What are the main gardens and their characteristics in each historical stage of our country?

Chinese gardens were first recorded in historical records in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century BC. history. With the progress of society, Chinese gardens have gradually formed a unique national form and a system of its own. Its main characteristics are advocating nature and wonderfully creating nature, cleverly combining artificial beauty with natural beauty, creating a unique natural landscape garden. Because literati participated in the construction of gardens, ancient Chinese gardens were full of literati atmosphere and poetic charm. "Poetry and painting" are the essence of Chinese gardens and the highest realm pursued by gardening art. To achieve this purpose. Gardening artists often use the combination of ancient poetry and landscaping. Among them, Suzhou gardens are representative works of Chinese garden art.

Our country has a vast territory, with different climate, geographical conditions and products in the east, west, south and north. Therefore, gardens often show obvious local characteristics. To sum up, the gardens in the Jiangnan area, the coastal areas of Guangdong and Sichuan in southern my country are more distinctive, so they have the so-called Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens and Sichuan gardens. The garden styles around Beijing and in Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places are relatively similar, so they are collectively called northern gardens.

2. Jiangnan Garden

Jiangnan Garden is often an extension of the residence, and the site is small. Therefore, more scenery must be created in a limited space, so "see in small" Gardening techniques such as "big", "one equals ten" and "borrowing scenery to match scenery" have been applied very flexibly, leaving behind many ingenious and exquisite masterpieces. For example, the small courtyard on the north side of Chunyi in the Master's Garden in Suzhou is very narrowly embedded between the study building and the boundary wall, and the gardener planted green bamboo, plantain, wintersweet and nandina here ingeniously. It is also dotted with several pine bark stalagmites. These plants and stone peaks are beautiful in appearance, do not take up much space, and are very attractive.

3. Lingnan Garden

Chinese Garden

Lingnan Garden mainly refers to the ancient gardens in the Pearl River Delta area of ??Guangdong. The famous existing gardens include Shunde Qinghui Garden, Dongguan Keyuan, Panyu Yuyin Shanfang and Foshan Liang Garden, which are known as the "Four Famous Gardens in Lingnan". Lingnan has a hot climate, abundant sunshine, abundant rainfall, and a wide variety of plants. The pools in Lingnan Gardens are generally more regular. There is often a long building facing the pool to the south, with a wide corridor. The other sides are surrounded by verandas, and covered bridges are built across the water to minimize the sun exposure during the tour. The rest of the buildings are also relatively concentrated, often with gardens within gardens, leaving enough space for planting flowers and trees. Influenced by local paintings and arts and crafts, Lingnan garden architecture has rich colors and rich and diverse architectural carving patterns.

4. Sichuan Gardens

Chinese Gardens

Although Sichuan is located in the southwest, it has a long history and developed culture. The gardens there also have a long history and are rich in their own characteristics. feature. Sichuan gardens pay more attention to the accumulation of cultural connotations, and some famous gardens are often associated with anecdotes of celebrities in history. For example, the Wenjun Well in Qionglai County is said to have been built on the site of a wine shop opened by Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun in the Western Han Dynasty. The Well Garden covers an area of ??more than 10 acres, with Qintai, Moon Pond, rockery, etc. as the main scenery. Another example is Chengdu Du Fu Thatched Cottage, Wuhou Temple, Meizhou Sansu Temple, Jiangyou Taibai Hometown and other gardens, all with the theme of commemorating historical celebrities. Secondly, gardens in central Sichuan often show a simple and honest style, often integrating pastoral scenery into the garden. In addition, the buildings in the garden have also absorbed more of the elegant and simple style of Sichuan folk houses. The gable decorations, raised roofs, wells, lamp holders and other small details still retain the ancient style.

