What about the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France?

"War in Happy Years" refers to the war between Britain and France, and then between Burgundy, from 1337- 1453. This is the longest war in the world, which lasted intermittently for 1 16 years. During the Hundred Years War, many new tactics and weapons were developed. The victory of the war enabled France to complete national reunification and laid the foundation for its future expansion in the European continent. England lost almost all French territory, but it also made nationalism rise in England.

The first stage (1337─ 1360)

Britain and France mainly compete for Flanders and Keane.

1337 1 1 In October, King Edward III of England led an army to attack France, and the war began.

1340, the British army defeated the French army in the Battle of Schloss, and Britain took control of the English Channel and gained the right to control the sea to prevent the French army from invading the sea.

1346 In August, the British army won the battle of keresey on land, and gained the advantage on land. The French coastal fortress Calais was besieged again, and it was successfully occupied after 1 1 month.

1347, he captured Calais, France, then defeated the Scottish invasion at the Battle of Neville Cross and captured the pro-French king David II of Scotland.

1348, the black death swept through Europe, and the two countries stopped fighting for ten years.

1356, England attacked again and captured Case and Gascony in southwest France.

1356 September, the French army was defeated in the battle of Poitiers, and the French king John II (reigned 1350 ~ 1364) and his ministers were captured, so Britain took this opportunity to demand a huge ransom from France. The British imposed excessive taxes indefinitely, and France's internal economy was in a state of complete destruction, which led to the French people's uprising-the Paris Uprising led by Marseille (1357- 1358) and the Zachary Uprising (1358). The French royal family suffered from the internal and external troubles of the British army, the national economy collapsed, and the civilians rebelled, and the situation was very unfavorable.

1360, France was forced to sign the extremely unequal Peace Treaty of Bradini, [2]? Cede all territory from the south of the Loire River to the Pyrenees.

The second stage (1369- 1380)

1364, French Bonnie Prince Charlie succeeded to the throne and was called Charles V (1364 to 1380 reigned). In order to recapture the lost territory, he reorganized the army, reorganized the tax system and prepared for the war nervously. Charles V replaced some knights with hired infantry, and established field artillery and a new fleet.

Starting from 1369, they launched a series of offensives to retake the occupied territory. Bertrand du Gasklin was ordered to command the army, attack the British army by surprise attack and guerrilla tactics, and defeat the British army in many battles such as the Battle of Montier.

1380, the British army has retreated to the coastal areas. The king of England is afraid of losing all his territory.

1396, the two sides concluded a 20-year armistice agreement, leaving only five seaports, namely Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg and Calais, and some areas between Bordeaux and Bayonne.

The third stage (1415-1424)

14 15- 1429 years, France's Burgundy and Oman Jacques factions clashed, farmers and citizens also rebelled, and England took the opportunity to restart the war.

14 15 In August, King Henry V of England (14 13 ~ 1422) ascended the throne while charles vi (1380 ~ 1422). Britain defeated the French at the Battle of Ginkul. In June 65438+10, King charles vi of France was unable to resist the alliance with duke of burgundy and occupied northern France.

1420 may 2 1 Britain and France signed the almost conquered treaty of troyes in Trouvat. Henry V, king of England, became the Regent of France and was entitled to the French throne after charles vi's death. France has become a part of Britain and France.

1422, Henry V and charles vi of Britain and France died in the same year, and two new kings, Henry VI and Charles VII, competed for the French throne again. As the struggle for the throne (1422- 1423) intensified, France was looted and carved up by the invaders, and the situation was very difficult. Donations, taxes and reparations weigh heavily on the residents of the British occupied areas.

1428 10, the British besieged the fortress city of Orleans leading to the south of France, and the situation was critical. The French people formed anti-British guerrillas to fight the enemy. Therefore, for France, the battle for the throne became a national liberation war.

The fourth stage (1424 ——1453)

1428 10, the British and Burgundy factions surrounded Orleans, and the French army was seriously disadvantaged.

1429 On April 27th, the prince awarded Joan the title of "Commander in Chief of War". She wore armor, hung a sword around her waist, held a flag embroidered with the words "Jesus Mary", rode on a horse, and led 3,000-4,000 people to Orleans. Orleans has been surrounded by British troops for half a year. Joan first launched a fierce attack from the weak link of the British siege, and the British army was unable to resist and fled everywhere. At 8 pm on April 29th, Joan rode a white horse and entered Orleans under the guidance of a flag. The soldiers and civilians in the city burned torches to welcome her. Joan led the French army with high morale, and soon conquered the fortresses such as St. Rop, Augustine and Torres. On May 8, Orleans, which had been surrounded by British troops for 209 days, was finally freed.

The victory of the Battle of Orleans reversed the crisis situation of France in the whole war, and the war developed in favor of France. Since then, the French people's anti-British movement has continued to rise and the British army has been losing ground. [ 1]?

