, it was called "Strengthening the Han Dynasty and Prospering the Tang Dynasty". Han Empire, Roman Empire and Indian Peacock Dynasty were the most advanced civilizations in the world at that time. The social and political system established in the Han Dynasty continued into the 20th century. China people still call themselves "Han people", and the tribes in the Central Plains, which are dominated by Chinese people, are gradually called "Han people", and their writing system is also called "Chinese characters".

At first, in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangshi judged Zhengshuo as Shuide according to the five virtues, and it was revised as Tude when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was not until Wang Mang established a new dynasty and adopted Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son that he thought that the Han Dynasty belonged to Huode. After the restoration of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu officially acknowledged this statement, and from then on, it was established that the orthodox moon of the Han Dynasty was a fire virtue, which was adopted in the historical books of the Eastern Han Dynasty and later, such as Hanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms. Therefore, the Han Dynasty was sometimes called "Han Yan", and it was also called "Yan Liu" because the emperor of the Han Dynasty was surnamed Liu.

history

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)

After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang launched a four-year Chu-Han War. With the help of Xiao He, Han Xin, Sean and others, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, the overlord of the western Chu Dynasty, and formally proclaimed himself emperor in 202 BC, establishing the Han Dynasty. Although Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in 202 BC, in order to link up with the demise of the Qin Dynasty, historians called himself "Hanwang" in 206 BC when calculating the years of the Western Han Dynasty, and took October as the first month of the first year of Emperor Gaozu.

After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang ascended the throne, he adopted the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored the etiquette, set up three ladies, appointed Xiao He as the prime minister, and implemented the policy of "sharing interest with the people and governing by doing nothing". Encourage production and ignore taxes. Politically, Han Xin, Chen Yi, Peng Yue, Ying Bu, etc. He was first enfeoffed as king, and after the regime was stable, his title was cancelled on various charges, and he was executed one by one, and Liu's clan was renamed king, and he swore that "unless Liu is king, the world will be * * *". At this time, due to years of turmoil and weak national strength, when Liu Bang attacked Xiongnu, he was besieged by Xiongnu in Deng Bai, that is, the siege of Deng Bai. Since then, the Han Dynasty has implemented a pro-marriage policy, exchanging marriage and treasure for peace. After Liu Bang's death, Emperor Liu Ying succeeded to the throne, but during this period, it was actually Lv Hou who was in power. Lv Hou took Cao Can as the prime minister, followed Liu Bang's political policy of Huang Lao, and achieved the effect of "the government can't leave the government, and the world is natural", which was praised by historians. However, Lv Hou also appointed consorts to suppress heroes, resulting in "the chaos of all roads".

After Lv Hou's death, the chaos of various roads was eradicated, and ministers welcomed Emperor Liu Qi of China. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he and his son Huang Lao continued to take measures to govern by doing nothing, implemented a frivolous and generous policy, and shared interests with the people. Kindness and kindness have restored the great damage caused by years of war and reduced the burden on the people. Although the only turmoil in this period, the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", occurred during the reign of Emperor Jingdi (BC 154), it was put down by Zhou Yafu in just a few months and did not affect the Han Dynasty. While maintaining peace with Xiongnu and South Vietnam, we are also accumulating national strength and actively preparing for war through Ma Fuli and other measures. This period, known as the rule of cultural scenes, is the first time that China has been respected by traditional historians since it became a unified era.

