Why are Hakka people called Hakka people?

As for the origin of the Hakka people, it is generally believed that they came from northerners who migrated southward. Historically, wars such as the "Five Chaos in China" and the "An-Shi Rebellion" displaced many civilians, and some refugees fled to the south. Therefore, the Hakka people are generally distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and other places. Of course, now Hakka people are also spread overseas.

To put it bluntly, the Hakka people mean "outsiders". Because only the indigenous people are their own people, they lived very cautiously after arriving in the south. For example, the famous Fujian Tulou is a masterpiece of the Hakka people. The Tulou can be used as a residence or as a defensive castle, which reflects their difficult situation as outsiders.

The Hakka people are constantly migrating, and sometimes their wives and children are inevitably separated. Therefore, they have a strong sense of ancestry and pay attention to the family system. Their genealogy records are particularly detailed and well-preserved. For example, the Hakkas surnamed Zhang in Jiangxi and the Hakkas surnamed Zhang in Fujian can be connected through genealogy. They may have ancestors from the same family, so we can often see family banquets with hundreds of tables in a certain place in the south.

Due to the difficult living conditions of the Hakka people, they are very hard-working and dare to innovate. Therefore, they have quick thinking and have achieved great success in the fields of business, politics and culture. For example, revolutionary pioneer Sun Yat-sen, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Singaporean leaders Lee Kuan Yew and Lee Hsien Loong, etc., these are all Hakkas.

The Hakka dialect is difficult to understand, but according to research, the Hakka dialect is the official language of ancient China. The Hakka people brought the Central Plains Mandarin to the south and have passed it down to this day, so some ancient poems are in Hakka. The rhythm is more harmonious when read. Therefore, Hakka dialect also provides great help for the study of ancient Chinese.

In short, the Hakkas are a group of people who came into being due to historical reasons. No matter where they go, they are descendants of China.

The history of the Hakka people, also known as "Hakka", is not long and it probably started in the Qing Dynasty.

The Hakka people are strong and traditional, and have a very strong ability to migrate. However, compared to the various ethnic groups around the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi border areas where the Hakka people live, the Hakka people are too "young". It’s easy for a character to appear out of place.

1. The Hakka people’s settlement: “Besieged on all sides”

To the north of the Hakka people are people from Jiangyou (Jiangxi) who are known as the “good place in the south of the Yangtze River”. Their origins can be traced back to the Han Dynasty ; To the east are the people of Fujian who traveled south in clothes, starting from the Jin Dynasty and becoming successful in the Tang Dynasty; to the south are the Chaozhou people of "Zou Lu on the seaside", who were founded in the Qin and Han Dynasties, became enlightened in the Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Song Dynasty; and to the west are the The vast mountainous area, to the west and south is Lingnan, which has the same origin as the Qin and Han Dynasties.

During the course of thousands of years of evolution, these powerful neighbors have always adhered to the task of spreading Han culture to the south, and they have also promoted themselves as a "Central Plains cultural branch".

A new group of new humans, no one knows where they come from or what their attributes are.

2. Spoiler: Chaos began to appear in the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi border area

Jiangyou people had the most prosperous imperial examination culture in ancient times, with numerous literati and celebrities. They owned vast private lands and countless Due to feudal exploitation, countless tenants had no choice but to take risks and walk into the mountains to make a living on their own in southern Gansu. In addition to the refugees who came due to war and to avoid taxes, these people became "customers" in southern Ganxi at that time. They did not have household registration. , there is no place for the scientific examination, so I have to hide in the mountains and forests to seek happiness and fend for myself.

Therefore, Ganzhou became the cradle and initial refuge of the Hakka people. This period was about before the Southern Song Dynasty.

As the Southern Song Dynasty was retreating, customers from southern Gansu began to cross the Wuyi Mountains and enter Tingzhou in the southwest of Fujian. There are mountainous plains created by the erosion of the Tingjiang River, which is enough for a larger population. After settling down, Tingzhou began to gather a population and began to appear prosperous.

The first people to be affected by the population growth in Tingzhou are the neighboring Hokkien people in Zhangzhou. In this process, Tingzhou customers will inevitably harass and erode the people of Zhangzhou.

In the minds of Zhangzhou people, their ancestors were the Heluo people who moved south from the Central Plains because of the turmoil between the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi barbarians. The impression still remained on the initial state of "Barbarian", "She people" and "She guests", so they recorded these names in their daily interactions.

In particular, before the Southern Song Dynasty, the Sheke people living in the mountainous areas were a group of foreigners who were good at slash-and-burn farming and did not need to pay taxes. Naturally, Zhangzhou people would treat these customer refugees as the same category.

What is enough evidence is that in the late Southern Song Dynasty, these Sheke people also assisted the Southern Song Dynasty official army to fight against the Yuan soldiers. After the defeat, they returned to the mountains to take refuge.

Perhaps the Hokkien people were too tough, so customers from Tingzhou who had been heading east began to change direction and headed south. The first to arrive was the mountainous county under Chaozhou, namely Meixian. After a long time, Chaozhou Almost all the counties in the north were captured by the Hakkas, so the imperial court took advantage of the situation and established Jiaying Prefecture there, thus giving the Hakka ancestors a base for a happy and bright future.

3. The expansion skills of the Hakkas

It must be said that the ancestors of the Hakkas are really good at adding children. On the one hand, the population explosion comes from the continuous flow of refugees and customers from the Central Plains. On the other hand, the introduction of high-yield crops such as sweet potatoes from southern Fujian and Chaoshan solved the problem of food rations needed for population reproduction in mountainous areas.

As a result, the Hakka ancestors who were good at migrating took Jiaying Prefecture as their base and continued to expand westward and southward. Soon, Raoping at the junction of Chaoshan and southern Fujian, and Chaoshan and Guangfu at the junction The Hailufeng area and both sides of the Pearl River, the traditional territory of Guangfu, are home to many customers who work as "migrant workers". Their population grows at an alarming rate. Finally, conflicts arise with the Cantonese people, and a large-scale "local guest" erupts. Fight with weapons."

At this time, "Ke" was still not considered Hakka. It should still follow the concept of "customer" and the role of guest in the Song Dynasty, but in the end it was the Cantonese people who gave the Hakka people the name "Hakka". No., this name was eventually accepted by all Hakka people.

This conflict ultimately ended in the defeat of the Hakkas. As a result, a large number of Hakkas living on both sides of the Pearl River retreated to northern Guangdong or continued westward into Guangxi and Sichuan, or even directly changed their way to Nanyang, thus setting off a This is another great scene of Hakka’s thousands-mile migration.

During this process, Hakka people such as Luo Xianglin played a key role in correcting the name of the Hakka people. To this day, when talking about the Han people, everyone will think of " "Hakka"; if similar scenes occurred before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, then the Hakkas would have regarded them as "barbaric beasts".

4. The nature of the Hakka people

The reason why the Hakka people are called "Hakka" is indeed related to their repeated migration over the past hundreds of years. "Closest.

The reason why we are guests is that the surrounding neighbors are all mature ethnic groups and have their own customs and habits. When new people who are out of tune move in and find their own way to form a dialect island or a cultural island, it will inevitably It will arouse the resentment of the local people and lead to conflicts.

As for the Hakka people, what exactly are they? Whether it is a minority or not, there should not be much controversy.

Powerful people such as the Hakka, their ability to expand outward is really remarkable. About half of the surrounding ethnic groups, Chaoshan, have been converted to Hakka, while some towns in the Zhangzhou mountainous area in southern Fujian have also been converted to Hakka. As for Guangfu, the east bank of the Pearl River and northern Guangdong are all Hakka.

From this we can also infer that although there are a large She population in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, under the pressure of the Hakkas, the She people were either assimilated or migrated. Therefore, we see the She people in the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi border areas. The descendants became Hakkas and spoke Hakka dialect. Some were lucky enough to regain their She ethnic identity after liberation, while others had no choice but to continue assimilating without realizing it.

Almost at the same time as the Hakkas expanded, a group of She people from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi moved eastward to eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang. They are probably the survivors among the She people.

Therefore, it can be seen that the Hakka people are still mainly people from the Central Plains after the Southern Song Dynasty, mainly composed of landless people and refugees fleeing the war. They adhere to the traditions of the Han people and are unwilling to abandon the words and customs of their ancestors. However, it is a group that incorporates some characteristics of the She people, so it seems incompatible with the descendants of the Central Plains people who came earlier, so it is called "Hakka".

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Text/Four Notes of Guihai

Secondly, let’s talk about the origin of the Hakka people. The Hakka people are one of the many ethnic groups formed by the migration of the Han ethnic group at various historical stages. With the Qin Dynasty's conquest of Lingnan, the Wuhu chaos in China at the end of the Jin Dynasty, and the Jingkang disaster in the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people migrated or fled from Henan, Shanxi, Shandong and other places in the Central Plains to settle in Guangdong, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangdong, and the two lakes. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the government divided household registration into main registration and guest registration, and those who immigrated and naturalized were guest registrations. The people who migrated from the Central Plains also called themselves Hakkas, which means people in a foreign land are strangers. This is probably the origin of the name "Hakkas". Later, the Hakkas experienced several migrations due to wars, forming their current distribution pattern.

According to statistics, there are 80 million Hakka people in the world, more than 50 million in our country, and 25 million in Guangdong (data source: Baidu Encyclopedia). The Hakka people are hard-working, flexible, adaptable, and live abroad. We live in more than 80 countries overseas and live well all over the world. After thousands of years of migration, the Hakka people have formed their own unique culture, which not only retains a large number of traditions of the Central Plains culture, but also absorbs the cultural characteristics of the region and the Baiyue nation. Weilou, Weilong Tower and Hakka Earth Building are all famous folk buildings. Hakka culture is not only an important branch of Han culture, but also an important part of southern Chinese culture.

Finally, the Hakka people came from the northern Central Plains region where the economy and science and technology were developed at that time. Some nobles moved their families to avoid disaster or escape, bringing with them craftsmen and artists from all walks of life, objectively spreading advanced The manufacturing, farming technology and ideas have promoted the development of civilization in the Baiyue region in the south, and are also one of the living historical evidences of the great integration of the Chinese nation.

This is my personal understanding of the Hakka people. I write it down for everyone’s reference.

The Hakka people are a group of people with a unique cultural system. The living customs, customs and customs of the Hakka people are obviously different from other ethnic groups. Especially in terms of eating habits, language, culture, and economic conditions, Cantonese and Hakka are the most popular in China! The Hakka people are warm and generous, and generally have high cultural attainments. The Hakka people have a vast population and are spread across many provinces in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi. Hakka dishes and Cantonese dishes have the same taste, and it is well known that they are eaten in Guangdong. I am a Hakka...

Why are Hakkas called Hakkas? First let’s talk about the origin of the Hakka people.

During the Qin Dynasty, the First Emperor sent Zhao Tuo and many other Qin people to conquer the land of Baiyue. Even if Qin died, they could not return. Zhao Tuo later established Nanyue and did not surrender until the Han Dynasty. Among the many Qin soldiers, Some Hakkas were brought into the Lingnan area. In addition to the great construction projects carried out by the First Emperor, many Hakka ancestors were sent to cut wood. The real first large-scale migration of the Hakkas was during the Five Hus Rebellion period. Those who traveled south in clothes and clothes were Hakkas. These Han people brought With the advent of advanced farming culture, Hakka houses were built according to the local terrain, and they lived together to resist foreigners. The second migration was from the Anshi Rebellion to the Tang Dynasty and the fall of the Song Dynasty. The third migration was the Battle of Yashan, and there was no more Chinese. The Hakka people At this point, all migrations from the Central Plains were completed. At this time, heroes such as Wen Tianxiang of the Hakka people rose up to resist the foreigners. The fourth migration was at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the Hakka people who migrated south became stable and developed. The group began to move to the coast and Sichuan. In short, the phenomenon of return migration is circulating in the Lingnan area. In the imperial examinations of the past dynasties, Hakka people were not registered in the local area, so they had a special examination quota called Hakka. Hakka is what the Hakka people call themselves, that is, they are guests in a foreign land. The dialect is full of the charm of the Central Plains, and the customs are still preserved three generations ago. "Huang Zunxian once described the Hakka people. The fifth great migration was the overthrow of the Taiping Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty, which was led by 80% of the Hakkas. Many Hakkas were afraid of being annihilated and moved overseas in large numbers, laying the foundation for the Hakkas' global distribution. The Hakka people who moved overseas called themselves HAKKA. This word in English expression represents Hakka people and Hakka culture.

The Hakka people are not a minority. We are the Han ethnic group with the largest population and the widest distribution. We have never forgotten where we come from. The Heluo sound still exists today. The Hakka people are not representatives of a region. They are more than 180 million people in the world. The self-proclaimed Hakka people, Hakka culture not only belongs to the Hakka people, it is an indispensable part of the study of Han culture. Hakka architecture is not only used by the Hakka people to resist foreigners, it is also one of the four major structural ancient buildings in China

Hakka traditional clothing is an improvement of Hanfu made by Hakkas. It is not as restrictive as long robes and gowns, and is very close to the clothing worn by Qing people by the survivors of the Ming Dynasty. Some people say that the Hakka people are the descendants of the Yao, Miao and She people who were Sinicized. This is undeniable after the founding of New China. The Hakka people did not integrate with the Miao and Yao people before. Only a small number of the She people integrated with the Hakka people, and it was the She people who were adopted by our Hakka people. Sinicization, the She people experienced genocide during the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. Millions of She people were wiped out and very few were left. The remaining She people had no choice but to integrate with the Hakkas and abandon the She culture if they wanted to survive. Now the She people in the Hakka area can speak the She language. Very few have been basically Chineseized. As an ancient pronunciation, Hakka is used to read poetry in the same way as Cantonese and it rhymes

Everyone try to read it in Mandarin. Does this poem not rhyme? However, when pronouncing the word "Xie" in "Yuanshang Hanshan Stone Path Xie" in Hakka, the word "Xie" is pronounced "xia", which rhymes with "家" and "花" at the end of the second and fourth sentences. In the ancient pronunciation, "Xie" is also pronounced "Xie" "Xia" is exactly the same as Hakka.

This is a poem written by my ancestor Zhang’s son Shougong. It has more charm when read in Hakka.

Night Walk on the Xijiang River

Tang Dynasty: Zhang Jiuling

Where are the people in the distant night? Walking in the clear moonlight.

The sky is vast and the feeling of hometown is strong.

The outside world is quiet and undisturbed, and the inner flow is pure.

I want to return to the forest and the leaves are changing, but I am sad to sit there and see the dew of Watson.

There are still Tingzhou cranes, which sing at midnight.

This is part of my expression of Hakka.

The Hakka people are not a national concept, nor a regional concept, but one of the ethnic groups within the Han nation: there are currently about 80 million Hakka people in the world. About 50 million of them are distributed in more than 180 cities and counties in 19 provinces including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Hainan. The number of local Hakkas in Guangdong Province has reached about 25 million, accounting for one-third of the local ethnic groups in Guangdong. First, the three major dialects in Guangdong are Cantonese, Chaoshan and Hakka. About 6 million people are distributed in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, and about 15 million people are distributed in more than 80 countries and regions including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, the United States, Peru, and Mauritius. Hakka is also an important part of the local language. part. Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Ganzhou, Longyan, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Hezhou, Sabah and Hsinchu are important cities where Hakka people live. Meizhou, Huizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou are known as the "Four Hakka states".

To put it bluntly, Hakka means "outsiders", relative to the original residents. Strictly speaking: the major ethnic groups in Guangdong mixed and assimilated the Baiyue ethnic groups, the earliest indigenous residents of Lingnan, and finally formed the Hakka ethnic group, which was not later than other ethnic groups in Guangdong. Because the Hakka language was originally an elegant dialect of the Central Plains, but it absorbed some indigenous languages ??after moving to the south, but its main body is still an elegant dialect of the Middle Ages. The first Hakka people to migrate to Guangdong were the descendants of the Qin army when Emperor Qin Shihuang conquered Baiyue in the south. These people merged with the local Baiyue ethnic group and gradually formed the Hakka ethnic group in Guangdong. Since then, people from the Central Plains have continued to migrate to the south and merged into the Hakka ethnic group.

The Western Jin Dynasty perished due to the Rebellion of the Eight Kings and the Wuhu Rebellion: the Central Plains became a battlefield for the Wuhu tribes to compete, a large amount of farmland was abandoned, and the Han people were plundered and made into slaves. Years of war have made the lives of the people in the Central Plains difficult, and the phenomenon of cannibalism began to emerge. In order to survive, some Central Plains people who could not bear the oppression passed through Nanyang, Henan, entered Xiangyang, and moved eastward along the Han River and the Yangtze River to Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu. ; To the south, go from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or follow the Ganjiang River into the mountainous areas of southern Gansu. Its vanguard has arrived at Dabu in present-day Meizhou, and Yizhao County was established based on the "refugee camp" in the ninth year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (413 AD). At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty specially established overseas Chinese states, counties, and counties to accommodate immigrants from the Central Plains, and provided them with various preferential treatment. This trend continued for more than 170 years, with a population of one to two million people migrating.

After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the vassal towns were separated, and the Central Plains region suffered from successive famines. The government exploited and exploited the people, and the people were in dire straits. Many urban and rural areas were cut off, and there was a depression, which finally triggered the Huangchao Uprising.

The Huangchao Uprising spread to most of China. Only southern Jiangxi, southwestern Fujian, and northeastern Guangdong were less affected by the war. As a result, a large number of people from the Central Plains traveled up the Ganjiang River from Jiujiang to today's triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, and northeastern Guangdong. Settle the area. According to Hakka genealogy records: During this period, many immigrants took refuge in Ningshibidong, Fujian. This migration to the south continued into the Five Dynasties period after the Tang Dynasty, lasting more than 90 years.

In 1126 AD, Bianliang, Tokyo, was captured by the Jin army in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou crossed to the south. Millions of people followed Gaozong across the Yangtze River and moved south. After the Jin soldiers entered the Central Plains, a large number of Central Plains people crossed the river and went south. Later, Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty, and then went to war with the Song Dynasty. The junction of Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong became a battlefield for both the Song and Yuan Dynasties to attack and defend. During the war against the Yuan Dynasty, many Hakka children joined the army and moved to fight with the army. Some Hakkas also entered the Meizhou and Huizhou areas in eastern Guangdong to avoid the war. Because the household registration at this time was divided into "host" and "guest", all immigrants and naturalized people were classified as "guest". The "hakka people" then called themselves "Hakka people".

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, some Hakka righteous people followed Zheng Chenggong to fight against the Qing Dynasty and moved to Taiwan. Some moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong, and western Guangdong; some moved to Guangxi, Hunan, and Sichuan. At the same time, as high-yielding crops such as Gansu and potatoes introduced from America first landed on the southern coast, the local population began to expand: after more than 200 years of development, the Hakka population in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong increased significantly. There are many mountains and few fields in the area, and the contradiction between man and land is becoming increasingly acute. At that time, the Sichuan area almost experienced mass extinction of the population after the wars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The imperial court hoped to immigrate to Sichuan to solve the contradiction between man and land, so Han people who migrated from the Central Plains to the two lakes and Guangdong entered Sichuan in large numbers: Zhu De, Guo Moruo The ancestors of Han Suyin and Han Suyin were Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong and Fujian at that time. Due to the huge impact of Huguang's landfill in Sichuan in history, there is still a legend circulating among the Hakka children in Sichuan today: Every Hakka child in Sichuan has traces on his wrist that his ancestors were tied with ropes when they entered Sichuan.

However, this population migration in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties did not fundamentally solve the problem of man-land conflict in the Lingnan area. By the mid-Qing Dynasty, Hakka descendants and local aboriginal residents would sometimes compete for land and land. When there was a fight over the water source, people at that time called it a dispute over the origin of the land - the people who came from far away also referred to the Hakka people, and the native people referred to the indigenous people. After the rise of the Tianping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, taking advantage of the acute contradiction between man and land at that time, the Hakkas were the basic team and moved to the south for more than ten years. After the defeat of the Tianping Heavenly Kingdom, these Hakkas moved to Hainan, Guangxi, and even traveled across the ocean to make a living.

In addition to domestic migration, Hakka ancestors have been migrating overseas since the Song Dynasty to escape war. "Water Margin" records: Ruan Xiaoqi, Li Jun and others later went to Nanyang and established themselves as kings. Although these are the words of a novelist, they also reflect from the side the experience of the ancestors of China's southeastern coastal areas emigrating overseas at that time. In the second year of Xiangxing of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1279), the Song general Zhang Shijie was defeated at Yashan. The left prime minister Lu Xiufu (from Yancheng, Jiangsu Province) carried the young emperor across the sea and died; his youngest son Lu Zili (named Fu Song) and other survivors of the Southern Song Dynasty fled on ships. To the South Sea island of Java. Lu Zili was elected as the leader and established the Java Shunta Kingdom. Since then, the Chinese have successively established the Bo Ni Kingdom, the "Flying Dragon" Kingdom, the Natuna Island Kingdom, the Malay Wu Kingdom, the Thonburi Dynasty of Siam, the Lanfang Kingdom, and the Dai Yan Kingdom in Southeast Asia, and they have done business in Southeast Asia. There were also many settlers. Among them, a large number of Hakka descendants gradually migrated overseas by sea and land: sea routes departed from ports such as Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Taijiachong in Chixi, Taishan, and ventured to various parts of Southeast Asia by boat. The land route passes through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan and enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places. These include those who fled overseas after the failure of the late Song Dynasty’s resistance against the Yuan Dynasty, the early Qing Dynasty’s “anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming Dynasty”, the Taiping Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty and the early armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen, as well as a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor, who either drove their own sailboats or They were robbed, tricked, and recruited as "contracted Chinese laborers" to perform hard labor in Southeast Asia and other places. Since the middle of the 20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, the United States and other countries, and even to other parts of the world. Today, Hakka descendants can be found in more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Wherever there is sea water, there are Chinese people, and wherever there are Chinese people, there are Hakka people."

Hakka are the purest Han people, not a minority. Hakka is a living classical Chinese language, and many ancient Chinese words still appear in daily sentences.

On the ancient tombs of our Hakkas, there is a row of characters (on the stele) that can prove that we are Han people. The same is true for hundreds of years ago, especially the first two characters "中华". For men, it is usually "中华大德王xxx". "The woman's tomb is the tomb of Zhonghua Da Yide xxx", which shows that the people living on this land are Han people.

Hakkas, also known as Hakkas, Hakka groups, and Hakka ethnic groups, are called Cantonese in Sichuan. They are an important branch of the Han people in Lingnan and are also the Han people with a wide distribution range and far-reaching influence in the world. One of the ethnic groups. The term Hakka originated in the Siyi area of ??Guangdong. People from Meizhou moved to the Pearl River Delta in the early Qing Dynasty and were called Hakka by people in Guangfu. They moved to Guangxi and were called visitors. When they moved to Jiangxi, they were called shanty dwellers. Later, they were changed to Hakka. They are now called Hakka in Jiangxi and other places. The Hakka people are Hakkas, and they were the main force in the Taiping Rebellion and the Red Soviet Revolution. It played an important role in establishing a new China where all ethnic groups are equal. There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, the main ones are the Hakka original theory and the Hakka mixed-blood theory. The Hakka original theory believes that the main body of the Hakkas are immigrants from the Central Plains, while the Hakka indigenous theory believes that "the Hakka homogeneous body is the homogeneous body produced by the mixing of the Han people who migrated to the south and the ancient Yue immigrants in the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi triangle areas. The main body is the Guyue people living on this land, not the few Central Plains people living in this area." Starting from the Song Dynasty, Han people from the Central Plains migrated southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, eventually forming a relatively mature and highly stable Hakka ethnic group. Since then, the Hakka people have used Meizhou as their base and moved to other parts of the country and even the world in large numbers. The "Hakka Capital" is Jiaying Prefecture.

So far, there is no generally accepted exact definition of where is a "pure Hakka residence" and where is a "non-pure Hakka residence", and can only be defined relatively. In Luo Xianglin's book "A Study on the Origin and Origin of Hakkas", based on extensive research, he roughly divided the distribution areas of Hakkas in China. Domestic Hakka people mainly live in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan and other places. There are 33 pure Hakka counties and 144 non-pure Hakka counties. Abroad, Hakkas are even more widely distributed. It is said that "where there is sea water, there are overseas Chinese, and where there are overseas Chinese, there are Hakkas."

To put it simply, the Hakka people are the northern people who moved south to the junction of the three provinces of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong due to war (from Jiangxi to Fujian and then to Guangdong). They have formed their own unique culture as they increasingly blend with the locals. Culture of a Han ethnic group. Therefore, the Hakka people are Han people, not a minority ethnic group. The word Hakka appeared relatively late. When the Hakka ethnic group was formed, it was not called Hakka. Therefore, some people do not quite agree with the term Hakka. The base camp of the Hakka people is in the area where the three provinces of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong meet, as well as in the western part of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and overseas.

The so-called "Hakka" refers to the Han nationality originally from the Central Plains. After five large-scale southward migrations, the Hakka ethnic group with unique features was formed in the southern provinces. It is one of the eight major ethnic groups of the Chinese Han nation. One of the most important branches

To put it simply, the Hakka people are the Han people in the north who moved south to the junction of the three provinces of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong due to war (from Jiangxi to Fujian and then to Guangdong). They are increasingly interacting with the locals. A Han ethnic group with its own unique culture formed through the interaction

Therefore, the Hakka people are Han nationality, not a minority group

The term "Hakka people" appeared relatively late. When this ethnic group was formed, they were not called Hakkas, so some people did not quite agree with the term "Hakkas"

The base camp of the Hakkas is at the junction of the three provinces of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, as well as in Guangdong Western China, Guangxi, Sichuan, overseas

In the gestation, growth and spread of Hakka culture to the outside world, Hakka culture has also been integrated time and time again, and in the process of integration, it has continuously absorbed We can continue to develop and strengthen ourselves with the nutrition of the surrounding culture

Therefore, Hakka culture, like other Chinese cultures, is also a continuously developing culture

With the progress of society, Hakka culture Some consciousness or habits formed in the past to meet the needs of one's own survival and development, such as small farmer economic consciousness, small groupism and related living habits, etc., may appear a little outdated and incompatible with today's increasingly perfect market economy. Shiyi

Therefore, today they should jump out of the Hakka circle and correctly understand and evaluate Hakka culture with the momentum of "being at the top of the mountain and seeing all the mountains and small mountains", so as to carry forward the excellent Hakka cultural traditions and bravely Abandon the outdated elements

Mr. Luo Xianglin is the founder of Hakka studies. According to Mr. Luo's theory, the Hakka people are a branch of the Han nationality (that is, the concept of "ethnic lineage" in the book). Just like a clan is divided into several branches, the Han nationality has many branches, such as the southern branch and the northern branch. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Department was divided into the Yuehai Department, the Hunan-Jiangxi Department, the Southern Han Department (locals from Guangdong and Guangxi, also known as the Guangfu Department), the Fujian Department (also known as the Fu-Lao Department), and the Fujian-Jiangxi Department (i.e. the Hakka Department). ) Wait for a few. Therefore, according to Mr. Luo's theory, the Hakka are not a minority, but a part of the Han people. Although this conclusion has been controversial since then (for example, Fang Xuejia believes that the main ethnic origin of the Hakka people is the Yue people, see his book "Exploring the Origin of the Hakka"), it has basically become the common knowledge in the academic world. From the perspective of genetics, Li Hui and others from Fudan University in Shanghai conducted a genetic analysis on 148 Hakka men in Changting, Fujian. The results showed that the Y chromosome inherited from the paternal line of the Hakka people is the closest to that of the Han people in the Central Plains. The mixed analysis found that the Hakka people data In the structure, the Han nationality accounts for 80.2%, the She nationality-like structure accounts for 13%, and the Dong nationality-like structure accounts for 6.8%. The results further prove that the main source of the Hakka people is the Han nationality.

References

Luo Xianglin: "Introduction to Hakka Studies", "A Study on the Origin of Hakka"

Zhou Yunzhong: "A New Study on the Origin of Hakka"

Li Hui, Pan Wuyun and others "Genetic Analysis of the Origin of Hakkas"