How did the Great Song Dynasty, which managed to steal peace, become a paradise for poor scholars?

Editor's Note: This article is the 28th history of China, which is condensed from the famous historian Bai Yang's Outline of People's History of China.

Undoubtedly, the national strength of Dasong was weak, and it was only beaten in the face of Liao, Xixia and the later Jin Empire. So why is this happening? In a word, this is inseparable from Zhao Kuangyin's founding spirit. Today, we will talk about the culture of the Great Song Dynasty, and learn why the Song Dynasty became a paradise for scholars, as well as education and Song Ci.

First, the founding spirit of the Song Empire: you can steal peace.

Any emerging regime, at the beginning, will have considerable combat effectiveness for a period of time. Only the Song Empire, otherwise, was highly exhausted from the beginning. Also from China, in the golden age of the Tang Dynasty, mountains and rivers were shaken by vitality. But as soon as he entered the Song Dynasty, he became a sick man and vulnerable.

Zhao Kuangyin was a close friend of Guo Rong, the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and was regarded as a general who would never defect. However, he finally defected. His own story made him aware that the so-called loyalty of his subordinates was not reliable. If you want to eradicate the mutiny, you can't rely solely on the loyalty of your subordinates. The only way is not to accumulate mutiny capital for others. So he made a principle: don't let ministers have power, and don't let ministers have power for too long unless they have to. If the power held by the powerful is only temporary, it is impossible to make large-scale actions. This can be observed from the following organizational forms of the central government in the Song Dynasty:

Only three central institutions are listed in this table. Other "Shangshu Province", "Menxia Province" and "Jiumiao" still exist like the Tang government institutions, but they all belong to auxiliary centers and their status is not important. The three central institutions are not always subordinate to the prime minister, but to the emperor. In theory, the prime minister only cares about the overall situation, and can't ask the Privy Council (military) or the Third Division (finance) unless there is a special order. This is an important measure to prevent political leaders from combining with military leaders or financial leaders.

Not only that, the person in charge of the government unit has nothing to do with the unit he presides over. Like the Secretary-General, he is nominally the head of Zhongshu Province. In fact, the Secretary-General is only the title of a senior official. He can only enjoy this honor in his own home, but he can't go to Zhongshu Province to exercise his authority as a head. Those who go to Zhongshu Province to exercise the authority of the head, that is, the actual head of Zhongshu Province, will be the deputy head of Shangshu Province (right servant shot) and the deputy head of Zhongshu Province (assistant minister), and then act as the head of Zhongshu Province (right servant shot Shangshu, assistant minister of Zhongshu sentenced to save trouble). Similarly, the head of Shangshu province, Shangshuling, cannot exercise the functions and powers of the head, but has a deputy agent from other provinces.

This is too complicated. Let's use modern institutions as an analogy. Just as the Minister of Education cannot ask the Ministry of Education, the real Minister of Education is the Vice Minister of Commerce, and he is also the Vice Minister of Education.

The situation of local governments is exactly the same. Every state has no official governor (State Animal Husbandry Secretariat). All governors are temporary and are called "knowing the state" or "examining the state". Their duties are all in the central government, but the governor is only a temporary part-time job or a temporary agent. Even if he is not a central official, he sometimes deliberately adds the official title of the central official, indicating that local posts are only temporary and will be transferred at any time.

As a result, all the organs and officials of the Song government seem to be vaudeville troupes, and as long as they can make ends meet, they are satisfied with today's performance. In this case, no one thought of a century-long plan and long-term strategy, which is exactly what Zhao Kuangyin hoped for.

The main military purpose is to make the generals have no military power forever. The Privy Council is the modern Ministry of Defence. Its head is limited to a civilian, and further, even the head of the tactical detachment is changed to a civilian, and the combat effectiveness of the army is injured.

There are two kinds of armies in Song Dynasty. One is the national defense force, known as the "imperial army." One is a local team called "Xiang Army".

Local teams are old, weak and disabled soldiers, scattered all over the country, maintaining local law and order. The national defense forces are all elite, all concentrated in Kaifeng, the capital. In case of war, the central government temporarily appointed a civilian as commander-in-chief (even eunuchs as commander-in-chief, few generals as commander-in-chief) to lead them to war.