1429 July, Bonnie Prince Charlie was crowned Charles VII in Reims. 1430 In the battle near Kangbian City, when Joan and her troops were forced back to the city by the British, these feudal lords shut her out of the city and finally sold her to the British for 40,000 francs. Jonny would rather die than surrender. She said, "I will die for France!" " 1431On the morning of May 29th, Joan was tortured and burned alive at the foot of Rouen, and her ashes were thrown into the Seine. Joan was less than 20 years old when she died.

The death of Joan of Arc aroused national indignation in France. At the same time, Burgundy abandoned the king of England and unified with France (1435), prompting the French army to turn into a big counterattack.

1437, the French army regained the capital Paris. 144 1, champagne area recovered. 1450, the allied forces of France and Brittany defeated the British in the Battle of Formini, and the whole Marne and Normandy quickly fell into the hands of France.

1450, the French army liberated Normandy and hit the British army hard in the Battle of Baylor.

1453, Gine was recaptured. 1453, 17 In July, the French army annihilated the main force of the British army in Gasconi in the Battle of Castillon, 1453 in July, and defeated the British army in the Battle of Castillon. 65438+1October 19 British troops in Bordeaux surrendered, and France recovered all the territory except Calais.

1458, the French army captured Calais, and Britain lost its last stronghold on the European continent.

result

France won the war, which enabled France to complete national reunification and laid the foundation for its future expansion in the European continent. England lost almost all French territory, but it also made nationalism rise in England. After that, Britain carried out the policy of "continental balance of power" in continental Europe, went overseas and became the largest empire in the world.

Impact:

War system

At the beginning of the war, the two countries mainly used the original aristocratic military system in western Europe, and the lords raised soldiers, taking the service time as the consideration. This was very unfavorable for England, which was on an expedition across the sea, so it turned to recruit more mercenaries from the lower classes to cooperate with the famous longbow tactics. France, on the other hand, was forced to lose in the early war and had to expand its royal power to resist foreign enemies. Therefore, at the end of the war, both sides embarked on the road of centralization. [4]?

England won several battles, which seriously challenged the military monopoly position of aristocratic cavalry in western Europe. After the war, victorious France still retained many traditions of heavy cavalry, but the idea that infantry could defeat cavalry spread everywhere. Since then, the importance of infantry has been continuously improved, and cavalry has finally disappeared.

Tactical thinking

At the beginning of the war, the French used heavy cavalry for frontal attack in every major battle. By the Battle of Ginkul in 14 15, some cavalry had dismounted and fought on foot, which showed that the battlefield roles of cavalry and infantry had changed greatly. France won the final victory by encouraging the morale of Joan of Arc, a civilian, which highlighted that the French army, which was dominated by knights and nobles, had been defeated repeatedly in the war, marking the decline of the aristocratic knight class and the rise of national war characteristics.

weapon

During the Hundred Years' War, the weapons and equipment of both sides also experienced improvement and evolution. /kloc-at the beginning of the war in the 0/4th century, the best armor was mail armor, which did not substantially evolve and improve compared with the previous century. However, in the middle and late period of the15th century war, the new form of plate armor has become a common equipment for noble knights. In the continuous siege war, both sides also attach importance to the design and application of siege weapons. Later, the French army began to use gunpowder and artillery as weapons on a large scale and won, and it had a leading position in science and technology in these new weapons, which prompted a new form of war.

5.

The Hundred Years' War was a disaster for both the British and the French. It was the time when the Black Death was prevalent. Under the double blow of war and epidemic disease, the economies of Britain and France suffered great trauma and the people were miserable.

Western historians point out: "The Hundred Years' War is a massacre game that lasts for a hundred years. When the royal nobles of the two countries celebrated for their own interests, innocent civilians who lost their homes and relatives could only cry silently. The war was fought for a hundred years, and the people cried for a hundred years. "

A war has changed from one nature to another, that is, for the warring parties, a war has two natures, which is rare in the history of war. In A.D. 1337- 1453, Britain and France first fought for power and interests over the issue of succession to the throne, and then Britain invaded France, and France was forced to carry out counter-invasion. The nature of war changed from feudalism to aggression and anti-aggression, and the result was completely contrary to the expectations of the rulers of Britain and France.

The Hundred Years' War lasted from 1337- 1453 for 1 16 years, which brought profound disasters to the French people and promoted the awakening of French national consciousness. The king's marriage can not only solve the problem of long-term stability, but also easily lead to the struggle for the right to inherit the throne and war. Joan, a national heroine, bravely defended national interests and gave her life for national liberation, which awakened people's national consciousness and inspired national spirit. The victory of the People's Liberation War not only freed France from the rule of the invaders, but also United the French people, and their national feelings quickly increased, and the king won the loyal support of his subjects. As a result, the feudal monarchy evolved into a feudal monarchy, and the kingship was further strengthened. After the war, Britain also established a centralized monarchy after a period of internal political disputes.