5. Northern Gardens

Beijing is the place with the highest concentration of gardens among the cities in northern my country, and a large part of them are the gardens of ancient emperors. These royal gardens were built with the concentration of manpower, material and financial resources across the country. They are large in scale and well-constructed, and are the essence of my country's classical gardens. In addition, some ancient gardens with a long history have been preserved in the north, such as the garden of Jiangzhou Prefectural Office in Xinjiangyuan, Shanxi (ancient name is Jiangshou Ju Garden). It was built in the 16th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (596) and is still there today. The remaining hills and valleys are the earliest remaining garden sites in my country. Another example is Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan, and Tieshan Garden in Kongfu, Qufu, Shandong, etc., which are also representative works of commemorative gardens in the north. Generally speaking, gardens in Jiangnan are more elegant and beautiful, gardens in Lingnan are more gorgeous and delicate, and gardens in Sichuan are relatively simple and elegant.

Edit this paragraph 3. Garden classification

1. Royal gardens

Chinese gardens

In the early days, the gardens were mainly used for raising animals. It gradually developed into a garden that combines work, life and play. According to their location and small size, they can be roughly divided into three categories. The smallest garden is a small open space in the forbidden area of ????the palace city, stacking some rockeries and planting some trees to form a courtyard-style garden. The Imperial Garden, located at the northernmost edge of the Forbidden City in Beijing, is a typical example of this type of garden. In addition to the Imperial Garden, the Forbidden City also has the Jianfu Palace Garden, Cining Palace Garden, Ningshou Palace West Garden (Qianlong Garden), etc., which are all oases dotted in a sea of ??yellow glazed tiles. The area of ??the palace gardens is not large, and due to the influence of the axis, the layout is relatively regular. The second category is the gardens near the palace. This type of garden is often built using natural water surfaces or hills. It is large in scale and close to the palace (often within the imperial city). It is convenient for sightseeing and is highly valued by emperors. In history, Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms built Tongquetai Garden in Yecheng, and Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty built Daxing Garden in Chang'an. Beihai and Xiyuan (now Zhongnanhai) in the imperial city of Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also such gardens. The small gardens inside the palace and the gardens outside the palace are both located in the prosperous Kyoto. They are often restricted by the urban environment and often cannot satisfy the emperors' desire for mountains and rivers. Therefore, they look for mountains and rivers in the suburbs of Beijing or further away. , build gardens in places with beautiful natural scenery, and some even include real mountains and water into the garden. This is a large landscape garden. Historically, the Shanglin Garden of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Lishan Palace of Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty, and the Three Mountains and Five Gardens in the northwest suburbs of the capital in the Qing Dynasty were all large landscape gardens. The most complete existing landscape gardens include the Summer Palace in Beijing and the Chengde Summer Resort. Chinese Garden

Clear zoning is a major feature of Shanshui Garden. The king and concubines not only had to deal with political affairs, but also had fun and entertainment, and even built a commercial street scene in the garden to imitate an ordinary city. These scenic spots with different functions are often relatively concentrated in the landscape garden, forming various scenic spots with very distinctive characteristics. Large gardens are located close to the gate, and usually have a palace area. Although the palace area plays an important role in the garden, the purpose of building the garden is to enjoy the scenery. When people enter the Summer Palace, they are most interested in the green islands of Kunming Lake and the red walls and yellow tiles exposed among the green trees on Wanshou Mountain. When visiting the summer resort, the most fascinating thing is the natural beauty of the lake area and mountains. Therefore, providing a vast and rich garden area for people to enjoy and visit is the real focus of the garden. Because the garden is the emperor's garden, with its large scale, meticulous design, and high construction requirements, the landscape created in the garden area is also different from ordinary gardens. To sum up, there are four characteristics: (1) It is grand and makes full use of the natural beauty of natural landscapes. The gardens are grand, first of all, they occupy a large area and are large in scale, often incorporating real mountains and rivers. Xiyuan Sanhai is the largest urban garden in my country. The Summer Resort, Summer Palace, Xiangshan Jingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden, etc. can create a scenery that is like the sky opening up. Some gardens are built on flat land and do not have real mountains and rivers. However, through careful design by designers, they can still create landscapes that are like the sky opening up. (2) A garden within a garden. This layout method comes from the feudal consciousness of the emperor. They wanted to see all the beautiful scenery in the world, so they moved the world's famous sights and gardens to the gardens so that they could enjoy them nearby. (3) The theme should be highlighted and colorful architectural embellishments should be emphasized. When the emperor built a garden, he often recruited senior craftsmen from all over the country to build beautiful buildings as the theme of the scenic spot.

