The Beauty of Words and Sentences in Classical Poetry (3)

1, Joe

Linguistics? Coincidence It means that the language is clever and the syntax is exquisite; ? Stupid? This means that words and sentences present a simple beauty and the beauty of Gu Zhuo. How did the ancients prefer poetry? Stupid? And contempt? Coincidence . In fact, this is just like lightness and richness. As long as it is used well, it can be perfect. From the perspective of aesthetic hobbies, there are also thin and fat, each with its own advantages. Janice, a poetic theorist in Qing Dynasty, said in Bai Jingtang's Poems: In the past, it was better to talk about poetry with clumsy words than with clever words. However, poetry is useful and skillful, and it is also useful and clumsy to surpass the winner. . Janice cited two examples of poems, both praising Yang Guifei. One is Li Shangyin's? The banquet will return to the palace forever, intoxicated, and Wang Shou will wake up? ; The other one is Ma Junhui's? The adopted son knows that he can carry the country back, so he doesn't have to launder money in the palace? . The former skillfully uses new words, while the latter uses simple words. Janice thinks both are good, the former? Coincidence to see the work? , the latter? The clumsier the better? .

There are many ways to express language originality in poetry:

The first is reflected in the idea, and its novelty is reflected by mobilizing vocabulary, such as Xue Neng's "New Willow": many trees are difficult to be independent, and they have been independent for a long time. Flexibility will overcome rigidity and stand out from the crowd. The sky clock and the air are very weak, and when it comes to scenery, it has a different feeling. Who knew that the general was famous for using every friend? . Three in the first sentence? Light? Two in the second sentence? Become? Two in the third sentence? Sex? Transfer is virtual reality; When there is nothing in the neckline, the first couplet stands out. Light? , the end link emphasizes? Heavy? The conception is quite ingenious, which is formed through the superposition of words, the light and heavy, and the correspondence between reality and reality;

The second is reflected in the sentence structure, such as Du Fu? When bees stick to flocs, ants will dry pears. (DuDu), the selected objects are two kinds of insects, bees and ants, two kinds of withered plants and withered pears, bees and falling flocs, and the combination of ants and withered pears gives people unexpected freshness. Du Fu's boredom with seclusion and drinking alone can also be seen from this. In another song? Qin mud follows the swallow's mouth, and the bees must be on the pollen? More detailed, just like meticulous painting, fine. What other ingenious and ingenious poems are there in Du Fu's poems? Flowers are going to take butterflies, and otters are taking advantage of fish? Wait a minute. Du Xunhe is on his way: What happened at the pillow is quite immediate. Is the mountain center better than Guanzhong? , in "Yang Juan Dao Zhong"? I wonder if I am 100 years old and not married. And so on, the sentences are novel, and the word "two" appears repeatedly in every sentence, which is extremely skillful. Jia Dao is sending money to the bastard: Sweep the shade all day, and pay back the medicine debt every other year? The antithesis is wide and far away, and it is extremely ingenious to have one scene, one giant and one detail. His other song "Answer to Secretary Wang Jian": White hair has no intention of tweezers, while Castle Peak is more interested. This is also the case.

The third is that the vocabulary itself is chosen or forged to be extraordinary, fresh and strange. Han Yu was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. In order to restore orthodoxy and oppose modern prose, he advocated innovation and put forward in language? What happened? . Like what? When you're down? 、? Is the child's head and teeth clear? 、? Burn the ointment and continue to die? 、? If it's unfair, will it sound? He created such a word and became a later idiom. In poetry creation, he also pursues? If it's dangerous, how dare you? ("Drunk to Secretary Zhang"), trying to pursue the new ingenuity of making sentences and choosing words. His Poem of Bitterness and Cold is seventy-two sentences long, and it is almost impossible to describe the misery and cold in all aspects. After some sorting, I picked out the sparrow from all the frozen things and wrote down its psychology and state in the cold. The birds in the window are singing, but I didn't know they were microfibers. Raise your head and scream at the sky, and you will drown. Why did you kiss me instead of killing yourself? The more you write, the more novels you read. Another song "A Gift from Zheng Qun" is similar to this: the advance words strongly praise the preciousness and loveliness of bamboo mats. You can't lie down during the day, but you can see a room full of yellow glass. The body is strong, clean and hidden, and the eyes are smooth and flawless. ? Then render how you are afraid of heat as bedding. Finally, I got a gift from Zheng Qun, the miracle of sleeping on it:? Call slaves to sweep the floor unfinished, Guanghua shines. The lateral-winged fleas of the green fly avoid lice, and Susu hates the breeze. Go to sleep and recover from all diseases? . Almost every word is forged in a strange way!

