Why can't the Ming dynasty deal with Mongolia, but the Qing dynasty can completely surrender Mongolia?

If the Central Plains Dynasty wanted to subdue the nomadic people, it needed to meet three conditions at the same time.

First, break up and defeat opponents militarily, so that nomads cannot exist as a whole. This is difficult, because nomads are mobile and can run far. To accomplish this condition, the Central Plains dynasty needed to have a persistent military strike attitude.

Second, after the nomadic people break up, it is necessary to delimit a range and carry out effective management, which cannot be separated from the monitoring of the central government. Want to complete this condition, also need the central plains dynasty has a persistent attitude.

The third is timing. Self-effort is very important, but timing and luck are also indispensable.

For example, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlords in the Central Plains scuffled, which was a good opportunity for the Southern Xiongnu to break away from the control of the Central Plains regime. However, at that time, there was a Xianbei tribal alliance in the Monan Dynasty, which was far stronger than the South Xiongnu, threatening the South Xiongnu from time to time and forcing the South Xiongnu to attach itself to the Central Plains dynasty. Therefore, when the Three Kingdoms scuffled at the end of the Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu was honest and did not dare to make a move.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains was still in a mess, but the grasslands were already torn apart. Are small tribes. At this time, the southern Xiongnu had a dishonest opportunity.

So what did the Ming Dynasty satisfy with the above three points?

Unfortunately, no.

The Hongwu and Yongle Dynasties of the Ming Dynasty attacked Mongolia more than ten times. But the impact effect is not ideal. The Ming army only scattered Mongolia, but did not defeat it.

Later, during the periods of Emperor Renzong, Emperor Xuanzong and Ming Yingzong, due to various reasons, the scale of the Northern Expedition became smaller and smaller, and the confidence of the Ming Dynasty in conquering Mongolia became less and less.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, although Wang Zhi traveled thousands of miles to Wang Ting, Mongolia, he killed the legendary Mongolian hero Man Duhai. Ma Fang's attack on Mongolian camp. However, these are small-scale blows, and the blow is not strong.

It is worth mentioning that in the Ming Wuzong period, in order to resist the invasion of Dayan Khan, Ming Wuzong personally signed. However, his move was not only strongly opposed by civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty at that time, but even after his death, he was labeled as nonsense by historians.

Look, even the emperor launched a slightly larger Northern Expedition, which can be said to be doing nothing. The ruling group is so conservative, how did the Ming Dynasty defeat the Mongols?

Generally speaking. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the strategy of conquering Mongolia was actually abandoned. Both bureaucrats and ordinary people hold a negative attitude towards conquering Mongolia, believing that it is a waste of people and money.

Therefore, it can be said that in the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army never completely defeated the Mongols militarily.

It is impossible to defeat the opponent militarily, and it is impossible to achieve control politically and economically.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy disintegrated the Mongolian forces through marriage and conferment.

However, the inducements policy of the Ming Dynasty, like military strikes, was not carried out to the end and was very unsuccessful.

Here is a question: Why were all the enterprising policies in the early Ming Dynasty overthrown in the middle and late Ming Dynasty?

Is it because of the emperor's inaction? Is it because of the money problem?

There are indeed these two factors. However, judging from the opposition of civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty to the crusade against Dayan Khan by Ming Wuzong and the attack on the three major levies by Wanli, these are not the main reasons.

The real reason is that after the change of Minbao, the civilian group came from behind. As a result, the Ming Dynasty, like the Song Dynasty, valued literature over martial arts.

Why did attaching importance to literature over martial arts lead to the lack of enterprise in feudal dynasties?

This is because, if the military man's status is not high, then the military commander is not qualified to run, and can only do some simple military work. If you cut off a person's head to save the military, climb up slowly.

In this way, it is impossible for a military commander to produce a commander with a high strategic vision.

Just look at the list of generals in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Compared with Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Aquamarine, Li Wenzhong and others in the early period, the generals in the middle and late Ming Dynasty generally lacked the operational experience of large corps and the ability to manage one side.

This is not that people's quality is not good, but that times have changed. Military commanders are suppressed by literati, and it is difficult to produce handsome talents.

As for the literati, let them govern the country. But expect them to conquer Mongolia; After defeating the Mongols, it is impossible to stay in the grassland to manage herders.

It is worth mentioning that most of the civil servants in the middle and late Ming Dynasty were born in the south.

For example, in the 12th Jiajing period, except Mao Ji, Zhai Luan and Shi Li, nine other people, including Xia Yan, Yan Song and Yang Yiqing, were from the south.

Scholars are in power, mostly southern Confucianism. This kind of staffing was disastrous for the implementation of the policy of conquering Mongolia in Ming Dynasty.

This is the same reason that the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty did not reuse Confucian scholars, but appointed Mongols and Semu people as great scholars to govern the Central Plains, which made the Central Plains a mess.

Not that piece of material. On the hard top, it must be counterproductive and make a mess.

In fact, all the decisions made by the Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia were not without a coup, nor were they without effective strategies. But in general, many policies are short-lived, abolished in the middle and late stages, and have not been implemented from beginning to end.

Finally, the weather.

In the Ming dynasty, there was no time. This can be seen clearly on a global scale.

1416th century nomads, although they are no longer as brave as Genghis Khan. However, nomadic tribes scattered in Eurasia still have strong strength.

Such as the war between Russia and the Crimean khanate, the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Timur Empire. It's all bloody battles. It is not easy for Russia and the Ottoman Empire to win.

Moreover, Mongolians still have considerable room for activities.

They can't fight, they can run. Run where the enemy can't catch up.

It can be said that in the world of the Ming Dynasty, it is not only the Ming Dynasty that cannot completely deal with Mongols. Other ethnic groups that have conflicts with nomadic people can't handle it.

