Research report: Sanxingdui's mask features, 600-word article, please.

Mysterious Mask and Sanxingdui Culture

Masks, bearing the development of human thinking consciousness and religious feelings, were born under the unique social conditions of prehistoric humans, almost at the same time as the history of civilization. Humans have been using masks since the Paleolithic Age. Many ancient tribes and nations in the world have their own masks, which reflect the development and changes of national religious mentality, folk mentality and aesthetic mentality, and are an excellent cultural heritage of a nation.

A huge weird bronze vertical mask.

A total of 15 faces have been unearthed in Sanxingdui No.2 Sacrificial Pit, including 3 A-shaped faces, 8 B-shaped faces and 4 C-shaped faces. The best mask is a huge bronze vertical mask, which is 138 cm wide and 65 cm high. A pair of broom eyebrows, powerful and magnificent in ancient and modern times, nearly 7 cm wide and pointed. Under the eyebrows of a broom, a pair of bright eyes can surprise tourists from all over the world, because the eyes protrude from the long and narrow eyes, the protruding orbit is as long as 16 cm, and there is a bracelet-like hoop in the middle with a width of 2.8 cm. An angular aquiline nose with a wide mouth. The upturned angle is close to the ear, like a pig's ear, but it protrudes vertically. The eyebrows and eyes are black, and there is cinnabar on the seam. Such a large mask is not only unique in China, but also extremely rare in the world. This ancient cup constitutes the strangest and weirdest appearance on the earth where we live together. The other two A-shaped faces are slightly smaller. One of them is decorated with a dragon-shaped forehead, with a middle height of 68. 1 cm. The dragon's tail stands high and its head is connected with the bridge of the nose. Both sides of the dragon body have inner-rolled annular perforations, and there is a knife-shaped feather wing with a single wing root in the middle. Some people think it has something to do with the legend that "people's nostrils communicate with clouds in the sky". Don't look at this mask's weird shape, it looks fierce, but when you look closely, the simple style makes it look not evil, which makes people feel awe and vaguely like it. This bronze mask with big ears and wide nose will arouse many people's imagination one day. Foreign tourists regard it as a whisper, and many young people think it is one of the strange images of aliens in science fiction movies. Visitors stood in front of it and said with great interest that those protruding eyes are alien telescopes, which can expand and contract like zoom lenses. Another crown on the crowned vertical mask is a remote sensing antenna, which can receive mysterious signals from the universe. In ancient history, Du Yu, the king of Shu, fell from the sky, that is, from the sky. Is the bronze vertical mask as magical as whisperd?

There are several explanations for this vertical mask. First, it is an image of "clairvoyance, clairvoyance". With exaggerated eyeballs and elongated big ears, Yi Xi gained super telescopic ability and hearing; Second, it is related to Can Cong, the king of the ancient Shu kingdom. "Can Cong's eyes are protruding" is the characteristic of Can Cong family in ancient Shu, and the bronze vertical mask is the idol of King Can Cong. In the past, "the ancient temples in central Sichuan were full of green faces, rosy as silkworms, and golden in color, followed by the image of Can Cong"; There is also a view that the portrait highlights the eyes vertically, which has the same meaning as the word "Shu" highlighted by Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Central Plains, and reflects the root of the word "Shu". The first half of the ancient word "vertical" symbolizes the vertical view, which is consistent with the record of Can Cong's vertical view in Huayang National Records. In fact, the vertical image can not adapt to the living environment. The eyes are so delicate and the eyeballs are so long that it is difficult to withstand the wind, rain, sun and rain. This image is the result of deification of human ancestors when their understanding of nature and themselves is still in the primitive stage. There is also a saying that this is an artistic image of the unity of man and god. Can Cong's Mu Zong, Shan Hai Jing also has a "Mu Zong" god Candle dragon, and Candle dragon's "Mu Zong Cheng Zheng" is an ancient "ancestor totem of Shu people's belief". There is also a saying that "vertical eyes" are the eyes of Erlang God or Lingguan. According to the Records of Qionglai County in the Republic of China, "There are many blue-faced gods such as silkworms and gold in ancient temples in central Sichuan, and they immediately imitate the image of Can Cong." There is a figure named Nie Long in Nuo Opera in Daozhen County, Guizhou Province, whose mask has a protruding eyeball about 5 cm away from the eye socket, which can be traced back to the source. In 3 16 BC, after Qin destroyed Shu, Prince Shu fled from Sichuan to Guizhou and from Guangxi to northern Vietnam. There seems to be some connection: the B-mask is a human face. He looks like an ordinary person. Fang Yi has a wide face, heavy eyebrows, a prominent nose, a wide and flat mouth, a hook under the corner of his mouth, a pierced L on his earlobe, and eyebrows and eyes are outlined with black paint. The appearance of type C facial image is similar to that of type B, but the face is slender, the jaw is narrow, the nose is straight out, and the corners of the mouth are upturned.