It must be pointed out that the so-called novelty does not mean strangeness, and it is not necessarily like Korean poetry? What happened? Some words are common, but they are used properly, giving people a refreshing feeling. The well-known Wang Anshi's "Dengguazhou":

Jingkou and Guazhou are just separated by a water, and Zhongshan has only a few heavy green mountains.

Jiang Nanan spring breeze is green, when will the bright moon shine on me?

This poem was written in February of the eighth year of Zong Shen Xining (1075), and the poet visited for the second time, leaving the secluded Zhongshan and crossing the river to the north. This poem has been praised, mainly the third sentence? Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan? , especially one of them? Green? Words. According to Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Xu, he witnessed the manuscript, among which? Green? This word has been changed more than ten times, and it has all been changed? Arrive? 、? Pass? 、? Become? 、? Full? Wait, I'm not satisfied, so I finally decided? Green? Words. ? Green? Why is the word smart? Because it transforms the invisible spring breeze into a vivid visual image, thus achieving two effects: First, nature is full of vitality, spring breeze is blowing, and herbs are sprouting. Thousands of miles south of the Yangtze River, a new green; The second is to imply that the emperor is mighty. At this time, Zongshen issued a letter to restore Wang Anshi's appearance and asked him to go north immediately. It seems that the new law is promising again. The poet hopes to use this spring breeze to dispel the cold current of politics and create a new situation of political reform. And what are these connotations? Arrive? 、? Pass? 、? Become? 、? Full? If it is impossible. An ordinary one, so to speak? Green? , which brought eternal fame to this poem and even Wang Anshi. In fact, in Wang Anshi's poems? Green? Words are not only used in this article, but also used skillfully and accurately, such as Beishan: Beishan lost its green and rose, going straight back to the pond. ? ; Mr. yin is on the wall of the book lake: Grass eaves are long and quiet without moss, and flowers and trees are planted by hand. Protecting the field with one water will surround the green, and two mountains will send green? . The previous one? Green? In other words, the stream flowing down from Beishan Mountain will rise all over Shan Ye and ponds, and spring water will greet the sky, with infinite spring colors. Let us imagine that the stream from Beishan Mountain will not only bring spring water to the foot of Zhongshan Mountain, but also bring spring and vitality to everything under the mountain and even in the south of the Yangtze River. Something to do with the back? Is it because sitting for a long time and slowly looking for grass will be late? These two sentences are linked together, which is infinitely subtle in ordinary language. How about the poem Shi Lin Shi Hua? But see Rong and his state? In fact, it includes vivid and imaginary Zen during pregnancy. The latter? Green? On the contrary, it turns static into dynamic, making the lifeless green mountains and rivers full of dynamics and friendship: a' green' that surrounds farmland and makes the fields full of vitality; One deliberately pushed open the door and dedicated the castle peak to the poet. Wang Anshi's poems, especially the quatrains he wrote during his seclusion in Zhongshan, often outline the beautiful and elegant natural scenery with skillful language and simple description, which makes people relaxed and happy. Moreover, the language of these poems is not fancy, but often ordinary and used properly!

Wang Anshi's ability to choose words and make sentences is even better than Du Fu's. Look at his "Water Threshold to Send Heart":

The hut is far away from the hustle and bustle of Chengdu, with a spacious courtyard, no villages around and boundless vision.

Clear water, almost drowning both sides; Green trees and flowers in full bloom in the evening.

It was drizzling, and the fish jumped out of the water happily; The breeze is blowing gently, and the swallows slant across the sky.

The city is crowded with thousands of people; There are only two Three Lamps District here, and it's free.

