Which paragraphs in Duke of Lushan reflect the meaning of Wei Xiaobao?

Morality is the product of civilization, and there is no morality among barbarians.

Wei Xiaobao grew up in a brothel, which is the most immoral place; Later he entered the palace, which was the most immoral place. Educated, he is a savage in civilized society. In order to survive and win, there is nothing he can't do, such as stealing, kidnapping, bragging and flattering. Do these bad things, and feel at ease when you do them. Barbarians in cannibal tribes will never think that eating human flesh is wrong.

Wei Xiaobao can't read, and he has never heard of Confucius and Mencius.

However, Confucius and Mencius' thoughts have influenced the whole China society, or Confucius and Mencius summed up and refined the beautiful parts of China people's thoughts and said them systematically. Wei Xiaobao lives in China society. Even the barbarians in the streets and palaces must make friends, and naturally he will accept the morality recognized by China society. Especially after he joined the Heaven and Earth Society, he accepted the moral concept of China Jianghu people. However, these moral norms are different from those believed by scholars and scholars.

Scholar-officials know a lot of morality and do little. Jianghu people don't believe in many morals, but as long as they believe, they generally dare not violate them. The only morality that Jianghu values is loyalty. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no one dares to ignore the word "loyalty".

Another issue of general concern in China society is affection and human feelings.

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Paying attention to "human feelings" and "loyalty" is the characteristic of China's traditional society, especially among the people and the lower classes.

Rulers pay attention to "principles". Loyalty is the principle of obeying and loving the ruler; "Filial piety" is the principle to determine the authority of parents. "Rite" is the principle of maintaining social order; "Law" is the principle of implementing the laws formulated by the rulers. For the ruling class, loyalty and filial piety are sacred and inviolable. The emperor is the embodiment of the country, and "loyalty to the monarch" and "patriotism" can be equated.

"Filial piety" was originally the nature of loving parents, but the rulers attached too much importance to advocacy, making it an authoritative symbol of a fixed social order. In the love of nature, many strict rules are attached. "Filial Piety" and "Ceremony"

Combination becomes more awe-inspiring than love. In China's traditional literary works, there are many descriptions of maternal love, but few descriptions of paternal love. Call your father "Yan Jia" and your mother "Ci Jia", and even in formal address, confirm that your father is Yan Jia and your mother is Ci Jia. It seems that it was not until Zhu Ziqing wrote "The Back" that we had a touching work about father's love. After the words "loyalty and filial piety" were combined, the virtue of "filial piety" was overemphasized by the rulers, depriving some amiable elements. In the Han Dynasty, filial piety and honesty were used to select talents. Until the late Qing Dynasty, Juren was also called "filial piety".

In the folk concept, "lawlessness" can be tolerated, even "lawlessness" is a contempt for authority and law, and often has some heroic meaning. But "ruthlessness" is definitely not, it is rejected by society.

Even a "rogue and shameless" person has friends, as long as he is loyal.

"Law" is political law, "heaven" is natural law, and "lawlessness" means not obeying political law and natural law; "Rogue shameless" means not obeying social laws.

But in China society, "friendship" is the most important social law, and "heartless" people are the biggest bad guys.

Traditional China people value friendship rather than principles.

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Attaching importance to friendship is of course a good thing.

The Chinese nation has been growing for thousands of years and has always maintained vigorous vitality in the competition for survival. After being drowned by foreigners, it stood up again and again, which may have a lot to do with our emphasis on friendship.

Among philosophers at all times and in all countries, Confucius is the most opposed to dogma and attaches great importance to reality. The so-called "sage in time" is a saint who is good at adapting to the environment and not sticking to dogma. Confucius is a great man, who fully embodies the character of China people. The basic idea of Confucius' philosophy is "benevolence", that is, to be kind to others in real daily life, so as to achieve the harmonious unity of all groups (family, village and country). "Human feelings" is a part of "benevolence". The fundamental thought of Mencius' philosophy is "righteousness". That is, all actions are aimed at "rationality", and rationality is right for itself and others. It is easy to be honest with yourself. The point is not to be sorry for others, especially friends.

The so-called "rely on parents at home and friends when going out." Parents and friends are the two pillars of life.

Therefore, the relationship between "friends" and "monarch and minister, father and son, brother and husband and wife" is one of the "five ethics" and one of the five interpersonal relationships. Western society, Persian and Indian society did not put the relationship between friends in such a high position, but paid more attention to the relationship between religion, god and people.

A group of people are harmonious and United, love each other, and can adapt to changes in the environment in a reasonable way. Such people are naturally invincible, lasting and victorious in their struggle with others.

