Who can tell me what kind of person Yuan Chonghuan was in the Ming Dynasty?

Mr. Lu Xun once said that I ate grass and squeezed out milk and blood. Of course, this is just a metaphor. In fact, he has never eaten grass, milked or shed blood.

But people are bleeding, and it's not just bleeding.

When the late Jin fighters, who rose between Baishan and Heishui, were under the command of Nurhachi to adapt to Mongolia and Dongping Korea, as well as the army from Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty, which claimed to be 400,000 people, was defeated by a mere 60,000 people and fell into Guangning, Keshen and Xialiaoyang. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty were used to failure and numbly criticized the official documents: so-and-so company commanders gave up their land to escape and kill privately; So-and-so governor unyielding martyrdom, chasing three levels; So-and-so's strategy is to defeat the enemy, behead, and pass through the first nine sides ... In short, escaping and dying are all lawsuits that kill people. But one day, officials in Beijing suddenly found that they couldn't handle the official document in front of them-Qian Ning Road reported to Yuan Chonghuan, Ningyuan triumphed, killed tens of thousands of enemies and killed the enemy's supreme commander Nurhachi! I'm afraid this surprise is even more unbearable than when we heard that China beat Brazil 6-0. The first thing leaders can do is to order a review. Are you kidding? Make fun of your own head?

The historical fact was later known to everyone: Yuan Chonghuan's immediate superior told him to retreat, and he became arrogant: "I'd rather walk in front of the road, even if the official dies here, I won't go!" My official position is Qian Ning Road, and Ningyuan is where I was buried! As a result, hundreds of thousands of victorious troops in Nurhachi could not capture the small town of Ningyuan, where thousands of people were stationed. He was so angry that he went to the front line to command and was wounded by the red cannon and died.

When the leaders of the Ming Dynasty finally believed that all this was really not a dream, their excitement was beyond words. The hero of the Apocalypse Emperor Award, this great victory, depends on Ai Qing's good leadership in North Korea, and I won a huge reward. I admire this! The emperor didn't break his word, and all the officials in the DPRK who didn't even know where Ningyuan was made some money. Even a grandnephew who just came out of the womb in Wei Zhongxian was made an earl. It is said that without the painstaking management and strategizing of Wei's father-in-law, Ningyuan World War I could not have achieved such great results. This is logic. It was father-in-law Wei who won the battle, and it was the frontline commanders who lost the battle. In that case, Yuan Chonghuan, what's the name of that small Qian Ning Road? The credit is average. Give him a Liaodong governor to pull down (in fact, Liaodong is almost under the control of the latter)-anyway, no one dares to do this kind of officer, then forget it-admire, everyone is quick to give thanks!

Mr. Jin Yong wrote a biography of Yuan Chonghuan, and thought that Yuan Chonghuan's greatest personality characteristic was his desperate stubbornness in Man Zi, Guangdong Province, so that dozens of cows could not be dragged back. Yuan Chonghuan staked his life on Ningyuan's victory, which became a ladder for officials in the DPRK. He just became the governor of Liaodong, but he didn't think about anything: although the governor of Liaodong was not a good job and his life was in danger at any time, he finally had the final say-this gave him a chance to complete his ideal.

When the Manchu army failed, Huang Taiji and his brothers decided that Yuan Chonghuan was good at guarding the city, so they came to the conclusion that they would fight the Ming army. A few years later, hundreds of thousands of troops from the late Jin Dynasty once again marched west into the western Liaoning Corridor and attacked Ningyuan and Jinzhou, which were guarded by Yuan Chonghuan. However, this offensive was finally defeated by the Ming army at Jinzhou. From then on, Ming entered a strategic stalemate from strategic defense, and it was no longer out of reach to recover Liaodong.

But this time, Yuan Chonghuan may be dismissed by the court for making peace with the latter. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, China people have been ashamed to talk about peace, as if it was Qin Gui who talked about peace and Yue Fei who talked about the war of resistance. In fact, history is not so simple. In Yuan Chonghuan's time, the problem of Ming Dynasty was internal affairs. In fact, the demise of the Ming Dynasty is considered by people today to be a financial bankruptcy rather than a military failure: the normal income of the Ming Dynasty in the early years of Wanli was about 400,000 to 500,000 yuan, but since Nurhachi sent troops, the "three major salaries" and other factions caused by it later collected more than 200,000 yuan. How can the country not die? Yuan Chonghuan commanded the Hebei-Liaoning Military Region, which often led to the loss of pay and even the mutiny of soldiers. In this case, if you can get a temporary respite with two hundred and two thousand pieces of silver every year (besides, the other party has a corresponding number of gifts in return. In fact, this is just an economic transaction that the other party takes a little advantage, which is completely different from the old coins in the Southern Song Dynasty. Moreover, it should be said that it was successful in diplomacy to force Huang Taiji to submit to the Ming Dynasty and change the highly hostile title of "Late Jin" to a more neutral "Qing". ), stabilize the situation in Liaodong, why spend six million a year (and this is just a maintenance fee)? In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was possible to defeat the enemy without fighting, while in the late Ming Dynasty, it was possible to defeat the enemy without fighting. How can there be confrontation in the world? Because what he did was beyond people's ideological realm at that time, Yuan Chonghuan had to return to his hometown-although many people borrowed Ningjin's triumph to promote to a higher position and make a fortune, this did not prevent them from stepping on Yuan Chonghuan.