After the poem was finished in the thatched cottage, the poet who had been running around for a long time finally had a place to rest. This poem describes the poet's leisure at this time and expresses his mood when spring comes. There are eight sentences in the poem, each sentence is a description of the scenery, and each sentence is? Worried? . Especially? Fish in the drizzle, swallow in the breeze? In two sentences, the text is particularly detailed, which is a new move in ordinary language. Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua praised these two sentences? The relationship between things has a natural beauty. ? Fish in the drizzle, swallow in the breeze? This cross is almost empty? . When the drizzle falls on the water, the fish often come out to sip. If the rain is crazy in the fierce waves, it will dive into the water. Swallows are very light, so they can fly across the sky in the breeze. One? Out? Word, write the joy of fish, one? Tilt? The words say the lightness of swallows. This is completely in line with the poet's relaxed mood at this time, the joy, feelings and scenery of spring. So, eight sentences are all landscapes and eight poems are all landscapes? Worried? !

2. Clumsy

So-called? Stupid? It shows a simple aesthetic feeling and gives people a simple and natural feeling. In fact, it is clumsy and intentional, such as Jiangnan by Han Yuefu:

Lotus can be picked in Jiangnan, so there is no lotus leaf. Fish hits the lotus leaf, fish hits the lotus leaf east, fish hits the lotus leaf west, fish hits the lotus leaf south and fish hits the lotus leaf north.

It looks clumsy in structure because there is too much repetition. Fish frolicking between lotus leaves? Yes, why do you want it? Fish playing lotus leaf east? 、? Fish playing with lotus leaves and west? Until Lotus Leaf South and Lotus Leaf North say it again? But if we analyze it carefully, we will find that it is a beautiful poem carefully constructed, but expressed in a seemingly clumsy way. In terms of expression techniques, metaphors and puns, which are common in folk love songs, are adopted. Lotus? Harmonic? Poor? A symbol of love, the fish splashing in the lotus leaf is used to describe the scene of young men and women chasing each other in labor. Since we are chasing each other, East, West, North and South have to chase each other. In the movie, a man and a woman run around vilen and hide in the street. I think that's the reason. In addition, east, west, north and south are juxtaposed, and the change of orientation is based on the swimming of fish. Fish playing lotus leaf east? , suggesting that young men and women in the west are picking lotus leaves; Write clearly? Fish playing with lotus leaves and west? It means that young men and women pick lotus leaves in the east of the lotus leaves. North and south are the same, and the simplicity of language and sentence patterns hides the subtlety of conception. In addition, this changeable sentence pattern is also a traditional technique in The Book of Songs. Moreover, not a word in the poem is written directly about people, but through the description of lotus leaves and fish, people feel that they have heard their voices, seen their people and enjoyed the happiness of labor and love of lotus pickers. In a word, this seemingly clumsy poem has such a subtle expression, which not only inherits the tradition, but also embodies the characteristics of folk songs. This is the beauty of simplicity in stupidity.

This aesthetic feeling is manifested in folk songs, such as a passage in Mulan's Mulan Ci written by Yuefu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties: Buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north? ; There was a time after the war when I returned home in triumph: When parents heard that their daughter was coming, they went out to help Guo. Sister-in-law heard that her sister-in-law was coming to take care of red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. , are composed of parallelism and repetition. If we discuss it in detail, it seems unreasonable: how can we buy horses in the east market, saddles in the west market, halters in the south market and whips in the north market? However, if we start from the plot of the poem and the need to shape the characters, we will find that this writing is really ingenious, because it sets off a tense and enthusiastic atmosphere for preparing for the war, and the scene of a family rushing about for Mulan's war naturally highlights the value of Mulan's joining the army to the country and family. Similarly, Mulan successfully returned to her hometown after the war, and described the behavior of each family member one by one, which also highlighted the value of Mulan's joining the army. She sacrificed her children for more than ten years, and lost a quiet and happy life at her parents' knees in her hometown. In exchange, not only did her parents enjoy their old age, but her younger brother grew up. Now she can kill pigs and sheep and take on the main housework. Sister can only stay at home because sister disguised as a man and joined the army? Do you want to wear red makeup? . Such a detailed description in the poem highlights the great significance of Mulan's joining the army everywhere!