After Jingdi's death, his son Liu Che ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (14 1-87), he adopted a series of reform measures and made great progress, which made the politics, economy and military of the Han Dynasty stronger. Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the imperial power, adopted Zhu's suggestion, and carried out favor orders, which weakened the power of the princes. Since then, the power of the vassal king can no longer pose a threat to the central government. Later, more than 100 titles were cancelled on the grounds that the contributions made by the governors were impure, which was called "the loss of Hou" in the history books. After the second incident, centralization was greatly strengthened. Culturally, the idea of "Huang Lao talks about doing nothing" in the Han Dynasty was abolished and the country was actively governed; And adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", making Confucianism the mainstream thought in China after two thousand years. Militarily, actively respond to the biggest foreign enemy invasion in the Han Dynasty-Xiongnu. During this period, talented generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing appeared in the Han Dynasty, and finally defeated Hun Khan, making "there is no Wang Ting in the desert south". It also annexed South Vietnam and conquered North Korea, making China the hegemon in East Asia. Diplomatically, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road. Liu Xijun, Liu and the great powers in the western regions were ruled by Er Weng's family, so as to alienate and control the western regions. However, the Han Dynasty experienced many years of war, and the exultation of Emperor Wudi had a great impact on the economy, which led to the weakness of the national strength of the Han Dynasty and the squandering of the savings of the previous dynasty. Therefore, in his later years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty published the famous "Imperial Decree of Luntai", hoping that he would no longer be militaristic and that the Han Dynasty would not be defeated. In order to save the economy, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty put coins and salt and iron under the central management, strengthened agricultural production, carried out harmony and legality, dug white canals, and formulated equal-loss compensation policies to stabilize prices, compete with the people for profits, and strengthen the role of the state in the economy.

3. Date and year of AD: Latin Anno Domini.

English translation of the year of the Lord Jesus

2 1 Century English Common Era

Korean? (Gregorian calendar), (Gregorian era)

Japanese Gregorian calendar and Gregorian calendar era

Chinese translation of Gregorian calendar, AD calendar and AD calendar.

The year of A.D., also known as A.D., is called "A.D." or "A.D." for short. The AD calendar is the Christian calendar. The Latin word of the Middle Ages is Anno Domini, abbreviated as AD, which means "in the year of the Lord". In 525 AD, Dionysus, a Roman monk, thought that the year when Jesus was born was the first year of the era. Before BC, it means BC in English, that is, before Christ. The calendar adopted in the year of AD is called Gregorian calendar, also called Gregorian calendar. The scientific name of the western calendar is the Gregorian calendar. Gregory calendar is a pure solar calendar, which was originally used to calculate Easter. This calendar was promulgated by Vatican Pope Gregory XIII in the middle ages in 1582. Julian calendar, the predecessor of the Gregorian calendar, was implemented in 45 BC at 65438+ 10/0. Julian calendar is a Roman calendar that replaces the old one. It is also named after its creator gaius julius caesar. It was not until the eighth century that the AD calendar was applied by Christian countries in western Europe. Even the Pope has been using his rule to record documents for chronology. It was not until 1 1 century and14th century that the concept of western yuan became popular. It is also the result of European colonization that AD has become the mainstream of the world. At the same time, it also spread the Gregorian calendar, which has now become an internationally accepted chronological standard. Modern English changed from BC and AD to BC and AD, because of the universality and standardization of calendar years, in order to avoid the antipathy of non-Western and non-Christians. BCE is the pre-common era, and CE is the common era. But in Christian circles, BCE refers to the pre-Christian era, and CE refers to the Christian era. At the same time, there are many people in the west who are opposed to the replacement of A.D. by Common Era. They believe that this replacement is to obliterate the contribution of Christianity to the West. Whether non-Christians resent it or not, it cannot be concealed that the common era is still the Christian calendar. The Gregorian calendar is also based on the Christian Gregorian calendar, and no matter how the name is changed, calendars and calendars are the absolute and absolute center and standard of Christianity. Therefore, this arrogant attitude of the west still urges Jews, Indians and Iranians with ancient and excellent civilizations to use their long and accurate traditional calendars. However, in 1949, China adopted the method of AD chronology to connect with the world. This was decided through consultation at the first plenary session of the China People's Political Consultative Conference in September. At the meeting, everyone agreed that it should be in line with the world, that is, the year of new China should be AD. On September 27th, the second of the four resolutions adopted at the first plenary session of the China People's Political Consultative Conference was: "The year number of People's Republic of China (PRC) adopts AD". However, China's calendar and summer calendar are still used to calculate traditional festivals in China, such as Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, etc. (New Year's Day in China has been changed to Gregorian New Year's Day).