Dairy farming technology?

First, the selection of dairy cattle groups

It is easier for primiparous cows to increase milk production than multiparous cows, because multiparous cows can store the absorbed excess nutrients in their bodies for later use. Therefore, it is more cost-effective to improve the milk yield of primiparous cows, but don't ignore the long-term interests of postpartum cows. People often ignore the existence of the phenomenon that the first-born heifer has not reached full maturity. Because reserve cows are generally malnourished, they can't reach the target weight when they just give birth. This situation is particularly prominent in China, mainly because of the shortage of feed, especially concentrated feed.

Second, the intake of dry matter.

Increasing the intake of dry matter is not only the basis of improving milk production, but also ensuring that animals will not have a negative impact on the fertility and health of dairy cows while improving milk production. The factors affecting the dry matter intake of animals include dairy cows themselves, feed and management.

1, cattle's own factors

Cow's own factors mostly include live weight, body shape and physical condition, and these factors are not described here. There are many factors related to cows themselves: the management of dry cows, the cultivation of backup cows and the genetic potential of cows, among which changing the feeding management of dry cows can quickly see benefits.

After calving, the physical condition of dry cows is the easiest to adjust in the whole herd, so it is very meaningful to prepare correct and reasonable diet for dry cows.

In the early lactation period, due to the contraction of rumen volume, the feed intake is relatively reduced. This physiological state is inevitable, but it can still prevent the reduction of rumen volume to a certain extent, so feeding a large amount of diet rich in structural fiber, such as straw, will help to keep the rumen elongated and increase the rumen volume.

In the late lactation and early dry lactation, the number and species of rumen microorganisms changed due to the decrease of concentrate level. Therefore, rumen microorganisms should be prepared to mix high-level and easy-to-ferment concentrated feed with roughage to adapt to the great changes of diet. Similarly, the rumen wall changes in late lactation and early dry lactation, so it is necessary to restore the rumen volume so that the rumen can absorb nutrients released by microbial fermentation in a large area. Volatile fatty acids in concentrated feed can stimulate the growth of rumen wall, so feeding concentrated feed in dry milk period can first promote rumen growth and provide nutrition for dairy cows.

Finally, overfeeding should be avoided during the dry milk period, because overfeeding will reduce the appetite of dairy cows after delivery. Please remember that the correct feeding management during the dry milk period is the guarantee for postpartum cows to eat more feed and digest efficiently. In China, it is common practice to feed dry cows with more concentrated feed near delivery.

Step 2 feed

Remember, cows are ruminants. Structural carbohydrates in diet can stimulate the contraction of rumen, which will promote the continuous mixing of rumen contents and the repeated contact and rumination of microorganisms with feed. In order to avoid the feed containing structural compounds being too short, the ideal cutting ratio is to reach the "nose width" (about 5 cm). Clean straw is the best source of structural carbohydrates, and straw with moderate length will play an important role in rumen activity and rumination. Wheat straw can provide the best structural carbohydrates.

The water content in the mixture is very important, and only by increasing the amount of drinking water can the feed intake be improved. For example, 3-5 liters of water can increase the dry matter in the mixture by 40-50%. Try it and see how it works.

Using a part of water in additives can also improve the feed intake, such as molasses, which is mainly due to the flavor and odor and the sugar and other components acted by microorganisms.

Adding other water-rich substances into the feed can also effectively stimulate the intake, such as beer grains.

3. Feeding management

It should be noted that feeding management may have a great influence on improving the feed intake of animals. We should put ourselves in the cow's shoes. Cows want to get food easily and eat it conveniently. Remember, when a cow needs to be hurt continuously to get food, it will become lazy, and neither the calf nor the more timid cow wants to be hurt. When they need to endure high-frequency pain when getting food, they will give up eating. Are we considering reducing this pressure on grandma cows as much as possible?

Ensure the frequency of feeding. If a variety of feeds are mixed, each group should be fed as many times as possible every day, so as to maintain the freshness of the feed and reduce the risk of decreased feed intake caused by heat generated by mold fermentation after mixing. Whenever feeding, cows are always rushing to share delicious food.

The way to get food should be as short and simple as possible to avoid any danger of hurting cows. For example, cows must be forbidden from getting close to those more fierce cows. In a long bed, there must be a break every 20 to 25 beds. Similarly, in the case of tethering, the cow can lie down or stand freely. Putting sand on the bed, which is softer than concrete, can reduce the incidence of mastitis.

Fresh and delicious feed should always be placed in front of cows, especially high-yield cows. Observation data show that cows that have just finished milking in the morning have been feeding for a while, and their diet is far away from them. High-yield cows always get more diet, and the rest will be fed to low-yield cows or backup cows. It should be the breeder who cleans the feed in the trough, not the cows themselves.