In ancient times, countless brave, strong, organized, disciplined and hardworking peoples disappeared in history one by one, and disappeared from sight since then, mainly because their society lacked flexibility. Rigid under social dogma or religious dogma. A rigid society has become a zombie society. No matter how fierce zombies are, they will eventually fall.

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China's classical novels are basically against dogma and authority.

A Dream of Red Mansions is a rebellion against the orthodoxy at that time, opposing the fame of imperial examinations, opposing parents' arranged marriages and praising free love. Heroes in Water Margin kill, set fire and rob houses. Although they finally won the favor, the whole story is about killing officials and resisting the court. The highlight of Journey to the West is the Monkey King's resistance to the Jade Emperor. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical story, but its basic theme is "loyalty" rather than "orthodoxy".

As a novel, The List of Gods is not important, but it has a great influence on folk thoughts and customs. This is written by King Wu, "The world is not dominated by one person, only good people can live in it", and the most wonderful part is about Nezha's resistance to his father's authority. Jin Ping Mei describes the ugliness of human nature (Mr. Sun Shuyu's incisive analysis points out that it mainly depicts the three basic poisons of human nature: greed, anger and stupidity), which is contrary to the orthodox thought that "at the beginning of life, human nature is good". The most wonderful role in Three Heroes and Five Righteousness is Bai Yutang in the imperial court, not Zhan Zhao, the royal cat who served the imperial court.

Martial arts novels basically inherited the tradition of China's classical novels.

One of the reasons why martial arts novels are generally welcomed by readers in China is that fundamental morality is generally recognized by the public in China. Martial arts novels are also called chivalrous novels. "Xia" is a fierce resistance to injustice, especially in order to rehabilitate the injustice suffered by others. Westerners attach importance to fighting for their own power, which is not a "chivalrous man" in the sense of China people. "Righteousness" attaches importance to the feelings between people and often means sacrificing oneself. "Wu" means fighting violence with violence. Xiang Ping, a native of China, likes people who value loyalty in novels. In the official history, Guan Yu's character and talent are far from Zhuge Liang. But among the people, Guan Yu is the "true god" and "emperor" worshipped everywhere, and Zhuge Liang is the symbol of wisdom. China people think loyalty is more important than wisdom. In the Water Margin, jy, and others are rude and cruel, which destroys all norms. That's not important. They are loyal, so they are heroes. Many critics often say that they don't understand why Song Jiang, an unscrupulous and wretched little official, is respected by many heroes and promoted to be a leader.

In fact, the reason is very simple, sung river handout spirit.

Loyalty is very important in China people's moral concept. It is ok to be disloyal to the imperial court and rebel, because China people are very rebellious. It's ok to call monks and curse Nepal, because people in China don't attach much importance to religion. Peeping, robbery, murder, adultery, abuse and other crimes. People in China dislike it as much as people in foreign countries. But unfilial parents are absolutely not allowed, and betraying friends is absolutely not allowed. From the sociological point of view, "filial piety" plays an important role in breeding races and maintaining social order; Loyalty plays an important role in loyalty, unity and survival competition. "Human feelings" play an important role in eliminating internal contradictions and easing internal conflicts.

It is also a novel about gangs, the godfather in western novels, the anger of angels and so on. Mafia bosses can kill their brothers unscrupulously, and they will never appear in China's novels, because China people are loyal to each other, which is absolutely unacceptable. The French novelist Hugo's Les Miserables, which only pays attention to the law and ignores human feelings, is absolutely unacceptable to China people.

It's not that scholar-officials don't value loyalty. Historical books such as Zuo Zhuan, Warring States Policy and Historical Records record the historical facts that many friends attach importance to friendship and praise them.

When the Western Han Dynasty was in power, Zhu Lu wanted to usurp Liu's power and make peace with Zhu Lu's rebellion. At that time, he was in charge of the military power, and his good friend Li sent him out to relieve the military power, and finally put all the blame on Lu. The elimination of Zhu Lu is a happy thing for everyone in the world, just like the elimination of the Gang of Four today, but at that time, most people even blamed Li for sending his friends out (Hanshu: "The God takes care of Li and sends him out as a friend." This accusation is obviously unfair and puts the friendship between friends above "political justice". However, the concept of "never betray your friends" is deeply rooted in the hearts of China people.

As for breaking the national law for the sake of parents, it is traditionally considered natural. There is a famous topic in Confucianism: if Shun's father commits a felony, the judge will be executed according to law. Where's Shun in office? The standard answer is: Shun should abandon the throne and run away with his father.

