What do macadamia nuts look like?

Macadamia nut, also known as macadamia nut, is a tree nut native to Australia. It is rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B 1, B2 and amino acids, and enjoys the reputation of "queen of dried fruits"! Among many dried fruits in the world, macadamia nuts have the highest economic value and have always enjoyed the reputation of "king of dried fruits". Macadamia nuts, also known as macadamia nuts and Queensland chestnuts, are called "macadamia nuts" in Hong Kong. It belongs to Alpinia evergreen tall tree with a height of 18m. Subtropical rain forest native to the east coast of Australia, southeastern Queensland and northern New South Wales (20o3 1'-30o south latitude). Macadamia nuts are nutritious, with turquoise exocarp, hard endocarp and brown color. Single fruit weight 15- 16g, oil content about 70%, protein 9%. It contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, and is also rich in minerals and vitamins. Macadamia nuts are crisp and delicious, with a unique creamy flavor. They are the best edible fruits in the world and have the reputation of "queen of dried fruits" and "king of nuts in the world". They taste and taste much better than cashews. Macadamia nuts can be used to make high-grade cakes, high-grade chocolates, high-grade edible oils and high-grade cosmetics. Macadamia nuts are expensive in the international market, and the products are in short supply. At present, there is no product supply in the domestic market, and the market potential is great. Developing and planting macadamia nuts will bring good social and economic benefits. The story of macadamia nut The beautiful name macadamia nut seems to immediately remind people of the treasure of the Hawaiian Islands in the United States. In fact, Hawaii is indeed one of the main producing areas of macadamia nuts, but it is not its birthplace. Only smart American businessmen introduced this magical fruit from Australia to the Hawaiian Islands, where it was commercially developed. It is believed that a long time ago, when European explorers discovered the Australian continent, the aborigines lived in the great watershed area in eastern Australia and ate the fruits of two kinds of evergreen trees, one of which they called' Kindal Kindal'. 1850, these trees were noticed by British botanist Ferdinand von Muller and Australian Brisbane Plantation Director walter hill. The two men found this wonderful plant in the forest of Queensland. The only difference is that the two kinds of macadamia nuts they found are different, namely macadamia nuts (smooth skin) and macadamia nuts (rough skin), both of which are edible, but the latter is not as delicious as the former after baking. Macadamia was named in memory of a scientist who made outstanding contributions at that time. He is Dr. John Macadam. Macadamia nut is also called macadamia nut, because macadamia nut is the only plant native to Australia and is used as an edible cash crop. It is concentrated in northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland, where fertile soil and abundant rainfall are necessary for the vigorous growth of plants. Macadamia tree can grow slowly to 12- 15 meters, with dark green shiny leaves and delicate and long fragrant flowers, which are grayish white or pink. Each cluster has 40-50 florets and bears 4- 15 small fruit buds. When it is ripe, it is macadamia nut. The macadamia nut itself is wrapped in a very hard wooden shell with a green fibrous peel. Natural Hawaiian fruit trees bloom, bear buds and mature fruits at the same time for most of the year. The fruit will ripen and land from March to September every year, and the harvester will collect it on time. Hawaiian fruit planting statistics: the world index is still unknown. 1. Hawaii 1998 19200 mu yields 24000MT, mostly in Oshima. Value = $35-45 million. 2700-3000 lbs/mu. [Income-expenditure = 0.67-0.74 USD/lb]. Since the late period of 1980, the price has been greatly reduced, about .20/lb. In the 1990s, the area increased by about 5%, indicating a rebound. 2. The production data of South Africa is unknown; There were 4,000 acres in the 1970s. Growers from Guatemala and Hawaii have developed into this area, covering 4,000 acres. 4. others. Australia (3,000 acres), Latin America, Jamaica, New Zealand, Israel and Malawi are developing small crops. California 1989 produced 150000 pounds on 2000 mu of land, and some of them did not bear fruit. Botanical description of Hawaiian fruit trees by M.tetraphylla: medium-sized, tropical evergreen, with extended and complete crown, 30 feet wide and 20-30 feet high. Leaves obovate, 4-6 inches long, with several sharp teeth, thick; It feels like a big Hollyleaf. Flowers, pollination: flowers are perfect, most varieties mature by themselves, but sometimes cross-pollination grows better. Flowering is not synchronous; A tree may have both flowers and immature and mature nuts. Flowers grow on long fragrant racemes composed of many individual flowers, which germinate from one side of the tree within 1 year. Flowers bloom in mid-winter, and nuts are harvested in July-165438+1October after 7 or 8 months, although some nuts are ripe or bad within one year. Macadamia: Botanically called drupe, the outer pulp is removed to get nuts. A complete stem has 10-30 nuts, which are covered with a thick bright green shell (= mesocarp and exocarp) and connected with endocarp. Nuts are round, the