Can you introduce Kaiyuan Shengshi?

The Kaiyuan rule was a prosperous period in the early period of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (Li Longji) of the Tang Dynasty. In the early days of Tang Xuanzong's rule, Kaiyuan was used as the reign name. At that time, Xuanzong worked hard to govern, appointed talents, developed the economy, promoted culture and education, and brought great rule to the world. It became the most powerful country in the world at that time. It is known in history as the "Kaiyuan Heyday"***29 Year.

Appointing worthy people

After Xuanzong ascended the throne, he first appointed Yao Chong and Song Jing as prime ministers, and later appointed Zhang Jiazhen, Zhang Shuo, Li Yuanhong, Du Luo, Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling as prime ministers. . They each have their own strengths and perform their duties faithfully, making the government full of vitality. Moreover, Xuanzong was able to accept advice humbly at this time, so the politics were clear and the political situation was stable.

Reforming the Administration of Officials

Xuanzong adopted Zhang Jiuling's suggestion and formulated a transfer system for officials. Select capable people from the capital officials and transfer them as governors and governors to train their abilities and develop administrative experience. At the same time, those who have made achievements among the governors and governors were selected and promoted to officials in the capital. This internal and external interaction has enhanced communication, understanding and trust between the central and local governments. Xuanzong also divided the country into fifteen provinces and placed envoys in each province to supervise local state and county officials and inspect the performance of local officials. In terms of selecting talents, Xuanzong also reformed the imperial examination system and limited the number of people who passed the Jinshi examination to reduce the occurrence of redundant officials and improve the overall quality of officials.

Developing the economy

Xuanzong was very frugal during this period. He stipulated that ministers below the third rank and those below the concubine in the inner palace were not allowed to wear ornaments made of gold and jade, and dismissed the palace maids. to save money. He also ordered that all parts of the country were prohibited from mining pearls, jade and manufacturing brocades, thus changing the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yu Wenrong to conduct an inventory of fugitive households and foreign lands across the country. More than 800,000 households were found, which greatly increased the Tang Dynasty's tax revenue and military resources. Because of these measures, the Tang Dynasty's finances became abundant, and the country's granaries were abundant, making prices very cheap.

Specifics:

Agriculture: ①Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming technology: Rice seedling transplantation is widely used. ③The development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph "Tea Classic" appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The author Lu Yu was called the "Tea Saint" by later generations. The practice of drinking tea began to flourish in the Tang Dynasty. ④Improvement of production tools: the emergence of a new agricultural tool - the curved shaft plow; the creation of a new irrigation tool - the barrel cart.

Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: many varieties of designs and colors, and superb technology. ②Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain, Tang Sancai (treasures of world crafts).

Commercial prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou, Chengdu. ②Chang'an City: The city is divided into squares and cities. The squares are residential areas and the city is a prosperous commercial area. Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was the center of exchanges between various ethnic groups and an international metropolis.

Promote literature and education

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and poetry became the main content of Jinshi subjects. In order to select talents, newly admitted county magistrates were personally assessed in the palace examination. He was also very generous to Confucian scholars and ordered his ministers to search for the posthumous books of previous dynasties. He finally found nearly 50,000 volumes of books, which brought the cultural cause of the Tang Dynasty to its peak.

In terms of literature: The Tang Dynasty was the golden period of poetry creation in our country. There are nearly 50,000 poems by more than 2,000 poets that have been handed down to this day.

Representative poets:

①Li Bai (prosperous Tang Dynasty) - "The Immortal of Poetry" ("Early Departure from Baidi City", "The Difficult Road to Shu")

② Du Fu (prosperity-decline) - "Poetic Saint" and "History of Poetry" ("Three Officials" and "Three Farewells")

③Bai Juyi (Mid-Tang Dynasty) - "Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu", Poetry reflects reality.

Calligraphy: "Yan Jin Liu Gu"

1. Yan Zhenqing: Created a powerful and honest new calligraphy style, called "Yan style". He is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of Chinese calligraphy after Wang Xizhi. He is a calligrapher, represented by the "Yan Family Temple Stele" and the "Duobao Pagoda Stele". Yan Zhenqing.

2. Liu Gongquan: He drew on the strengths of others and came up with new ideas, forming the "Liu style". His characters are square and majestic, and his bones are strong and strong. It is represented by the "Mysterious Tower Stele".

Painting

1. (Tang Dynasty) Yan Liben: Good at figure painting, represented by "Pictures of Emperors of Past Dynasties" and "Pictures of Stepping Chariots".