The phrase "family first" is well said. People who have always attached importance to family and human feelings in China seldom really do it. On the contrary, the saying that "law is not human" and "both reason and law" is even more plausible. It is said that it is "taking care of both", but the essence is to value emotion over law.

In the traditional concept of China people, "emotion" is always more important than "law". Although Zhuge Liang was praised for shedding tears and beheading Ma Su, if he didn't shed tears, the evaluation would be quite different. The point seems to be to shed tears rather than chop hands.

After all, the bottom-up and prosperity of a nation lies in production. The reason why the Chinese nation has existed for a long time is that most people are hardworking and thrifty, and they can produce enough means of subsistence by themselves. It is impossible for a nation to survive for a long time by robbing others of the fruits of production, let alone be great. Many predatory peoples in history have short lives, and the fundamental reason is that their production capacity is not strong.

The competitive morality of a nation's survival is that it can support itself, and then it can resist foreign aggression.

Production is long-term and nothing dramatic. Although it is a bottom-up foundation, it is not suitable for the theme of novels, especially martial arts novels.

It doesn't matter if a few people are lawless, but if the whole society is lawless and all norms and laws are destroyed, this society will never last long. However, good weather and peaceful country and people are not suitable as the theme of the novel. Just as a man marries a woman, the normal family life of raising children is not suitable as the theme of the novel. (The first sentence in Tolstoy's novel Anna karenin is: "Happy families are all similar; Every unhappy family has its own misfortune. " He described an unhappy family. ) But if men all over the world are like Romeo and women all over the world are like Lin Daiyu, mankind will be extinct.

Novels are usually written about specific and abnormal events and characters. This is especially true of martial arts novels.

The characters in martial arts novels are by no means deliberately against China's traditional morality. Seeing that the road is uneven, the sword is drawn to help out of forbearance; Eliminating violence and evil is out of the heart of justice; Integrity is awe-inspiring, and doing things out of shame and evil; It is out of right and wrong to face up to difficulties and report evil with good. Morality in martial arts novels is usually anti-unification, not anti-tradition.

Orthodoxy is a concept that only rulers attach importance to, and it is not necessarily consistent with traditional folk concepts. Han Fei accused that "Confucianism violated the law by writing, while chivalrous men violated the law by force", and stood on the position of the ruler, accusing Confucianism of calling for benevolence and human feelings, disrupting the strict rule, and chivalrous men used violence as a means to violate the repressive means of the authorities.

The tradition of classical novels, that is, the tradition accepted by martial arts novels, is mainly folk and often opposes the government.

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The background of martial arts novels is ancient society.

The fist sword is useless in front of machine guns and pistols, which is of course the main reason.

Another main reason is that the interest of modern society is to demand law and order, not to destroy it.

All kinds of behaviors of the protagonists in martial arts novels-individuals use violence to enforce "legal justice", kill officials, organize illegal gangs, rob prisons, kidnap and rob, etc. In modern times, it is antisocial and not in the interests of the people. This is tantamount to terrorist activities, and few people will sympathize with them unless they are insane. Because in a modern and normal country, the people and the government are one, at least in theory, but not necessarily in fact.

In ancient society, the actions of Robin Hood and Liang Shanpo heroes were beneficial to the people, but in modern society they were not. Unless it is to resist the occupation of foreign invaders, or to oppose the extremely tyrannical and inhuman autocratic rulers who are enemies of the majority of the people.

Fortunately, when people read martial arts novels, they just have a sense of "upholding justice" in spirit, and no naive reader has ever imitated the specific actions of the hero in the novel.

It is said that children who read martial arts novels will learn from their teachers and practice martial arts. I haven't heard of such honesty or deeds for decades. Probably, modern children are smart enough to know that even if they practice martial arts, they can't compete with a pistol, and there is no need to go to the mountains so hard to learn from a teacher.

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I didn't try to describe all the personalities of China people in Duke of Lushan. Far from such talent, it is actually impossible. Only in Wei Xiaobao, he is good at adapting to the environment and loyal to others.

These two characteristics are not obvious to ordinary foreigners.

Adapting to the environment is an advantage in the competition for survival, which can be good or evil morally.

As far as Wei Xiaobao is concerned, most of his actions are not commendable. But in a society like the early Qing Dynasty, such a move was very beneficial to him.