inner core is sealed in a hard shell, and the outer shell accounts for 40%. Growth and environmental conditions Climate: Although it is a tropical tree, macadamia nuts can tolerate mild cold (28-32f) and cannot tolerate excessive heat; In Hawaii, cold ocean winds are allowed to grow at sea level, but in tropical inland, trees must grow at a height of 1500-3500 feet. They have no cooling requirements, but seasonal temperature changes may help synchronous flowering. Trees begin to bear fruit after 4-5 years, and their life span is 75- 100 years. In order to prevent crowding, trees in tropical areas need 35X35 feet of space. Although mechanical harvesters are considered, nuts are mostly harvested by hand. The harvest may last 6- 12 weeks. Harvested nuts are mechanically shelled and dried to a low moisture content ( 72% oil) inner core floats and the second grade (< 72% oil) inner core sinks. Nutritional contribution, most food crops are used as candy, but the whole kernel is baked, pickled and canned for sale, usually in the "gourmet" area of the market. Macadamia nut is considered as one of the best edible nuts in the world. They contain a lot of oil, so it is easy to make people fat. Nutritional value, per 100g Edible part: water (%) ............................................ 2 calories ............................................ 727 protein (%). .......................................... 9.2 Fat (%) .............................................. 78 Carbohydrate (%) ...................................../ Kloc-0/0 fibril (%) .........................................? ..........................................-thiamine, b1......................................16 riboflavin, B2 ..................................... 7.5 nicotinic acid ............................................... 9 vitamin C ...........................................-calcium ......... ................................... 4.5 phosphorus ............................................ 2 1 iron ................................................./ Kloc-0/8 sodium, .............................................., potassium and ................................................. 8 * daily allowable percentage recommended by FDA, assuming 154 pound adult male with 2700 calories per day. ————————————————— Planting: macadamia nut has been cultivated as a fruit tree for a short time, with a history of only several decades, but it has developed rapidly. In its country of origin, local residents have been collecting nuts from wild trees for food or oil extraction for more than 100 years. Until 1930s, the source of nuts was still from wild trees, when the largest orchard cultivated artificially was only a few acres. The University of California first introduced macadamia nuts from Australia in 1880 and planted them as ornamental trees on campus. Macadamia nuts were first introduced from Australia in the agricultural experimental field of the University of Hawaii in 1892, and commercial planting was attempted in 1922, but failed. It was not until 1954 that there were 12 14. 1 hectare macadamia nuts in Hawaii with a yield of 500 tons. However, it developed rapidly, and the output of 1970 was 6000 tons. 198/kloc-0 has an annual planting area of 5,584.86 hectares, of which the production area is 4,047 hectares and the output is 1.5 1 10,000 tons; 1988 the planting area is 8600 hectares, of which the production area is 6240 hectares and the output is 19400 tons. 1986 The output of macadamia nuts in California was 3 tons, and 1988 covered an area of 320 hectares. Before 1960, the planting area of macadamia nuts was less than 100 hectare and the output was less than 50 tons. After 1960s, Australia began to commercially develop macadamia nuts on a large scale. In 1980, the planting area and output of macadamia nuts in Australia were 2832.67 hectares and 1500 tons respectively, and in 1989, they were 6000 hectares and 6800 tons respectively. The output of 1992 is 13500 tons, which was about 25000 tons in 2000. Macadamia nut was introduced to China in about 19 10, and was first introduced as a specimen tree in Taipei Botanical Garden. 0,500 seeds and seedlings were introduced from Hawaii and planted in Chiayi. 1940, the former Lingnan University introduced macadamia nuts to Guangzhou. After years of practice, it was confirmed that its growth results were normal, but it was not until 195 1 that it began to be commercialized. From 65438 to 0979, the Institute of Southern Subtropical Crops of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences began to study the introduction and trial planting of macadamia nuts. In the early 1980s, many units in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Fujian and other provinces began to introduce excellent varieties for trial planting. Macadamia nut has therefore become one of the most popular fruit trees introduced and cultivated in southern provinces of China in recent 20 years, and it has developed on a large scale in some areas. 1990, the area of macadamia nuts in Guangxi was 52 hectares. 