2. Literati Gardens

Literati Gardens, like royal gardens, are the main category of classical gardens in my country. They represent the essence of folk residential gardens and have made great contributions in the history of gardens. contribution. Literati gardens have the largest number in history, and many of their owners are famous writers or calligraphers and painters in history, which have a great influence. Literary Gardens are generally small and cannot accommodate many scenes. They do not have the majestic and breathtaking beauty of Garden Gardens, but they have a unique charm that makes people linger. The key is that the garden landscape is integrated with the garden owner’s culture. Mind and cultivation. Zhenjiang Jiaoshan is a small island in the Yangtze River with a particularly quiet environment. There is a Biefeng Nunnery halfway up the mountain. It is small and exquisite, surrounded by green trees and bamboos. There are two study rooms in the nunnery, which were once the study places of Zheng Banqiao, one of the famous calligraphers and painters of the Qing Dynasty and one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Hanging next to the door is a couplet written by the artist: "A room does not need to be large to be elegant, and the fragrance of flowers does not need to be abundant.

"In Banqiao's view, a good living environment does not lie in bigness and abundance, but in poetry. Only in this way can elegance overcome largeness, and less can overcome more. This "elegance" and "smallness" are This is the main feature of literati gardens. In ancient feudal society, the best way out for literati intellectuals was to become officials, but after all, they were a minority. Most people could only make a living by teaching or selling calligraphy and paintings, and their economic status was not good. This is so good that most of their gardens are located on the open space next to their houses and occupy a small area. This can also be reflected in the titles of the current literati gardens, such as the Hu Garden in Suzhou. Because of its small size, the entire garden space is small. There are also famous gardens such as Zanli Garden, Mustard Seed Garden, and Half-acre Garden, all of which are famous for being small. However, modern garden artists can freely master artistic creation. The law of dialectics turns disadvantages into advantages and creates infinite scenery within a limited scope. Suzhou Master of Nets Garden is a representative small garden in the south of the Yangtze River. The study courtyard "Dian Chunyi" in the garden is one of the classical gardens in my country. The essence has been restored at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA. Its elegant style and exquisite production have won praises from visitors. "Three or five steps can travel all over the world; six or seven people can meet thousands of masters." "People often use this couplet to describe the superb skills of Chinese classical opera in which less defeats more. The same is true for literati gardens. If it wants to express the beauty of the world in a small area, it must use the artistic principle of "one is equivalent to ten". The scenery, whether it is a rockery pool or a tree or a stone in a corner of the courtyard, must be refined and refined, and infused with literary and poetic touches, in order to achieve the artistic effect of a bold and simple style. Most of the scenery in literati gardens is more elegant. . The elegance here mainly refers to tranquility and naturalness, fresh charm, simplicity and elegance. The acquisition of this style is closely related to the artistic principle of using less to overcome more and simplicity to overcome complexity. In addition to the landscape scenery, the architecture of literati gardens. The decoration and sketches are also very elegant and simple. Another characteristic of literati gardens is the close integration of the garden's sightseeing function and its residential function, which is the so-called unity of "touring" and "dwelling". It is called "traveling", while reading, practicing arts, talking and having banquets in the scenic environment are called "dwelling". Only when these two realms are achieved can the art be perfected. The Lingering Garden is a famous private garden for literati in Suzhou. It can be roughly divided into two parts: the central part and the eastern part. Although the main scenery of the two parts is different, they both reflect the combination of "travel" and "residence" to varying degrees.

3. Temple gardens

Temple gardens are another major category of classical gardens in my country. From a gardening perspective, they do not narrowly refer to gardens attached to Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, but generally refer to religious gardens. Gardens of buildings serving faith and consciousness worship. In ancient my country, the objects of faith and worship were more complex, and various building types appeared. They generally had gardens, which also brought about the diversity of temple gardens. A hundred and eighty temples, many towers in the mist. "This famous saying by Tang poet Du Mu not only describes the prosperity of Buddhist temples in the Southern Dynasties, but also points out the beauty of the temple environment. The scenic spots in the north and south of the Yangtze River are almost all occupied by Buddhist temples. Today, the country has become a tourist attraction There are ancient temples in almost every famous mountain. Some people once used the phrase "yuanbao temple, temple wrapped in garden" to describe the beautiful scenery of these temple gardens. "Yuanbao temple" means that the temple melts into the landscape; "temple wrapped in garden". There are also several small gardens built in the temple for pilgrims and tourists to enjoy. This is the case with the famous Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. Even in temples in bustling cities, monks always find ways to plant trees and rocks in the open space and build small gardens and scenery. Sometimes abandoned gardens nearby are purchased and slightly restored to become independent gardens attached to temples, such as Jie Zhuang Temple in Suzhou, Longhua Temple in Shanghai, and Liurong Temple in Guangzhou. Ancestor worship is all like this in ancient my country. Another common cultural phenomenon is that in famous mountain and river scenic spots in various places, there are often monumental buildings commemorating ancient celebrities, sages or national heroes, such as Yue Temple in Hangzhou, Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, Xiangyang and other places, Du Fu Thatched Cottage in Chengdu, Du Gong in Shaanxi Temples such as Orchid Pavilion and Wang Youjun Temple in the southern suburbs of Shaoxing were built to commemorate historical celebrities such as Yue Fei, Zhuge Liang, Du Fu, and Wang Xizhi. They are actually another type of ancestral temple architecture. Another feature of temple gardens is that they have certain characteristics. These are comprehensive parks and gardens. In order to receive some pilgrims and tourists, some temples often have living and entertainment facilities. Some temples have guest rooms for scholars to study or for travelers to stay.

4. Yijiao landscape gardens

Yijiao landscape gardens generally refer to the landscape gardens located on the outskirts of cities and towns, which are created by utilizing the original natural mountains, rivers, forests and springs, combined with the management and construction of the mountains and rivers, and appropriate processing and transformation. The completed garden scenic area is a public tourist area with natural scenery as the basic framework and unique to urban residents. They are very close to modern parks in terms of use. In terms of planning and layout, they fully reflect the tradition of classical gardens conforming to nature and beautifying nature. They are a transition between urban gardens and famous mountains and water scenic spots. The first characteristic of suburban landscape gardens is that they are close to the city, and they are generally located within two to three kilometers of the suburbs. Such gardens that have been preserved to this day include Shihu and Tiger Hill in Suzhou, Xishan and Huishan in Wuxi, Zhongshan in Nanjing, Nanshan in Zhenjiang, Gaolan Mountain in Lanzhou, Dinghu Mountain and Qixingyan in Zhaoqing, and West Lake in Huizhou, Guangdong. , West Lake in Fuyang, Anhui and West Lake in Hangzhou, etc. Among them, West Lake in Hangzhou is close to the urban area. As soon as you arrive at the lakeside, you can see the sparkling water. Huishan and Xishan in Wuxi and Zhongshan in Nanjing are also close to the city, and their scenery can be seen even in the city. When talking about the site selection of gardens, the famous Chinese gardening book "Yuan Ye" said: "You can go to the city only a few miles away, but you can go back and forth as you like." This summarizes the convenience of visiting this type of garden. Historically, the development of landscape gardens in the suburbs has been slower than that of other gardens. It was not until the Song Dynasty that with the development of the economy and the prosperity of urban commerce and handicrafts, landscape gardens in the suburbs of the city flourished. To be precise, the landscape garden in the suburbs is a collection of many individual gardens (such as temple gardens, private gardens and gardens) plus public tourist spots between mountains and rivers. The main factors that constitute it are mountains, water, gardens, temples, etc. There are not only natural scenery such as green mountains and green waters, caves, valleys, streams, springs, flowers, plants and trees, but also artificially created scenery such as pavilions, pavilions, dangerous winding paths, ancient temples, temples and Buddhist temples. It has a much larger scenic area than ordinary gardens, and has numerous living service facilities and commercial outlets, so its development and construction are also much more complicated. The suburban landscape garden occupies a large area and has a broad view of the scenery, which creates conditions for enjoying the overall momentum of mountains, forests, streams, springs, pavilions, towers and pavilions from a distance, as well as the changes in weather, rain, and snow. Compared with urban gardens, suburban garden landscapes have more layers and richer changes. In these landscape gardens, the most basic, real garden scenery such as rocks, trees, springs, and buildings can often be integrated with some living and virtual landscapes in nature, such as the transformation of sunlight and shadow, and turbulent climate changes. Together, it forms a charming scenery that combines movement and stillness, and complements reality and reality. Rich historical and cultural connotations are another characteristic of landscape gardens in the suburbs of Yi. Most gardens, especially the famous scenic spots, have been transformed, managed and accumulated for hundreds or even thousands of years, and have been inscribed and painted by generations of literati and painters, and have profound humanistic connotations. This is also an important reason why some famous landscape gardens have endured for a long time and are crowded with tourists. The historical and cultural factors of the landscape gardens in the suburbs are also reflected in the titles of the garden scenic spots. In order to pass on the beautiful scenery of gardens from generation to generation, and to compete with other cities, some ancient cities often invited some well-known local literati, painters and squires to evaluate and name the main scenery of gardens in the suburbs, and finally named them as "Eight Scenes" and "Ten Scenes". " form to summarize the main beauty of local landscape gardens.

Edit this paragraph 4. Related articles

Suzhou Gardens by Ye Shengtao It is said that there are more than a hundred gardens in Suzhou, but I have been to only a dozen. I have also visited some gardens in other places. If I want to talk about the general impression, I think Suzhou gardens are specimens of gardens in various parts of my country, and gardens in various places are more or less influenced by Suzhou gardens. Therefore, if you want to appreciate our country’s gardens, Suzhou Gardens should not be missed. Designers and craftsmen adapt to local conditions and use their own creativity to build successful gardens in different ways. However, all the gardens in Suzhou have one thing in common among their differences. It seems that designers and craftsmen are pursuing the same goal: no matter where visitors stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of them. In order to achieve this goal, they pay attention to the layout of pavilions, terraces and pavilions, the coordination of rockeries and ponds, the contrast of flowers, plants and trees, and the hierarchy of close and distant views. In short, everything must exist to form a perfect picture, and no failure that is less than beautiful or harmful to the beauty is allowed. They only hope that visitors can get the aesthetic feeling of "like being in a painting", and their achievements have fulfilled their wish. When visitors come to the garden, every visitor comes to the garden without thinking orally saying "as if they are in a painting".

Most of the buildings in our country, from ancient palaces to modern ordinary houses, are symmetrical. What is on the left is what is on the right. Suzhou gardens never pay attention to symmetry, as if they are deliberately avoided. There is a pavilion or a corridor in the east, but the same pavilion or corridor will never come to the west. Why is this? I think, using a picture as an analogy, a symmetrical building is a pattern painting, not an art painting, while a garden is an art painting, and art paintings require natural interest and do not pay attention to symmetry. There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens. The stacking of rockeries can be said to be an art rather than just a technique. Either there are many mountains, or there are several hills with bamboos and flowers. It all depends on the designers and craftsmen’s many experiences in life and having the valleys in mind, so that tourists can forget the city of Suzhou when climbing and only feel that they are in the mountains. As for ponds and swamps, most of them use running water. In some gardens, the pond is spacious and the pond is used as the center of the whole garden, with other scenery arranged accordingly. If the water surface looks like a river, bridges are often placed. If more than two bridges are arranged, they should be one of a kind and never the same. The edges of ponds or rivers are rarely neatly built with stone banks, and are always left to their own devices. Also arrange a few exquisite stones or plant some flowers and plants there: this is also to achieve the effect of a painting from all angles. There are goldfish or carp of various colors in the pond, and lotus flowers or water lilies bloom in summer and autumn. Visitors can see "fish playing among the lotus leaves", which is another picturesque scene. The planting and pruning of trees in Suzhou gardens also focus on painting. The tall trees and the low trees are pitched. There are alternating deciduous trees and evergreen trees, as well as various flowering trees with different flowering times, so you won't feel lonely all year round. There are no pines and cypresses trimmed like pagodas, and no roadside trees like military parades: because from the aesthetic point of view of Chinese painting, this is not desirable. There are ancient vines in several gardens, and their winding branches are a beautiful painting. When it blooms, the eyes are full of jewels, making visitors feel infinite prosperity and joy, but they can't express it. When visiting Suzhou gardens, you will inevitably notice the flower walls and corridors. It is separated by walls and bounded by corridors. The more layers there are, the deeper the scenery becomes. However, there are various hollow patterns of bricks on the walls, and most of the corridors have nothing to rely on on both sides. In fact, they are separated but not separated, and they are bounded but not bounded, which adds to the depth of the scenery. Some gardens also install a large mirror at an appropriate location to add more layers, which can almost double the entire garden. Visitors will certainly not overlook another point, which is that Suzhou gardens pay attention to the beauty of pictures in every corner. Several clusters of books and grass were planted next to the steps. The woody scent of creeper or rosewood spreads on the walls. If the window facing a white wall is too monotonous, add a few bamboo poles or plantain trees. And so on, it is nothing more than to allow visitors to enjoy the beauty even if they look at a very small area. The doors and windows, pattern design and carving skills in Suzhou gardens are all top-notch arts and crafts. Generally speaking, the doors and windows were as detailed as possible and never vulgar, even if they were simple but original. Four leaves, eight leaves, twelve leaves, taken together, everyone will admire the high degree of pattern beauty. Photographers like these doors and windows very much. They consider light and shadow to take satisfying photos. Suzhou gardens are different from those in Beijing in that they rarely use colored paintings. The beams and pillars as well as the door and window railings are mostly painted with Guangqi paint, which is a color that is not eye-catching. The walls are white. The lower half of some indoor walls are paved with terrazzo tiles, contrasting with light gray and white. The roof tiles and eaves are all light gray. These colors, combined with the green of the vegetation, evoke a sense of tranquility and leisure. During the flower blooming season, all kinds of flowers are even more bright and dazzling.

Edit this paragraph 5. Influence

In various stages of historical and cultural exchanges in the world, the theory and creative practice of my country’s natural landscape gardens that are “extremely natural and open from the sky” Its influence has not only had a great influence on Japan, North Korea and other Asian countries, but also on the garden art creation of some European countries. For this reason, Chinese gardens are known as one of the origins in the history of gardening in the world. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, my country’s gardening technology has been introduced to Japan, Korea and other countries. In the late Ming Dynasty, Ji Cheng's monograph on gardening theory, "Yuan Ye", came to Japan, and the manuscript was titled "Duotian Gong". To this day, the titles of many garden buildings in Japan still use classical Chinese. Especially in the 13th century AD, the Italian traveler Marco Polo praised the gardens of Hangzhou's West Lake as "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world", thus making Hangzhou's garden art famous overseas. Today, it is a tourist destination that travelers around the world yearn for.

In the 18th century, Chinese natural landscape gardens were introduced to Britain by the famous British gardener William Comber, which caused a "nature craze" in Britain at that time. The book "New Chronicles of China's Current Situations" written by Li Ming, a British missionary in the early Qing Dynasty, also introduced my country's garden art. Later, Chambers, an Englishman, went to Guangzhou and saw Chinese garden art. After returning to England, he wrote "Discourse on Oriental Gardens". As people gradually understood Chinese garden art, British gardeners began to feel that the principles of regular garden layout were monotonous and unchanged. As a result, the design techniques of Eastern garden art developed accordingly. For example, the Botanical Garden built in the suburbs of London in 1730, which is today the Royal Botanic Gardens in the United Kingdom, not only imitates the natural layout of Chinese gardens, but also adopts a large number of Chinese-style pagodas, bridges and other garden architectural art forms. Not only did the term "English Garden" appear in France, but there were about 20 Chinese-style landscape gardens built in Paris alone. Since then, Chinese garden art has spread widely in Europe.