The general in charge of practical operations is also appointed temporarily. Although they are professional soldiers, they know nothing about the ministries they command. At the end of the war, the commander-in-chief handed over military power, the general was transferred to other units, and the soldiers returned to the camp.

The advantage of this is that the commander-in-chief is not familiar with the general, and the general is not familiar with the soldiers. There will never be a Chen Qiao mutiny. But because of this, no matter how many troops are just a mob, they can't bear a big attack or even a big blow.

Civilians as commanders-in-chief, especially deadly and harmful systems. Like the year of the Single Source Alliance, Wang Qinruo, commander of Tianxiong Theater (Daming, Hebei Province) (at that time, the official title was "Participating in the trial of Tianxiong Military Mansion and deploying Hebei transshipment envoys", that is, "Deputy Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of Tianxiong Theater, Governor of Hebei Province"), was frightened out of my wits when he saw the Liao army passing by, so he had to burn incense and pray for God's blessing. We can imagine how morale is formed in this situation.

Therefore, it can be said that the spirit of the founding of the Song Empire is: holding on to the disabled and guarding against the shortcomings, harmony is precious, and day by day, day by day.

Second, the paradise of poor scholar-officials

The society in Song Dynasty was different from that in Tang Dynasty, and aristocratic families were eliminated. In the ninth and tenth centuries, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, in the era of small division, the so-called government troops and generals, who were no different from bandits, often slaughtered aristocratic families and seized their property, and the aristocratic families lost their effective protection. At the same time, due to the long-term shortage of labor, the land could not produce enough food to feed a large number of parasitic elements, and aristocratic families had to be dispersed.

The Song government was equally strict with the nobles, and neither the prince nor the Xu had any real power. Therefore, the ruling class of the country is almost entirely made by poor scholars. The following table shows the longitudinal profile of the social structure:

Civilians jump into the intellectual world just like in the Tang Dynasty, one is a school, the other is an exam, and the other is a recommendation. School, later. The imperial examination system was not really serious until the Song Dynasty. Romantic and dramatic over-the-counter transactions in the Tang Dynasty were gradually eradicated. Those who passed the exam were valued more than those in the Tang Dynasty. When senior intellectuals who passed the Jinshi examination flocked to meet the emperor, Kaifeng, the capital, looked crazy and deserted when passing through the market. At that time, someone said with emotion: "Even if a general makes meritorious deeds and destroys a country thousands of miles away, he will return home in triumph."

As for recommendation, similar to Zhong Zheng, mutual praise among intellectuals can also make people get official positions. When you get to the high class, you should praise each other and express this praise to the emperor. This is the basic reason why the scholar-officials in Song Dynasty were particularly easy to form a party.

The founding spirit of the Song Dynasty and the conservative thoughts of Confucianism, like water emulsion, are integrated into one. The Song Dynasty became an ideal paradise for poor scholars, who were very competent and happy for those trance-like official positions and positions given by the government that did not seek progress and efficiency.

However, Emperor Zhao was still not at ease with the literati. In order to strengthen the mutual restraint between them and prevent the unity from changing, impeachment and accusation are especially encouraged. Only two supervisory bodies have been set up, one is "Yushitai" and the other is "Suggestion Institute". The tasks are exactly the same, so when one is manipulated by one suitor, the other still works. In addition to the officials of the supervisory body, such as the censor and the government councilor, any other senior official can also make comments to the emperor at any time or criticize the Prime Minister at any time.

This is a good system for those literati whose main knowledge is writing articles, which makes their heroic tricks play a role. They will loudly oppose any progress and reform and things they don't know at any time and place. The purpose is not to put his opinions into practice, but to hope that his articles can leave a good impression on the emperor. Therefore, no matter how small or boring things are, they will cause heated discussion.

Another reason for this phenomenon is that the scholar-officials are too lightly responsible for his remarks. Before the Tang Dynasty, if an official was impeached or accused improperly, he could be dismissed or put to death. Scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty were not in such danger. Most of them are just relegated officials-from Kaifeng, the capital, to the local government as governor (to judge the affairs of a state), deputy governor or secretary-general (through judgment).