A free cowshed should have enough feeding space to meet the needs of all cows. Confirm the rationality of the design of the feeding fence, keep the feed within the free reach of the cows, and do not cause harm to the cows, such as swelling or abscess caused by the friction fence. Some cows often rub the fence up to six times a day.

When cows lie down and concentrate on ruminating, the comfort of cows is very important, but it is still a seriously neglected problem. By the way, cows should stay in the following places-feeding trough or sink, milking room, bed or playground, or on the road between them. If the cow just "stands", it needs to find out the reason and solve it.

Ensure that cows rest and ruminate in a clean, dry and comfortable environment.

The ideal bed rest should have a forward space, which can meet the normal standing and lying movements. Remember, when the cow stands up, its back arches forward. With such a forward space, there will be no harm, pain and frustration, and all postures of normal standing can be satisfied. If there is no such space to consider, cows will stand longer and have less time to rest and ruminate.

Third, the nutrient concentration.

Whether it is mixed feeding or coarse concentrate feeding alone, the nutritional concentration of diet is as important as dry matter intake.

1 and energy

The energy concentration is described by the energy per unit of dry matter, NEL/ kg (MCal/kg). The basis of use depends on the actual intake. Taking 20kg dry matter as an example, the net energy of 1kg dry matter increased by 0.035MCal = 1l milk increased by 0.7Mcal.

In the past, when the price of corn was low, most people would think that starch drove the production of milk. Nowadays, this idea is facing challenges all over the world, especially in the United States, where the doubling of grain prices forces people to choose a low-starch diet that has little impact on dairy products, but this diet caters to dairy cows. Energy balance from starch and digestible fiber is very important for dairy cows. When dairy cows with high intake and milk yield are fed with low starch diet, only a few feed-related problems, such as acidosis, low rumination or slope toe, occur. Cows are ruminants, and beet pulp and corn distiller's grains are their high-quality feed.

2. Rumen bypass protein

More energy needs more protein, just as concrete needs more bricks to build a house. Bacterial protein produced by rumen microorganisms is limited, so rumen bypass protein needs to be supplemented in special feed. In order to achieve greater effect, it is necessary to feed high-quality rumen bypass protein rich in different amino acids, but this is not at the expense of reducing rumen degradable protein, because rumen degradable protein plays an important role in the effective degradation of high fiber in diet.

Fourth, special trace components.

Using a variety of trace components is an advantage to realize dietary optimization. These trace elements can help improve the feed intake and immune system of dairy cows, so as to obtain high-quality products, healthy feet and feet, good fertility and less diseases. Under the condition of not affecting the health and productivity of dairy cows, adding appropriate trace elements will cooperate with various factors and promote the genetic potential of dairy cows.

1, yeast

Yeast can adjust the balance of rumen microorganisms and increase the number of bacteria using digestible fiber, thus improving dry matter intake and milk production. When the producers understand the benefits of yeast, after a month of experiments, they will see the effects and changes after feeding: rumen microbial flora has changed, feces have dried, food intake has increased, daily milk production has been stable, and milk quality has improved. Dry cows should be fully prepared before entering the lactation stage. Adding yeast has the function of regulating rumen microorganisms, so that dairy cows can completely cope with the intake of high-grade feed.

It is generally believed that the result of adding yeast: if you eat more dry matter 1kg, you can produce more milk 1.5 liter, and bring considerable extra profits because of the improvement of your own situation.

2. Trace elements with high utilization rate

It has been proved many times that feeding trace elements with high utilization rate is beneficial to dairy cows. Typical trace element premixes exist in the form of various salts containing trace elements, such as oxides and sulfates. Trace element premix, like amino acid premix, should be fed according to a certain proportion, especially copper, manganese and zinc. This so-called easily absorbed trace element has been studied in detail all over the world, and the results include: improving foot condition, reducing somatic cells (reducing the incidence of clinical mastitis) and improving reproductive performance. These results may be the influencing factors to improve milk production. These important nutrients actively improve the condition of dairy cows by participating in physiological activities, rather than directly reflecting on traits, that is to say, the role of balanced nutrition on milk production and weight gain has not stopped, and it is playing a role in all aspects of metabolism.

To improve the milk yield, we must first formulate a set of systematic and reasonable methods, and at the same time reduce any adverse effects on the health and reproductive performance of dairy cows. If you want to maximize profits by using a large number of or different nutritional products, you must strictly evaluate the current feeding management and eliminate any possible restrictions or bottlenecks. Understand the current situation, define the future development direction, measure the gap with the target and cost-effectiveness, so that the promotion is truly profitable.