What Is Cinema? What Is Cinema?

The origin of film

"The prehistory of film is almost as long as its history". As a product of modern science and technology, the birth of film has indeed experienced a long experimental process by many scientists, inventors and even imitators in European countries. Their scientific exploration and experiment on sports optical illusion can be traced back to the beginning of19th century. However, the understanding and application of "light and shadow theory" can be traced back to China more than 2,000 years ago. According to written records, in the fifth century BC, Mozi put forward the theory that "light dies when it reaches the scene (shadow)", which is the earliest and most scientific contribution of mankind to the "optical theory". The "Lantern Shadow Play", which originated in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and spread widely after Tang and Song Dynasties, is the earliest and simplest application and practice of "Light Theory". /kloc-In the 3rd century, "Lantern Shadow Play" was introduced to the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia and other places, which gave birth to vivid and touching video games such as "Slide Show" and "Walking Lights". Movies originated from these visual entertainment games. As for the scientific, technical and physical principles on which the invention of movies is based, there are mainly the following three aspects.

Encyclopedia Britannica? Part of the film history, the first sentence at the beginning.

First, visual retention.

"In ancient times, people found that a burning charcoal turned into a fire belt when it was waved." However, this visual phenomenon was associated with the invention of movies in the19th century. 1829, Joseph Prato, a famous Belgian physicist, stared at the strong sunlight for a long time in order to further investigate the tolerance limit of human eyes to light and the time for objects to stay, resulting in blindness. But he found that the shadow of the sun was deeply imprinted in his eyes. He finally discovered the principle of "visual retention". That is, when the object in front of people is removed, the image reflected by the object on the retina will not disappear immediately, but will remain for a short time. Experiments show that the retention time of images is generally 0. 1-0.4 seconds. and

At present, physics textbooks and physics laboratories in Europe have also adopted the Faraday wheel principle and the visualization research of the rotation of the picture "magic disk". They showed human beings that the physiological function of human vision can combine a series of independent pictures into a continuous mobile video. 19 In 1930s, visual toys such as stunt wheels, walking wheels, rotating wheels, movable mirrors and stroboscope appeared one after another. Its basic principle is similar, that is, draw a series of images on a rotatable and movable video disc. When the video disc rotates, those unremarkable images move and come alive. Since then, the Austrian combined the slide show with the movable video disc, so that the still picture was projected on the screen, and the movable slide show was made, forming the early animation. However, in the 1960s, film theorists and educators raised new questions about "visual stagnation". They found that all the action phenomena on the screen were actually jumping and incoherent, but the audience realized that it was a unified and complete action sequence. This proves that what really works is not "visual retention" but "psychological recognition".

Second, photography.

Photography also originated in Europe in the19th century. 1839, Daguerre, a Frenchman, fixed the image permanently by chemical method according to the pinhole imaging principle in painting after the Renaissance, and "Daguerre Photography" came into being. /span>。 In front of consciousness, we can no longer be satisfied with a static, exquisite and single photo, but fantasize that one day they can be interrelated and faithfully copy the image action and the material realization of natural space. 1872, photographer Edward Curtrich was the first to apply "photography" to continuous shooting. In five years, he used many cameras to shoot a running horse continuously, which was successful in 1878. The talented photographer arranged 24 cameras in a row. When the horse ran by, the shutter of the camera opened, and the instantaneous posture of horseshoe and flying was photographed in turn. To this end, Edward? Curtain Ricky obtained the patent of "Method and Device for Shooting Moving Objects". 1882, French men developed a "photographic gun" that can shoot continuously by using the intermittent principle of revolvers. Later, he invented the film continuous camera. Finally, a camera began to use a group of cameras instead of curtains to shoot moving objects. In Europe, scientists and inventors from many countries also developed different types of cameras during this period. Among them, Thomas Edison of the United States and his mechanic Dick invented the traction method of punching holes on both sides of the film in order to make the film move at the same interval in the camera, which solved the technical problem of mechanical transmission. The "photography" of "mobile photography" is completed.

Third, projection

1888, Frenchman emile reynaud invented the "optical film machine", and people began to see moving films for a few minutes on the curtain, such as "Poor Pierre".

1895, when the Lumiere brothers showed the public the picture of the train entering the station, the audience was scared to flee by this almost vivid image. Since then, their cinematography has not only shown epoch-making significance in the development history of human documentary tools, but also the scene of the train entering the station symbolizes the origin of the development of film technology.

Who invented the movie?

If you ask people in the American film industry,

They will answer with one voice: "This was invented by Edison. 」

But if you ask the French,

They would say, "It's Lumiere! 」

So who is the real inventor of the film? Answer: Both!