In a different environment, modern countries such as Switzerland, Finland, Sweden and Norway have very strict laws and very strong social sanctions. The result of opportunism is usually very bad, and doing good things is far more beneficial than doing bad things. People like Wei Xiaobao who immigrated to the past, I believe that in order to adapt to the environment, they will choose a well-behaved life. Although, it is hard to imagine that Wei Xiaobao will behave.

In a certain society, if the result of corruption, cheating, cheating and breaking the law is more favorable than living a clean and honest life, then it is this society and system that should be reformed. If such a story is described in the novel, it is mainly the society and the system that are condemned. It's like novels like Officialdom in the Sky.

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China people attach importance to human feelings and loyalty, which adds a lot of warmth to our lives. In a difficult environment, if we are hostile to each other at home and the relationship between people is full of indifference and hatred, such a life will be very sad.

In a city with rich material conditions, you can be heartless. Of course, life is boring, but you have to live. In a poor agricultural society, human feelings are necessary.

In treacherous Jianghu, loyalty is the supreme moral requirement.

However, human feelings and loyalty are about not speaking principles, and many bad habits are born accordingly. China's politics has never been on the right track, which is directly related to China people's overemphasis on human kindness. It is of course necessary to form a party for selfish ends, build a hill, be crony, attach importance to friendship with hometown rather than talents, enter through the back door, ignore public morality and bending the law, and conceal the faults of relatives and friends. Reasonable human relations are also necessary, as are unreasonable human relations that damage public welfare. The result is a mass of malodorous smoke, and the "Wei Xiaobao Wind" has enveloped the whole society.

In the case of China, it is better to be less "Wei Xiaobao style".

However, like western society, even parents and adult children don't have much human feelings to talk about. Everything is business, and there is no accommodation at all. Only the law, no human feelings. Isn't it a little too cold to talk about principles and ignore loyalty? If Wei Xiaobao becomes a selfless person, what's the point?

The task of the novel is not to provide answers to any questions, but to describe how you act, how you think and how you feel sad and happy in such a society with such characters.

When I think of this little guy named Wei Xiaobao, I have mixed feelings.

Frankly speaking, I didn't think of this at all when I wrote Duke of Lushan. In the first few months of writing, even Wei Xiaobao's personality was not fixed. He grew up slowly.

In my experience, the protagonist of each novel is only a simple and vague shadow at the beginning of writing, and the story gradually develops and the characters gradually become clear.

I didn't think in advance that I would focus on depicting Wei Xiaobao's adaptation to the environment and friendship by hook or by crook in Duke of Lushan. Somehow, these two protagonists appeared on this little rascal.

Friends like to talk about Wei Xiaobao. At a symposium in Taipei, the original intention was to discuss "Jin Yong's novels", and as a result, three quarters of the time was spent debating Wei Xiaobao's character. Many readers asked my opinion, and I thought about it myself and tried to analyze it.

The analysis here is not "authoritative" at all, because it is an afterthought and has nothing to do with the plan and mood when writing. I write novels, except for layout, historical textual research and description, which are mainly purely emotional and have little to do with rational analysis.

Because I never want to deliberately express a theme in any novel. If the reader thinks there is any theme in it, it is unconsciously formed naturally. I believe the readers' own conclusions are different.

From Autumn Records of Jian 'an in Shu to Duke of Lushan, I only pay attention to the characters and feelings in these dozens of novels. Wei Xiaobao is not a person with deep feelings. Duke of Lushan is not an emotional book. Among them, the friendship between Kangxi and Wei Xiaobao is especially written, which has both contradictions and conflicts and complex feelings of friendship and love. No one seems to have written this in other novels.

Wei Xiaobao has many advantages and disadvantages shared by China people, but Wei Xiaobao is definitely not a typical China person. Nation is a broad concept, and Wei Xiaobao is a unique person with personality. Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Ah Q and Lin Daiyu all have some characteristics of China people, but they can't be said to be typical of China people.

China people's personalities are too complicated to write 10,000 novels. The Monkey King, Pig Bajie and Friar Sand are not human beings, but they also have some characteristics of China people, because the people who wrote these "goblins" are all from China.

These opinions were originally written in the postscript of Duke Lushan. Later, I felt that the author should not talk more about his own works, which hindered the reader's own judgment in vain, so it was deleted after writing. Besides, the author always has a preference for the characters he creates.

It is impossible to rationally analyze "A son suffering from dysentery is good at home". In fact, I have written one fifth of Duke of Lushan, and I have regarded this little guy Wei Xiaobao as a good friend. He is addicted to it and very protective. The bad habit of valuing emotion over reason broke out in China. Because of the editor's requirements for the manuscript, the written text is not willing to give up, so I will discuss it a little.