The Ming dynasty didn't occupy Mongolia at all, and it couldn't get rid of Mongolia. What about the Qing dynasty?

By the Qing dynasty, all three conditions were met, and Mongolia finally settled down.

In terms of military strikes, the Qing Dynasty launched a century-long fierce attack on the divided Mongolian ministries on the basis of the Ming Dynasty.

The first is Huang taiji. 1635, after wooing Horqin and other tribes, Huang Taiji defeated Li Dan Khan, the nominal leader of Mongolia, and unified southern Mongolia. Become the great Khan of Mongolia. (1) Later Jin Khan and Mongolian Khan. Became the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the Great Khan of Mongolia after he proclaimed himself emperor)

Followed by Kangxi. 1688, Kangxi pushed his way through the crowd. While Junggar attacked Khalkha Mongolia, it insisted on absorbing Khalkha Mongolia, which surrendered voluntarily, and went to war with galdan. Finally, galdan was defeated by luck and force, and the outer Mongolia region was firmly controlled.

After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, influenced by the traditional thought of the Central Plains, the Qing court's strategy of destroying Mongolia was shaken many times. Being with Junggar is of great significance. This situation influenced the formulation of ethnic policies in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods.

Fortunately, in 1755, under the pressure of civil and military opposition from Manchu, Qianlong sent troops to Yili during the civil strife in Junggar. Finally defeated Davatchi and Amur Sana 'a, annexed Junggar Khanate, and ended the hundred-year war between Qing Dynasty and Mongolian ministries.

It is worth mentioning that Huang Taiji's title of Mongolian Khan is not his self-styled. However, the son of Lidan Khan, Ezhe, led a group of Mongolian princes to the stage and willingly gave the title of Mongolian Khan to Huang Taiji.

This shows that Monan Mongolia was really conquered by the Qing Dynasty. Otherwise, Mongols can't ask a jurchen to be the great Khan of their own nation.

Because Mongolia was subdued by the Qing dynasty, the Qing dynasty managed Mongolia deeply.

On the one hand, the Qing Dynasty used Zasak system (an official system, which means consul in Mongolian) to divide all parts of Mongolia into more than 200 flags, and named Mongolian princes and nobles as consuls, allowing them to manage their own territory.

This move is similar to the decree of the Western Han Dynasty, which is intended to "share the power of various buildings". Mongolia, which was originally divided into more than 10 plates, was successfully divided into more than 200 small plates.

After the Zasak system was widely implemented in Mongolia, there was no relationship between the flags and there was no connection between them. Herdsmen can only graze on their own land, and it is strictly forbidden to cross the border. As long as herders can't run around, they are strictly confined to a small circle. Management is not that difficult.

On the other hand, the Qing Dynasty supervised the Mongolian prince who served as Zasak through Fan Liyuan and generals, such as General Wuliyatai and General Yili.

In the Qing dynasty, it was not that herders could not run around, nor did Mongolian princes and nobles. If a prince wants to cross this area, or go to Beijing, or go to the Central Plains, he must apply to Fan Liyuan and register for the record before he can do this.

In this way, a Mongolian upper-class maharaja can't get up even if he refuses to obey the rule of the Qing Dynasty and wants to rebel.

On the other hand, the emperors of Qing Dynasty also believed in Yellow Religion, and strongly advocated Yellow Religion in Mongolian grasslands. Even the emperor of the Qing Dynasty raised the Yellow Religion to the state religion, and gave the Mongolian Lama a very high courtesy. For example, when you become a Lama, you don't have to wait, pay taxes, work, eat or drink. Only in this way can we win over the followers of the Yellow Sect in Mongolia.

According to incomplete statistics, by the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 2,000 temples of Yellow Sect in Mongolia. On average, each flag has more than ten temples.

With so many temples, there are naturally many believers.

When the Mongols widely believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the brave Mongols were domesticated into soft lambs.

In Qianlong's words, this trick is to train Mongolians with Yellow Religion, above China!

Splitting+restricting movement+promoting Tibetan Buddhism, the combination of these three moves, the originally unruly and full of fighting spirit Mongols were tamed by the Qing Dynasty.

Finally, the weather.

Although the Mongols in the Ming Dynasty were not brilliant, they could still fight to the death with other ethnic groups in Eurasia.

But when time entered the18th century, times changed.

Russians who were originally rubbed by Mongols on the ground, in turn, rubbed Mongols on the ground.

Uzbeks and Kazakhs who used to rub on the ground, in turn, rubbed Mongols on the ground.

It can be said that by the eighteenth century, the original glorious Mongols were gone. We can't beat Russia and Ottoman Turkey to the west, and we can't beat the nomadic people in Central Asia to the south. Only the descendants of Timur, in desperation, defeated the indigenous Indians and opened up a new world in the South Asian subcontinent.

In this case, the Mongolians are squeezed by various forces, and the space for activities is restricted, and there is nowhere to escape. If the Qing dynasty can't solve Mongolia, it can only show that the level of the Qing dynasty is really not good.

And the level of the Qing dynasty, obviously no slag to the same level as the Indians. Therefore, it is an inevitable trend of historical development to solve Mongolia in Qing Dynasty.

If we reverse the time of Ming and Qing Dynasties. There was the Qing Dynasty first, and then the Ming Dynasty. With the Qing dynasty as a cushion, it is estimated that the Ming dynasty can also surrender Mongolia.

In modern times, many people like to oppose the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as if Ming is Ming and Qing is Qing. But in fact, the Qing dynasty inherited the system of the Ming dynasty and further developed it on the basis of the Ming dynasty. Therefore, the surrender of the Qing Dynasty to Mongolia was actually inseparable from the Ming Dynasty.