This is not so much a condemnation as a reward to encourage literati to make more trouble. Because this condemnation does not harm his vested interests at all, it can also give him a good reputation of "integrity, faithfulness, kindness" and "fear of power".

Confucianism divides human beings into two systems by dichotomy: one is the gentleman system and the other is the villain system. This legal division was initially economic, then developed into ethical, and then developed into political and moral, thus becoming an important weapon in political struggle. This weapon is expressed in different languages listed in the table below:

For the noisy Song Dynasty literati, human beings are divided into two, which can save a lot of energy in noisy infighting. Once an argument is put forward, as long as you immediately put yourself into the gentleman system and the other person into the villain system, you think you can win a great victory.

Let's cite the following examples to illustrate. Zhao, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, had no son and adopted Zhao Zongshi (later), the son of his cousin Zhao Yunrang. He was awarded the title of "Zhao Zongshi". Their relationship positions are shown in the following table:

1063, Song Zhaorenzong benefited from his death, and Zhao Zongshi acceded to the throne. So we modern people can't figure it out, but the scholar-officials at that time thought it was an extremely serious problem, that is, what should Zhao Zongshi call his biological father (Zhao Yunrang)?

Han Qi, the prime minister, and Ouyang Xiu, the deputy prime minister, call themselves ancestors, of course, which is understandable. Another school of ministers, headed by Sima Guang, claimed that Zhao Yunrang, the biological father, was an uncle according to Confucianism. Because Confucianism is the product of the patriarchal society, under the patriarchal system, Master Zhao is a "minor Sect" and inherits "major ones", so he should give priority to major ones. Of course, he is called uncle's cousin (Zhao Yunrang) and the main "father of law" (Zhao benefited).

Both factions have a large number of party member, and Sima Guang and party member have the most and the highest skills. Jia An, the chief inspector of one of his confidants, deliberately left a suicide note when he died, asking Master Zhao to call him Uncle Dad. Cai Hengshi, the minister of the Ministry of Finance, went to see Zhao Zong, knelt down and wept bitterly, stating the rise and fall of the country. Speaking of which, Master Zhao was deeply moved by Cai Heng's tears. The other three cronies: Lu Hui, the chief secretary of the Ministry of Supervision, and Fan Chunren and Lu Dafang, members of the Ministry of Supervision, were even more furious and suddenly included Ouyang Xiu and Han Qi in the villain system. Of course, the villain had no reason to live, so he asked them to be beheaded to thank the world.

When Zhao Zongshi of Song Yingzong refused to accept their opinions and finally insisted on calling his old man his old man, Sima Guang's cronies angrily said that the gentleman system and the villain system would never coexist peacefully and demanded to resign.

This is the famous "Puyi", from which we can fully understand the literati of the Song Dynasty:

1, Confucianism, by the Song Dynasty, had begun to become rigid. Ouyang Xiu and Han Qi are the most tenacious conservatives, but they occasionally showed a little spirituality in the affection between father and son, and were immediately treated cruelly.

2. Once the scholar-bureaucrat attack began, the dichotomy of human beings immediately appeared, and the expressions used were the same over and over again. It shows that their vocabulary is insufficient and their wisdom is exhausted.

3. "Puyi" is a trivial matter, but it is considered as a major event as the sky falls. It is more important than being defeated by the Xixia Empire at that time, killing thousands of people and losing land. It shows that the scholar-officials have no ability to distinguish right from wrong, but have the courage to fight among themselves.

Three. Education and culture

The education in Song Dynasty was more developed than ever before, which was the result of scholars' efforts. Just as Christian priests believe that they have an obligation to spread the gospel of Jesus to the public, scholars in poor countries also believe that they have an obligation to spread Confucianism to all people.

In the government system, National University (imperial academy) is still the highest institution of higher learning, located in Kaifeng, the capital. The president of National Shi Jing University was originally called "imperial academy", but later he resumed the ancient name of "offering wine".