According to the record:

1888, Edison began to study photos of activities. When Hysmans invented continuous film, Edison immediately bought continuous film and asked William Kennedy and Lori Dixon to start research. The following year 10, Dixon put forward the research results, and he made it into a moving horse, which was the earliest success in the history of movies. After his success, Dixon continued to immerse himself in further research. 1890, he applied for a film patent and could take 40 photos every second. This is the originator of modern movies.

189 1 year, Thomas Alva Edison applied for the patent right of image projection tube and photographic device, and was the originator of the movie "Westernization Scene". The idea of Thomas Alva Edison's invention of "peep show" was that it was once very popular because it could only be seen by one person at a time and people's curiosity could increase their interest. Soon, Thomas Alva Edison established the earliest studio in the world, which greatly promoted the development of movies.

At first, in Europe, some people were studying photos of these activities. 1895, two people in London, one named Budka and the other named R.W. Paul, improved the original recording studio and performed in public. At the same time, there are two brothers in France, named Louis Lumiere and August Lumiere. They mapped the photos to the screen, thus attracting a large number of curious viewers. The screening of the film kicked off.

The Lumiere brothers then showed a film called "The Factory in Lumiere has Closed" at the Association of the Paris Awards for Industry. In the same year1February, 12 film was officially released in the underground hall of the "Grand Cafe" in Boussineau Street, and tickets were sold.

In September of the same year, tickets were also sold at the World Expo held in Atlanta, USA, when the projection film was shown. It can be seen that as early as the beginning of the film, it has already formed an indissoluble bond with profit.

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Film projection form

The super-large screen movie adopts 70 mm film projection technology, which is called super-large because of its huge screen. Its screen height is 2 1 m and its width is 30m, which is equivalent to the height of seven floors. The size of the screen is rare in the world. It has the characteristics of stable and clear picture and normal color restoration. The real and magnificent scenes on the screen give people a feeling of beautiful appreciation and touching. With the push and pull of the near and far lens, it will take you into exotic and beautiful nature.

The dynamic ball screen cinema adopts 70mm projection equipment, and the hemisphere screen diameter is 18m. When watching a movie, the whole picture is covered by a sphere, ignoring the edge of the screen, the transmissive metal screen and the six-channel stereo effect, so that the audience can enjoy the changeable and vivid weather. The dynamic platform in the cinema is a high-tech system engineering integrating hydraulic pressure, automatic control of electrical appliances and computer animation. When you sit on the platform carrier, the whole carrier can rise and fall, tilt left and right, pitch back and forth. You can simulate a spaceship inviting you to visit space, or a submersible enjoying the strange sight of the underwater world. With the vivid pictures and the activities of the platform carrier, people can't help but enter the role and produce a very real and thrilling special feeling. Ball-screen action movie.

Water curtain movies are completely different from traditional movies. It uses a high-pressure water pump to spray water from bottom to top through a special nozzle to atomize the water and form a fan-shaped screen. This screen is connected with the night sky in nature, and people go in and out of the screen, up and down, creating an illusory feeling, like a mirage. At present, water curtain movies are rare in China.

Ring screen movie: Ring screen movie is also called 360-degree circular movie. The hall is circular, surrounded by nine screens, projected by nine projectors at the same time. When watching, the audience will stand in the center of the circle, look forward and back, and look around, dazzling and spectacular. With the multi-channel stereo effect, a strong sense of immersion will be presented to you.

Stereo film is a peculiar spatial image and stereoscopic effect produced by combining the optical principle with the parallax of human eyes. When you wear special polarized glasses, you will feel that everything on the screen is the same as nature, with different distances before and after. Some scenes are close at hand and seem easy to get. When an object pushes towards you quickly, you will feel that it suddenly hits your head, which will surprise you.

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World famous film festivals and their awards

1. Famous foreign film festivals and film-related awards

American Academy Awards

Official website:/

At present, the most influential and oldest film awards in the world are awarded by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the United States.

Origin of Award: 1927 In May, at a banquet held in Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, it was suggested that the winners should be rewarded in order to promote the development of film art. Participants agreed that Cedric Gibbons, an artist from MGM who attended the meeting at that time, would draw a sketch on the tablecloth, and then George Stanley, a young artist who just graduated from art school, would make it into a bronze statue. This bronze statue is a male figure standing on the film with a long sword in his hand. High 10.25 inch, gold-plated surface, so it is called the gold medal. At that time, it was called Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences's annual prize, referred to as "Oscar Award".