1995 The planting area of macadamia nuts in 7 provinces and regions of South China is over 200 hectares. From 65438 to 0997, the area of macadamia nuts (macadamia nuts) in Yunnan has reached 733 hectares, and it has grown to about 3000 hectares in 2000. In recent years, all countries in the world are actively developing this new fruit tree in suitable planting areas. Now it is mainly produced in the United States, Australia, Kenya, South Africa, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Brazil and other countries. Other producing countries: Fiji, New Zealand, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, El Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Israel. From 65438 to 0993, the planting area of macadamia nuts (macadamia nuts) in the world was about 20,000 hectares, and the output was more than 30,000 tons, mainly produced in the United States and Australia (accounting for more than 90% of the world total). From 1995 to 1996, the planting area of macadamia nuts in seven major producing countries is 43,300 hectares and the output is 60,700 tons. 1997, the world output of macadamia nuts is about 17300 tons. Nevertheless, the output of macadamia nuts is still less than 0. 1% of the global total dry nuts, which is still in short supply. There is not only a vast international market, but also a huge domestic market potential. There are 10 species of macadamia nuts, and only two species are edible and valuable for cultivation, namely, light shell species and coarse shell species, but they have many hybrids. The kernel yield and oil content of coarse-shelled seeds are lower than those of smooth-shelled seeds, and the texture and flavor of products are not as good as those of smooth-shelled seeds. The processed products are easy to brown, but the sugar content is higher than that of smooth-shelled seeds. Therefore, the fine varieties recommended for planting at present are all light shells, the production cost per mu is within 200 yuan, and the output value can reach more than 2,000 yuan. Coarse-shelled tree species can be used as ornamental tree species or greening tree species, and can also be used as rootstock for grafting light-shelled tree species. Under suitable conditions, macadamia nuts (macadamia nuts) can obtain considerable yield in 6-7 years after planting, and the high-yield period can reach 40-60 years or even longer. Healthy trees grow well, and their high yield increases with the growth of trees and plants. Macadamia nut seeds are spherical and milky, with a diameter of 65438 0.2-3 cm. They contain 60%-80% oil, 9% protein and 9% carbohydrate respectively, and are rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, amino acids and vitamins Bl and B2. After frying, it has unique flavor, delicate texture, crispy and delicious, similar to cashew nuts and walnuts. Therefore, in recent years, macadamia nuts have become the most popular high-grade nuts in the international market. Macadamia nut has beautiful tree shape, dense branches and leaves, beautiful and fragrant flowers, firm and delicate wood, wide resistance to diseases and insect pests, and is an excellent tree species for landscaping and timber. Within 24 hours after harvest, the fiber skin of peeled macadamia nuts should be removed to reduce the hot breath of the fruit and accelerate the drying of the fruit. These peeled skins are usually recycled as organic fertilizer, and macadamia nuts (macadamia nuts) with shells are sent to nut processing plants for processing. Dry and meticulous drying is the key link in macadamia nut processing technology, which directly determines the shelf life of the fruit and the taste and quality of the final product. The moisture content of freshly harvested macadamia nuts is as high as 30%, and the drying process takes about three weeks, which can reduce the moisture content to 65,438 0.5%, and the fruit will shrink into the shell and separate from the inner wall of the shell to prevent the fruit from cracking. Shelling and classification Although macadamia nuts were born and raised in Australia, the early processing method was that these enthusiasts slowly cracked the shell with their hands. It was not until 1954 that the first commercial macadamia nut (macadamia nut) appeared. Modern machines have greatly promoted and improved the industrial history of macadamia nuts. When the nuts are intact, the once hard outer shell is removed. This machine has a fixed blade, a movable cutting blade or a linked roller and a base to squeeze the shell. At the same time, it also sorts macadamia nuts according to different qualities. Macadamia nuts with broken shells are generally stored in sealed metal or plastic packages and stored in a cool and dry environment, which will not deteriorate within one year. The shelf life can be extended at low temperature and humidity. Macadamia nuts are easy to deteriorate during reprocessing and repackaging, so you need to pay attention to several necessary principles. Unlike other edible nuts, macadamia nuts need a low humidity and low oxygen storage environment. It is best to store it in vacuum in a sealed bag and then in food-grade carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Only in this way can we achieve a satisfactory shelf life. Market Distribution macadamia nuts, after ripening, can finally become a delicious food on the table of consumers through a series of processes such as receiving, peeling, drying, sorting, food baking, storage and packaging. Of course, this needs to accompany consumers in various countries around the world, which is also a complicated process, trailer, container, shipping, onshore distribution and companionship. The continuous progress of Hawaiian fruit industry in recent years is also based on this set of perfect market logistics guarantee, so that the industry can develop.