The National Shi Jing University includes two faculties, Guo Zi Studies and Imperial College London. Guozi School is an aristocratic college, and only children of officials with seven grades or above (such as county magistrate) are eligible for admission. On the other hand, Imperial College London can also recruit children of low-ranking officials or civilians below Grade 8. In the 1970s, when Wang Anshi became prime minister, he divided the students in imperial academy into three classes, namely, "outside", "inside" and "building". Pass the outdoor exam and be promoted to the inner room. If you pass the exam again, you will graduate and be awarded a formal position by the government.

There are state schools where the state government is located and county schools where the county government is located. Every township has a small school-private school, which is set up by the people at their own expense.

In addition to national universities, there are also private universities (colleges) in society. There is only one national university in the capital, and there are many private universities. The scale is huge, sometimes surpassing the national universities, and the following five universities enjoy the highest reputation:

Because they are private, their graduates can't have legal status like national universities. However, they were all created by government officials and almost entirely supported by the government. Shigu Academy was founded the earliest, which should be the earliest private university in China. The other four academies were also established in 10 century, and it was not until 1 1 century that they began to show their influence. /kloc-In the 20th century, Bailudong Academy, with nearly 10,000 students, became the base camp of mainstream Confucianism.

Books cooperate with school education, and successive governments in China have set up book collection institutions. The collection institution of the Song government is Chongwen Academy, that is, the National Library. The National Library consists of four units, namely, the Zhao Wen Museum, the Jixian Museum, the History Museum and the Secret Museum of Chongwen Academy.

Zhao Wen Museum is responsible for collecting and keeping books; Jixian Museum is responsible for correcting the mistakes in the collection; The history museum is responsible for collecting historical materials and compiling history books; The secret pavilion of Chongwen Academy is responsible for preserving particularly precious books and famous paintings. At most, the collection of books reached 73,000 volumes, about 730 million words, slightly less than that of the Tang Dynasty. Of course, its circulation is small, but there are many illegal outflows, such as private giving and receiving by managers, or even stealing, but it helps to spread knowledge.

The National Library also had a special position in the Song government. It is a reserve for senior government officials, including the Prime Minister. Officials in the "Four Treasures", technically called "Treasures", are all candidates with rich knowledge of Confucianism and books. Once he takes the post of librarian, it means that he has a bright future, so he has become the most important goal for new intellectuals.

However, the greatest contribution of the National Library is that it has compiled the following four huge "quasi-books". One kind of book is a series unique to China, that is, it compiles similar events contained in thousands of books. If readers need some information, they can avoid the difficulty of reading thousands of books.

The four categories of books can not only provide rich information about similar events for scholars, but also save a large number of ancient books for China. There are as many as 1689 kinds of original books quoted in Taiping Yu Lan, of which 88%, namely 1500 kinds, have been lost. Only through this kind of books can we know those ancient books and their contents, which is the greatest achievement in cultural history.

Cultural popularization depends on book popularization, and book popularization depends on advanced printing. Ancient books are all copied by hand. In the seventh century, woodcut appeared, which was originally used by monks in temples to carve Buddhist scriptures-religious belief has always been one of the main driving forces of cultural communication. In the tenth century, the literati used it to carve Confucian classics. In the 11th century, the carving technology advanced by leaps and bounds, and the business was booming, so it developed into a large-scale handicraft industry with many large and small factories. Hangzhou (Zhejiang Hangzhou), Chengdu (Sichuan Chengdu), Hongzhou (Jiangxi Nanchang) and Quanzhou (Fujian Quanzhou) are all important publishing centers. When you meet books with huge space, such as the above four books, you must send them to these places for lettering. In addition to the government publishing books, people also publish a large number of books because of the convenience of printing, so the bookstore industry came into being, and books gradually became ordinary commodities from treasures.

-1In the 1940s, Bi Yi, one of the greatest sculptors, invented movable type printing. He carved words on clay and then cast it with fire to make it hard. Its shape is the same as that of modern movable type, and so is its typesetting method. This is the earliest relief printing in China. But I don't know why, it didn't spread, just disappeared for a short time. It may be the static demand of agricultural society, which is not enough to supply manual engraving.

Fourth, Song Ci.

China's literature made brilliant achievements in the Tang Dynasty in the eighth and ninth centuries, and so did his poetry creation. However, China's poems are inherently deficient, that is, the number of words, sentences and rhymes are too strict, and it is difficult to use square characters, so it is impossible to develop long epics like the Greek Iliad and Odyssey. Most poems are only four or eight sentences, and the number of words is only five or seven words. Only in a few cases, a slight breakthrough can be made, but the limit is very small, and it is impossible to express more complicated feelings and make more complicated narratives.

At the same time, because of the popularity of music, a new form has emerged, which was originally called "poem" and "long and short sentences", which is the most appropriate title. But China used to use monosyllables in ancient times, so it was renamed "Ci".

Ci is the liberation of poetry. No matter the number of words, sentences and rhymes, most of them are wider than the scale required by poetry and more suitable for singing than poetry. Therefore, every word has a fixed and elegant name to mark its musicality. As long as the poet chooses the tone of the word and writes it according to its established format, it will immediately become a song. The singing of words has been lost for a long time. However, we believe that words have high literary value, but not necessarily high musical value.

-The most important thing about Chinese calligraphy is that it is flat, four tones and clear. Su Shi's lyrics often don't conform to this rule, and sometimes he doesn't pay attention to sentence breaking. He was accused of "breaking people's voices". So we judge that it is impossible to produce complex advanced music on such a monotonous and simple basis. Today in the 20th century, we can hear the "Kunqu Opera", the descendant of "Ci", which is really unpleasant, which makes us more sure of this judgment.

Ci appeared in the literary world in the Tang Dynasty in the eighth century, but it didn't flourish until the Song Dynasty in the tenth century, overwhelming other forms of literary works and producing the era of Ci. More than 800 people were famous for Ci in Song Dynasty, and more than 200 people published it professionally.

We cite five greatest poets: Li Yu, Su Shi, Liu Yong, Xin Qiji and Shi Dazu as representatives of the Ci era. Li Yu belongs to the tenth century; Su Shi and Liu Yong belong to the eleventh century; Xin Qiji belongs to the twelfth century; Shi Dazu belongs to13rd century.

Li Yu, probably the only emperor poet in China, was the last emperor of the Southern Tang Empire in the era of small division. Life is divided into two distinct periods. The first half is carefree court life, and the second half is a broken country and a prisoner of the Song Empire. Two absolutely opposite lives made him write touching words. When he was an emperor, he loved his wife Zhou Ehuang (Zhou Zhou) most and wrote many colorful words for her. Let's take the word "mutual assistance" as an example:

Just after evening makeup, Shen Tan should pay more attention. Show people some cloves. A clear song, temporarily lead the cherry blossoms to break.

Sleeves Can the residual color be deep, and the cup is deeply swirled by the fragrant mash? 喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋喋 Stupid reward boy? /p & gt；

(Shen, sandalwood, used to burn incense. Lilac, describe the tip of the tongue. Cherry, describing red lips. ? , winding and wiping. Laozi: Good wine. Nothing, no meaning. Tan Lang, lover and husband. )

Later, he cheated on his wife and his sister (Zhou Xiao), and wrote many tryst words for her, such as Bodhisattva Man:

The moon is dark and the fog is light Tonight, I will go to Lang's side, row my socks and lift my golden shoes. See you at the south bank of the gallery, always shivering. It's hard for slaves to come out, but you can be merciful.

Row socks, take off your shoes, and touch the ground with socks to avoid making noise. )

After being captured, he was sent to Kaifeng. A few weeks later, he was occupied by Zhao Guangyi, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, and asked him for help. Li Yu is helpless and infinitely sad. On July 7, 978, it was his birthday, and he sang his new word "Youmei" with his family:

When is the moon in spring and autumn? How much do you know about the past? The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon.

Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward.

The nostalgia for the old country angered Zhao Guangyi and ordered him to be poisoned. Li Yu died miserably. He was poisoned by a tractor. When he is in pain, his head and feet are connected.

Li Yu failed as an emperor, but succeeded as a poet. His words are simple and straightforward on the surface, but they contain sincere feelings inside. It is one of the most difficult skills, which makes him a fairy in the field of ci. No poet can achieve his achievements on the same road.

Su Shi is the most outstanding star in the history of China literature and a decathlon player in the history of China literature. All kinds of works, such as Fu, Poetry, Ci, Prose, Pian Style, Painting, Calligraphy and so on, are absolutely exquisite. He expanded the scope of words, from the narrow world of children's love to the wide world. Take his Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia as an example;

The surging river flows eastward, and those heroes of the past are gone forever. Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.

Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. A white figure with a feather fan came face to face, and while talking and laughing, the enemy warships burned to ashes. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, and a bottle returns to the moon.

(Chibi, in the third century, Cao Cao's army was defeated by Zhou Yu here, laying the foundation for the Three Kingdoms period. Zhou Lang refers to Zhou Yu. Gong Jin, the alias of Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu's wife Xiao Qiao is one of the beauties. Feather fan with black silk scarf, not wearing military uniform, holding feather fan in hand and wearing black silk scarf hat to command the army, was once used to describe Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Dedicate with wine. )

Rough and bold, let readers who know this historic site feel the wind and rain after reading this word. But Su Shi's graceful sadness is equally successful. For example, the word "Jiangchengzi" is about dreaming of his dead wife at night, which is really a sentence:

Ten years of life and death are two boundless, disapproving and unforgettable. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.

When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears. It is expected that the heartbroken place will be broken every year, and the moonlit night will be short and rambling.

Liu Yong, a decadent poet, originally had two sentences in one sentence: "I put up with floating names and changed to shallow singing." When he took the Jinshi exam, Zhao, the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, erased his name and said, "Let's sing in a low voice. Why be famous? " Liu Yongsui humorously claimed to be "ordered to write lyrics". His words are all about love and sadness, showing the infatuation of the society at that time. It is widely circulated. Where there is well water, there is his word. Under his development, the number of sentences increased and became a long tune. His creative skills enable him to write difficult feelings, difficult things and scenes, while still maintaining the natural and original straightforward beauty. Like Lin Yuling, it describes the feelings of separation, and the ileum is broken:

The cicadas in autumn are so sad and urgent, facing the pavilion, it is in the evening and a sudden rain has just stopped. Farewell outside Kyoto, but not in the mood to drink, reluctant to leave, the people on board have been urging to start. Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it. Thinking of returning to the south this time, this journey is another road. Thousands of miles away, it is misty, and the night sky is a vast night fog.

Since ancient times, the most sad thing for sentimental people is to leave, not to mention the bleak autumn, how can they stand the sadness. Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Even if it is full of emotions, who can enjoy it together?

(Doumen, the county gate. )

Another song "Looking at the Tide of the Sea" praises Hangzhou:

Southeast Xingsheng, Wusan City and Qiantang have been prosperous since ancient times, with hundreds of thousands of people painting bridges and wind curtains and green curtains. Clouds and trees surround the dike sand, and the raging waves roll frost and snow, and the natural hazards are endless. The city is full of jewels, and every household in Luo Qi is competing for beauty.

Heavy lake stack? Tyrannosaurus Ting Anne. There are Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili Lotus. Qiang tube clear sky in Wan Li, night, enjoy the lotus. A thousand riders have high teeth. Drunk to listen to the flute and drum, enjoy the haze. The map of the future will be good. I will go back to Fengchi to boast.

(Sanwu refers to Suzhou, Shaoxing and Huzhou, that is, the richest Taihu Lake basin and Qiantang River basin. Qiang tube, flute. Brother Ling, every time a Jiangnan woman picks Brother Ling, she sings while picking Brother Ling on the boat. Gao Yanei, in ancient times, the flag in front of the military camp was called the tooth flag. )

This is not a good word in Liu Yong's creation. However, one hundred years later, in the 1960s, Emperor Yan Hongliang of Jin read "Sanqiu Guizi Shili Lotus", which made him excited about the richness of southern China and led him to go south on a large scale.

Xin Qiji, a great poet after the Song government moved south in the 12th century, was originally from Licheng (Jinan, Shandong). When he was born, Shandong had fallen into the state of Jin. Under the rule of the Jurchen nationality, he and a group of patriotic youths rose up and elected Geng Jing as the main general. Geng Jing sent him to Lin 'an (Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the government at that time, but when he came back from Lin 'an, the traitor Zhang Anguo had killed Geng Jing and surrendered to the enemy. Xin Qiji and his comrades suddenly attacked the heavily guarded Jin Jun camp, got Zhang Anguo out, beheaded him, and then led the people south.

From this heroic behavior, we can know his heroic character. However, his strong patriotism is limited to stealing the objective environment of peace, and he has no choice but to watch his half country lose forever. So his words are like the tide of Qiantang River, engulfing the mountains, but with a whimpering desolation. Give the word Yong Yu Le to describe his nostalgia in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu).

It is difficult to find a hero like Sun Quan after the history of the country. Dancing in the pavilion, singing on the platform, wind and rain always blow away romantic feelings. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived. Looking back, how powerful he was when he led the Northern Expedition and recovered lost ground!

However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there was a crow club drum under the beaver temple. Who will ask, how is Lian Po's appetite when he is old?

(Sun Zhongmou, the nickname of Sun Quan, was the founding emperor of Soochow Empire in the 3rd century. Songnu, whose real name is Emperor Wu of Song, was the founding emperor of Liu Song Empire in the 5th century. Yuanjia was the title of Liu Yilong, the third emperor of Liu and Song Dynasties. Wolves live in Xushan, that is, Mount Kent. In the second century BC, Huo Qubing, a general of the Western Han Dynasty, pursued the Xiongnu and arrived in Xushan, where wolves haunted, but there was no sign of the enemy. Seal the earth and pile it up to worship the gods. Looking north in a hurry, Liu Yilong went to the Northern Expedition unprepared and failed three times. Liu Yilong looked at the Northern Wei military camp on the other side of the Yangtze River and looked pale. In 43, when Xin Qiji wrote this word, it was 43 years since he went south to the motherland. Beaver, the nickname of Tuoba Tao, the third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was an opponent of Liu Yilong's Northern Expedition. Lian Po was a famous soldier of Zhao in the 3rd century BC. )

Xin Qiji likes to use allusions in his lyrics, which is regarded as a "book bag", but the allusions in his hands do not hinder his unrestrained feelings.

Xin Qiji's ci is not only bold and unconstrained, but also tragic and gloomy. Su Shi's poems include Sunrise Malik Pentium, Whistling and Travel Map. Xin Qiji's words, like the life-and-death struggle between the two armies in the sunset, are from the heart even if they are unpleasant screams.

Shi Dazu was a great poet who spanned12nd century and13rd century. After 200 years of development, Song Ci was summed up by him. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, prime minister Han? Lin? /span>。 During the Northern Expedition, Shi Dazu was one of the aides. Han? Forest zinc? Have you ever been there? Are you stupid? Magpie gum? What is Selinsing? Hey? What's the danger of the pit? What happened? Objection? Hey, Otto? Into a toe wash? Hey? Hey? Copy k? Qin Shihuang? The victim of the struggle, but he has no political desire. Torture and Taoist harm only increased his reputation. He described Chun Yan's "Shuang Yan" like this:

After the Spring Festival, between scenes, it was dusty and cold last year. If you want to live in a different pool, try to blend in with the old nest. Also carved beams and algae wells, soft words are uncertain. Floating fast blows the flower tips, and the green tail and the red shadow are separated.

Fang Jing, Qin Mud Rain, love to stick to the ground and fight for flying, and strive for glory and arrogance. The red chamber returned late. You should be fragrant and forget the world. Worried about the harm to Cui Dai moths, I paint alone every day.

Spring Festival society, a ceremony to pray for a bumper harvest in rural areas that began in spring. )

If we compare Shi Dazu's words with those of other schools, we can see that time makes them very different. Word to stone, is fully mature. He gathered the essence of his predecessors. Every word, every tone, has been carefully considered, just like the meticulous painting in China. But just like meticulous painting, if you don't leave room for future generations, you can't develop any more.