The origin of the name: 193 1 one day, Mamet Hurley, the new librarian of the college, found that the golden statue in the office looked like her uncle Oscar. A reporter reported her words the next day. Since then, the name "Oscar" has gradually been used by people, but the Academy Awards are rarely mentioned. The Oscars were originally awarded in the form of banquets, and later changed to awards conferences. Later, the prize-winning conference added entertainment programs. Since the first session, it has been held once a year except 1930 and 1933.

Historical records: 1929 10, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences selected and recorded the film creation from the second half of 1927 to the first half of 1928. /kloc-in may of 0/6, the first award ceremony was held at the Roosevelt hotel in Hollywood, and fifteen golden statues were awarded. Wing, produced by 1928, is the first film to win the best film award. The first winner of the best actress award was Jenny Geithner; The first winner of the Best Actor Award was Amy Jennings, who died in Germany on 1950.

Main items: Best Film Award, Best Actor and Actress Award, Best Director Award. Other awards include best photography, art design, costume design, original script, adaptation of script, adaptation of soundtrack, editing, visual effects, composition and sound effects. In addition, some special honors are awarded. Every election is divided into two stages: nomination and voting. The voting was conducted by more than 3,000 members of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. They choose the best film from the collective voting, and then choose the best actor, director, screenwriter, photographer and so on. According to their specialty. After the voting results were announced, an award ceremony was held. Famous actors act as emcees, and awards are presented by former Oscar winners.

European film awards (european film awards).

Official website:/

The highest award of French domestic films, known as the "French Oscar", was jointly organized by the French Academy of Film Arts and Technology and France Television 2. And organize selection and voting. It is named after the famous French sculptor Bale D'Asigny Caesar (because he designed the Cesar Prize). It will be held once a year from 1976. There were 13 individual awards in the first session, which were the best French film, director, screenwriter, hero and heroine, etc. From 65438 to 0982, the Best Debut Award was added. 1984 added the Best Young Actor and Actress Hope Award.

Golden Globe Award, American film.

Official website:/

The Motion Picture Association of America was established, and the first Academy Award was awarded in June 5438+1October 65438+May 2002. AFI Award (the award of the Motion Picture Association of America) is short for once a year. 1996, in order to celebrate the centenary of the film's birth, the American Film Institute held a voting activity for 100 classic films in American film history, which won a good reputation. Therefore, it holds a grand vote for different themes every year. Starting from 200 1, it has set up the Top American Movies of the Year 10, and praised the endorsements of all major filmmakers for these ten films. There is no breakdown award, and everyone is very happy.

American Film Critics Association Award.

Local website: /nsfc/cda/

As the oldest award among the five major film critics associations in the United States, the National Film Critics Award has always been regarded as one of the most important weathervanes of Oscar. The National Association of Film Critics has a history of 95 years, and its members include film historians and scholars in the film art department. Its awards are selected by a committee of 150 people and a judging panel of 12 people.

The National Board of Review Awards.

Official website:/

One of the three American film critics awards.

Chicago Film Critics Circle Award.

Official website:/

Established by john wilson on 198 1, and selected by the Golden Strawberry Award Foundation, it is an award for opposing the Oscar and exclusively evaluating the worst movies and actors in Hollywood, and it is selected once a year. The winners are announced on March 24th every year, that is, on the eve of the Oscars. Sometimes the list of winners is not the worst in a year (but in most cases it is not much better), but based on [loss], so some big-budget movies or big-name singers often win prizes for cross-border performances! Every year, the winners are specially announced the day before the Oscar ceremony.

Independent Spirit Awards.

Official website: Online Movie Awards

The online movie award with the largest number of participants and the highest reputation, all the winning films are made in Hollywood without exception.

2. China Film Festival and Film-related Awards

Changchun Film Festival·China

Changchun Film Festival China was founded on 1992, which is an international national film festival approved by the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television of People's Republic of China (PRC). It is held every two years. Sponsored by People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Radio, Film and Television, Jilin Provincial People's Government and Changchun Municipal People's Government; Changchun Municipal People's Government, Film Administration of the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television, Jilin Provincial Department of Culture, China Film Distribution & Projection I/O Company, China Film Co-production Company and changchun film studio jointly undertake the project. The purpose of this film festival is friendship, exchange and development. The organizing committee of the film festival will employ experts from all aspects of the film industry to form a jury. This year's film festival has the following awards: 1, best Chinese feature film award (including co-production feature film); 2. Best foreign language feature film award; 3. China Excellent Feature Film Award; 4. Outstanding Foreign Language Feature Film Award; 5. Best Screenplay Award; 6. Best Director Award; 7. Best Actor Award; 8. Best Actress Award; 9. Best Supporting Actor Award; 10, Best Supporting Actress Award; For the winners, the film festival organizing Committee respectively