There is no unified view on the use of these statues in academic circles. The colossus with vertical eyes may be the totem emblem of the ancient Shu people or the face of the ancient Shu king. It is used for grand sacrificial activities and is the main god in the temple. Although B-type and C-type faces are distorted and exaggerated, they are not much different from real people. They are the gods used for daily sacrificial activities in temples. Some people even imagine that these faces are matched with other bodies, and some people think that the buildings at that time were magnificent and decorative pieces hanging on the buildings.

Bronze head with Jin Mianju.

Modern people have the saying that "someone has gold on his face", but there are examples in Sanxingdui cultural relics. Four bronze heads with Jin Mianju were unearthed in Sanxingdui, all with domes and flat tops. One of them is a bronze head statue, and the gold mask was intact when it was unearthed. The gold mask is developed from pure gold skin, covering all ears on both sides, exposing only eyes and eyebrows. After analysis, it is found that the adhesive used in the gold mask is actually made of raw lacquer mixed with clay. For 4000 years, it has been eroded and fallen off, and the brilliant golden light has not faded.

Gold is a precious metal. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as a treasure by the world because of its rich form, brilliant luster, great ductility, soft texture and stable chemical properties, and has been used as hard currency by all mankind until modern times. The head of a bronze man looks noble and extraordinary, like a god coming to earth. To be fashionable, it is simply "cool" and "cool". This kind of dress, which is still popular today, shows the strong love and extraordinary pursuit of life of ancient Shu ancestors and shapes a timeless artistic image.

Why did the ancient Shu ancestors put gold on their faces? Their focus is no longer clear. One possibility is to paste a gold face on it to show the incomparable respect for the sacrificial object and the admiration for the sacrificial victim. Another possibility may be related to the ancient witch dance, which used masks to exorcise evil spirits and eliminate plagues. This culture originated very early. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor trained six kinds of beasts, such as bears and scorpions, in order to fight against Emperor Yan, and these six kinds of beasts may be the totems of six clans. It may also be some dance teams that use witchcraft and wear animal masks. In the Yao and Shun era, "all animals dance together" refers to dancers who play musical instruments with stones and wear various animal skins to dance together. Witchcraft prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. When Nuo ceremony was held in the court of Zhou Dynasty, there was a "Fang" leader. He wore a mask with four sparkling eyes, dressed in black and a red skirt, covered with bearskin, with a shield in one hand and a shield in the other, and led the ghost team to jump around, giving out "Nuo, Nuo" and "Nuo dance", which has been handed down all the time, and the "Nuo dance" is still preserved in southwest China. These "Nuo dances" may be related to Jin Mianju and noodles in Sanxingdui.

Gold masks are rarely worn in China, but there are similar examples in West Asia and Egypt. Gold masks were first produced in Mesopotamia, and many statues in West Asian art were also decorated with gold foil. King Tutankhamun's burial mask is Jin Mianju. Although the bronze statues of Sanxingdui and Jin Mianju can be traced back to Bisiliat and Egypt, their scale and production technology are not inferior to the latter. Cultural factors of West Asia and Egypt have appeared in Sanxingdui cultural relics, which is indeed a mystery with great research value. It was first discovered in China that the head of a bronze man was covered with Jin Mianju's mask, and only six of the more than 40 bronze statues unearthed had Jin Mianju. Is this just a decoration to show respect, or does it have some kind of witchcraft? Remains a mystery. 2001112 People's Republic of China (PRC) * * and Arab Egypt * * jointly issued a set of two special stamps, namely, the head of Sanxingdui in China and the head of Tutankhamun in Egypt (Tutankhamun was the Pharaoh in Egypt's heyday more than 3,300 years ago), which reflected people's interest in it.

What is striking is the bronze heads unearthed in Sanxingdui, whose necks are all inverted triangles. Will there be clay sculptures or other bodies below? Could it be a substitute for "human sacrifice" to symbolize the "human sacrifice" that was killed?

As a manifestation of soul worship, head worship has left traces in the historical evolution. In ancient times, some ethnic groups used hunted heads for some kind of ceremony. Human sacrifice (human head) is used for the highest standard sacrifice and is considered to be the most effective. Headhunting customs originated from the head worship of some ethnic minorities in the south are common in history. With the progress of history, wizards gradually gave up the blood sacrifice of the head in the ceremony and replaced the head with artificial bones or other modeling masks. As a legacy of historical beliefs, Tibetans, Mongolians, Yugurs, Tus and Naxi people still wear skulls when they dance in temples.