2. (Tang Dynasty) Wu Daozi: "The Saint of Painting", pioneered the freehand painting of later generations, and his representative work is "The Picture of the King of Heaven Farewell to His Son".

Art treasure house

Representative: Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province (most of them were excavated in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with murals and colorful statues, which can be called one of the world's largest art treasure houses)

Foreign Military

Xuanzong adopted Zhang Shuozhi's proposal and implemented a recruitment system to replace the increasingly depleted government army system. In 722 AD, he personally selected 120,000 soldiers and strong men as the capital's permanent guards, and they were called "cavalry". He also set up ten military towns in the border areas to use military envoys and restraints as a measure to rule foreign races and consolidate border defenses.

Diplomacy

1. In the early 7th century, Songtsen Gampo, the outstanding Zanpo of Tibet (now Tibet), unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. He admired the civilization of the Central Plains and proposed to the Tang Dynasty several times. . Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty married Princess Wencheng to him. After Princess Wencheng entered Tubo, she brought many advanced technologies and enhanced the friendly relations between Han and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zanpuchidaizhudan. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have become "one family in harmony".

2. The Uighurs are the ancestors of today’s Uyghurs. In the mid-8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty granted the title of Huairen Khan to Guli Peiluo, the leader of Huihe. Later, Uighur was renamed "Uighur".

3. At the end of the 7th century, Da Zuorong, the leader of Sumo Mohe tribe, unified the surrounding tribes and established a political power. In the early 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty granted Da Zuorong the title of Prince of Bohai County, and also granted him the title of Governor of Bohai. From then on, Sumo Mohe's regime took "Bohai" as its name. Sumo Mohe is known as the "prosperous country in the east of the sea". The institutions that managed the northeastern frontier in the Tang Dynasty were the Bohai Dudufu and the Heishui Dudufu.

4. The residents of Zhao are the ancestors of today’s Yi and Bai people. Pi Luoge, the leader of Nanzhao, unified the six imperial edicts, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named him King of Yunnan.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close exchanges. During the Zhenguan period, Japan sent many envoys, students and monks to study in the Tang Dynasty. The envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty were highly valued after they returned to China. They used the Tang Dynasty system as a model to carry out political reforms. They also created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. In social life, they still retain some of the Tang Dynasty people's customs. Among the envoys and monks from the Tang Dynasty to Japan, the most influential was Jianzhen, who traveled east to Japan six times to spread Tang Dynasty culture in Japan.

The relationship between Tang Dynasty and Silla

1. Method: ① Send envoys and a large number of overseas students to study in Tang Dynasty; ② Silla merchants come to China to do business, and Silla products are imported from Tang Dynasty first place.

2. The manifestations include: establishing a political system imitating the Tang Dynasty system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing Chinese scientific and technological achievements such as medicine, astronomy, and calendar calculation.

The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu - Xuanzang's Journey to the West

During the Tang Dynasty, China and Tianzhu had frequent exchanges, and the most outstanding envoy was the eminent monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set out from Chang'an to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he concentrated on translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula, and Xinjiang in my country.

Thinking: Based on the knowledge you have learned and the content of the textbook, can you talk about the characteristics of foreign exchanges during the Tang Dynasty? What were the factors that promoted the Tang Dynasty’s active foreign exchanges? Today's China is in a period of reform and opening up and rapid economic development. What enlightenment does the Tang Dynasty's foreign exchanges have for us?

Characteristics: ① It has active foreign exchanges and has contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. ②The Tang government encouraged merchants from all over the world to trade in China and allowed them to live there for a long time. ③ Chang'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and other places have frequent foreign trade activities. ④The Tang Dynasty enjoys a high reputation in the world, and various countries call the Chinese "Tang people".

Factors: ① national stability and unity; ② economic and cultural prosperity; ③ opening-up policy; ④ developed external transportation.

Enlightenment: First, there must be a stable political situation and adhere to the policy of opening up to the outside world. Second, improve one's own quality and strive to develop economy and culture. Third, learn from the broad mind of the Tang Dynasty that embraced all rivers. While spreading advanced culture, you must be good at absorbing its essence and using it for your own use.

Comparison with the rule of Zhenguan

During the rule of Zhenguan, the Tang Dynasty was in ruins and waiting for prosperity. Although there were achievements in governance, it was still far from "brilliant". But at that time, the Tang Dynasty was in its ascendant, so despite the coup, it was still able to cope with it. By the time of the Kaiyuan period, after a hundred years of development and accumulation, the Tang Dynasty had reached its peak and entered a golden age. But it is already on the verge of prosperity and decline, so it has begun to show signs of decay. When encountering chaos, it will be unable to recover and will eventually perish.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia