Urgent need! A Paper on "Talking about Hip-hop Culture"

I found two articles. Please read them. I think it's almost enough.

First article

Hip-Hop was initiated by the poor working-class minority in new york in the late 1970s and early 1980s ~ It was often initiated by the poor black people in the circle ~ It brought together African music, North and South American music and artistic culture ~ At the beginning of its establishment, the word Hip-Hop was composed of four elements: DJ (mixing and kneading), MC (rap, rhythm, poetry and recitation) and Hip-hop. Hip-hop in this period is called old-school hip-hop. (hip-hop)

New hip-hop appeared in the early 1990s and has been popular ever since. Different from the old hip-hop, this kind of hip-hop is characterized by faster rhythm and more complicated lyrics. The new hip-hop music has entered today's international pop series because of the achievements of musicians such as Jay-Z, 2 Pac and the infamous B.I.G Recently, rap superstars will smith and Eminem have shined brilliantly, pushing this craze to a climax.

Let's talk about the four elements of Hipa:

DJ, they mix, wipe films and make discs ~ They put their spirit into music ~ They make dancers dance ~ They excite the audience ~ They combine ideals with music. They are pioneers and fighters of music ~ ~

MC, MC is the abbreviation of English emcee, which means MC in Chinese ~ Because they are the leaders of the party ~ They mobilize the atmosphere of the party ~ They can often improvise and say something very rhythmic and interesting ~ Sometimes they speak very fast ~ That is to say, rap was born ~ That is to say, people in Taiwan Province Province are called rap ~MC. There is another explanation ~ The abbreviation of English microphone controller ~ Chinese means the person who controls the microphone ~ I don't know what kind of statement it is.

Dance ~ Hip-hop ~ Hehe ~ This is even more gruel ~ The main types of dance are roughly divided into Breakin, Poppin, Locking, New Jazz, Hip-hop, House and Reggae ~ I believe everyone has seen many performances ~ I am a Poppin dancer and a mechanical dancer ~ I also want to attack Breakin~ Let's introduce Hip-hop in detail next time ~ ~

Graffiti, I don't know much about it ~ Edward, a scholar at City University of new york, wrote in the World Encyclopedia: "Graffiti is often written on the walls of public toilets, public buildings or parks; Some words and phrases are not very healthy; Sometimes it is to write names, but also about sex, many of which are political slogans. " ~ Hehe ~ But I think graffiti is also a free artistic expression ~ It expresses their spiritual yearning ~

When hip-hop was all the rage in the 1990s, many different styles sprouted in the new school era. Hip-Hop is not only a kind of music produced in urban slums, but also a kind of voice representing urban slums. Rap musicians began to describe the hard life of themselves or those around them. The word "hip-hop" is a new type of music. Since its appearance, it has not only represented a single music category. At the turn of the century in 2000, hip-hop has developed into a synonym for a new lifestyle, including music, clothing and behavior. Belongs to street culture! In the whole hip-hop culture, clothing is the most brilliant part. Typical dress includes: a large T-shirt with exaggerated logo, casual pants or sweatpants with side zippers, basketball shoes or sneakers, golf caps or baseball caps, headscarves of various styles, and hair dyed in different colors or braided. And the corresponding accessories are: tattoos, silver earrings or nose rings, sunglasses, MD walkman or MP3, skateboards, backpacks and so on. Together, these sporadic costumes have formed a HIP-HOP fashion that has been popular in the United States for 20 years, and it is still growing day by day, affecting every generation ~ In addition, street basketball, football and extreme sports are also divided into hip-hop culture ~

The second article

Hip hop walk 1

Everything starts from the extreme.

Since the world's first real rap record-Tangshan Gang's.

Greer Marcus once said that what annoys me most is that every time I look at the study of music history, I trace rock music back to blues or country music, as if things could never start from scratch. This statement makes sense. The ancient rap tradition can be traced back to the oral art of African immigrants, but it is a creation of urban life of African Americans.

Today, the most underground urban black art fighter still insists on the obvious difference between the more artistic Hip-Hop and the more popular Rap, but for the average observer, Rap, like graffiti and B-boy, is another example of the disadvantaged urban youth at the end of the twentieth century, their personality, creativity and imagination.

Rap has become the most challenging end of American culture today, because it inherits and develops the most radical political position in rock music. Malcolm Mclaren, the father of punk, thinks that "rap is the only interesting music now, and it is the hello Pistols of black people", which is actually an outspoken criticism of American political policy. From verbal criticism to racial violence, from naming "police black boy" to exposing judicial truth, from anti-war ranting to the interests of ethnic minorities, Rapper no longer wins respect with skillful skills like their predecessors in jazz or rock, but creates one ultimate topic after another with a more violent voice. In fact, if you listen carefully, you will find that Rap's radical political ideas are also full of chaos. For example, in their proud concept of sexual politics, it is a noisy and chaotic sound field in which a misogynist and a sex dominator fight back against female rappers. For a person who does not pay attention to the cultural and political significance of music, but focuses on the auditory experience, rap is actually more important. At the same time, rap has opened up a new world for the development of contemporary music with the development of sampling and the laying of dense rhythm, and its extreme is not under music.

Although sampling technology was first applied by rock musicians, it was not widely used as mixing and cutting technology until cheap samplers fell into the hands of rap producers, and it became the alchemy of music. In this process, the British Hip-hop and rappers have made extraordinary contributions. One of the important reasons is that racial relations here (especially among young people) are far more harmonious than in the United States, so sampling witchcraft and manipulation of broken syllables have received more attention than words and protests. As for the dense texture of Rap, there is no silent background to advance. The well-known myth of the new era is that noisy street sounds and secret rooms whisper why the chaotic beats of reggae, dubbing chemistry or House and Tance in the 1980s finally gave birth to hardcore rave or drum bass. Even the development of recording and computer technology has changed dramatically.

But the biggest revelation of this myth is precisely that the basic standards of rap are constantly changing, and what kind of race, pronunciation and cultural status may not necessarily become limitations. Just as rappers such as Roots still use real musical instruments, even the most basic technical means are impermanent. Sometimes, the standard of art is simple and beneficial: mules or horses come out for a walk, you come, you create, you win.

Hip hop walk 2

The relationship between speech and music is closer and more fundamental than we realize. Even you can't imagine them too much. Music in the 20th century also includes pop music in recent years, and a very important progress has been made in discussing the relationship between speech and music.

This is both an atavism and a rediscovery. Music is the earliest product of speech, at least, part of its origin exists. Therefore, in the oldest music, we often find the striking similarity between the two, and the incredible expressive force based on the striking similarity-in fact, we are not surprised by the similarity, but it is hard to imagine that such elementary and simple music (the distortion of voice) can shock us and envelop us.

Speech gives birth to two poles of music, one is intonation and the other is rhythm. On the one hand, I have discussed it. A large number of ancient music samples are enough to illustrate the universality of intonation and imitate intonation. For example, many people know examples, such as oriental opera and European hymns. Earlier, in China's ancient songs (such as Yuefu), the form of songs was actually the sublimation form of recitation.

The deliberate creation of voice-music rhythm is one of the most brilliant aspects in contemporary times, which is the trend triggered by rap. In just 20 years, a critic who once thought it was simple or stupid may be speechless now-if he comes into contact with electronic music, contemporary dance music or avantgarde music. However, music is complicated. If the music factor is integrated into the new development of rap, it may never clearly explain the musical value of rap, nor can it really convince the die-hards who deny the relationship between speech and music. So to talk about the musical value of rap, we might as well take out the lyrics and analyze them separately.

1. Because speech is directly mixed with music, speech itself is rhythmic and irregular. The quasi-rhythm of "non-music" not only constitutes an imperceptible sub-rhythm, but also its irregularity leads to endless subtle changes. Just like a rule sequence meets the addition of an unexpected variable, the small pattern in a neat big pattern is irregular without breaking the rules.

2. Vocal voice is a timbre, and regular vocal design is a new rhythmic timbre. Have you ever heard of "vocal drum"? Rap is.

3. There are various tones and emotional colors in speech, and the dialogue in movies and dramas is a vivid representation; It's different when you put it in music. Music becomes the material of music and is expressive. Besides the traditional four elements of music, such as melody, harmony, rhythm and timbre, timbre can be regarded as the fifth element.

4. Isolated sentences have unpredictable cohesion and divergence, and their tension pattern is just like the artwork itself. Isolated sentences with musical background are even worse.

From the most open perspective, music is music, and speech is one of the sound materials.

Hip hop walk 3

This doesn't sound like music.

Among the types of pop music in Europe and America today, rap is one of the styles that we least understand and are least willing to accept. There is a simple reason. It's not like music. Judging from our hearing habits, music should be melodic, and singing is the result of language melodization. Rap music is not like this, its music only has rhythm, and its language only has rhythm. So no matter how popular the rap stars in Europe and America are now, they are all cold in our country, which is sensitive to melody and has a slightly slower pace. In the early 1990s, rap music was very popular in Europe and America, but it had little influence on the audience in China. 1996, American Spin magazine conducted a reader survey. When choosing which music style is about to go out of date, most readers choose rap music. But no one expected that rap music would be popular again soon.

If the popularity of rap music in the early 1990s completed the transformation from street to mainstream, then the popularity in the late 1990s completed the harmony with other music in musical style. Rap music is no longer a simple style, but incorporates more music. It is common to hear rap music in punk, heavy metal, alternative or electronic music. This is not new. Running DMC to adapt Smith spacecraft's "Go this way" or belief no longer adds rap epic. When rap music and other music are completely integrated, when these music appear in front of us in the form of idols, pop, dance music or other ways, our impression of rap music begins to have some subtle changes, at least it doesn't feel so bad anymore.

If traced back to the source, rap music, like other black music, can be traced back to the music culture of black slaves. However, unlike blues, soul music and gospel music, rap music only established its own distinctive style in the 1970s. On the one hand, because of the black soul music, crazy music gradually became the mainstream and gradually integrated into the popular disco rhythm at that time. On the other hand, music, as the background of black culture, was always bred in the black community at first, always with a strong sense of rhythm, always reflected in street culture first, and never reached elegance-all these contributed to the formation of rap music. In fact, rap music is the freest music art and can best reflect black culture.

Hip hop walk 4

Rap music appeared in the late 1970s. The first rap song recognized by everyone was Rappers Delight of Sugarhill Gang in 1979, which later influenced countless rappers. 1982, Master Shanshou and the furious five recorded an album, which further defined the style of rap music. At this time, rap music has been closely combined with blues, rhythm and blues. This is why R& music is classified under the category of R & b 1984 is the year when rap music broke out. Some independent small companies began to release rap records, and artists such as Kurtis Blow, Run-D.M.C, The Fat Boys and LL Cool J began to take the stage. This accumulation did not have a wide impact until the early 1990s. In the decade of 1990s, rap music was pervasive, and its characteristics made it easy to combine with other music. In addition, rap music relies on new electronic technology and equipment in its performance and production form, which coincides with the rising trend of electronic music. Not counting this, the "post-modern music" that people talked about in the 1990s is actually the non-musicalization of music. It is still controversial whether cutting, pasting, splicing and rap music was a kind of music in the past, and finally it found its place irreproachable in the 1990s. Moreover, because of the activity of rap music, in the process of combining with other music (especially dance music and electronic music), it gradually blurs its own characteristics and the boundaries with other music, so people of rap music now prefer to call it Hip-Hop!

Rap music has many characteristics:

First, its lyrics absorb the street folk culture of black people, which contains a lot of slang and attaches great importance to the coordination skills of words and content. Every song tells a story with a beginning and an end.

Secondly, rap music pays more attention to rhythm, because it is difficult to form a melody, so rhythm is particularly important. In addition to rhyme at the end, the cadence of words is also very particular.

Thirdly, the original form of rap music is very simple, as long as there is a record player and a few records, most of the content is improvisation.

Fourthly, with the popularity and mainstream commercialization of rap music, it has also absorbed various rhythms and musical styles, thus forming a variety of rap forms and genres.

Fifth, the content of rap music is more controversial than other types of black music, because the lyrics of rap music must be meaningful and its content touches all aspects. Racial issues, sex and violence account for almost 90% of the lyrics, so rap music is often regarded as an unstable factor. Many rappers are in trouble because of this. Lighter records are labeled as "content problems" and heavier singers will die.