It wasn't until Chongzhen became emperor that he remembered the benefits of Yuan Chonghuan, and appointed him as the Minister of War and the overseer of Jilin and Liaoning. The emperor was youthful and asked Yuan Chonghuan how long it would take to restore the whole Liao country. Yuan Chonghuan replied, five years. After coming down, colleagues worried that he was too harsh. What if the emperor didn't defeat the whole Liao country after five years? But this kind of worry is unnecessary. The emperor didn't even give it to him for five years.

In October of the second year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji led the Manchu army to attack again. They dare not touch Yuan Chonghuan, bypass the western Liaoning corridor, break through the Great Wall defense line from Daankou and Zunhua, and reach the capital. Yuan Chonghuan led 9000 cavalry into Beijing on a starry night, and fought several battles with Manchu fighters at the gates of Beijing, slightly stabilizing the war. At this time, Emperor Chongzhen was tricked by Huang Taiji.

In the records of the Ming Dynasty and the gossip of the people at that time, it was pointed out that Yuan Chonghuan was a spy and a traitor. It was not until the Qing Dynasty compiled the history of the Ming Dynasty and took out its own file "Records of Emperor Taizong" for reference and revision that the truth was revealed to the world. "I set up a room in the Qing dynasty, saying that I had a secret agreement with Chonghuan, so that the eunuch I got knew about it, even if I went. The man ran to the emperor and the emperor believed him. In December, I was summoned again and I was tied up and imprisoned. " A proud winner has no reason to lie for Ming Chengzu. Let's see what this "spy" did in Emperor Daming's dungeon! After Yuan Chonghuan was arrested by the emperor, his officers and men were shocked and fled. Yuan Chonghuan earnestly wrote a letter in prison, earnestly advised Zu Dashou and He to bring troops back, beat off the Qing soldiers and defend Daming Jiangshan. "The emperor took Chonghuan's calligraphy in prison and called it for his birthday, but he died." Is there such a "spy" in the world?

Manchu soldiers evacuated from the Great Wall under the attack of Wang Jun led by Yuan Chonghuan and his men. But the emperor finally didn't let Yuan Chonghuan go. The emperor has the emperor's consideration: you have no objection now, but I arrested you. Didn't I say I caught you by mistake when I let you out? Emperor Chongzhen didn't have the courage to admit his mistake. Not only at this time, but even when he hanged himself in Jingshan Park, his will also said, "It's cool and humble, and I'm guilty of doing things, and all my ministers are wrong." Although I was wicked and angered God, it was all caused by the incompetence of ministers. The cheeky emperor blamed the ministers for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. I wonder if Yuan Chonghuan was included in what he called "subjugation of the country"? Besides, I've caught them now, and my face is torn. If we let them out, you have to do the opposite. Therefore, it can only be a word "kill". So the central government of the Ming Dynasty told the world that the invasion of the Qing Dynasty was purely caused by Yuan Chonghuan's collusion, and Yuan Chonghuan was executed on trumped-up charges such as treason and attempted rebellion. "Inch cutting" means cutting a knife every other inch, which is often called "thousand pieces".

The hero's sorrow lies not in his death, but in his bleeding for his own nation and being regarded as a traitor to this nation. Yuan Chonghuan sighed deeply when he was taken to the execution ground. Before he left the customs supervision department two years ago, his worries about the emperor have now unfortunately come true. "This is a matter of great responsibility, because there are many grievances, which are beneficial to his government and unfavorable to him." The situation shows that the enemy is in a hurry and the enemy is among them. People think it is difficult for border officials. "

Countless people outside the execution ground are spitting at him and cursing him in the most vicious language-because the emperor said he was a traitor. "Catch Yuan Chonghuan", the fifth volume of A Brief Introduction to the North of Ming Dynasty, recorded the scene at that time: "At that time, the people were angry and contended for their flesh, and their hearts and lungs cried for a long time. The so-called living people also ... people bought a piece of meat as big as a finger with a silver dollar, and they dared to say this. When you eat it, you will be scolded, and the meat will be sold out in a short while ... The executioner said in Wuxi Zhou Wuwu:' How many masters have I served, and I have never seen such boldness as Master Yuan'. " Courage is due to innocence. Who can be more naive than him?

People eat Yuan Chonghuan not only because of resentment, after all, in this numb age, most people haven't realized to link the interests of the country and the nation with their own emotional orientation. Because of Yuan Chonghuan's trumped-up treason, the scholar-officials linked cannibalism with hatred and tried their best to defend cannibalism. But nerds are a bit arbitrary-most people who pay for human flesh are probably not out of hatred based on national feelings. A few years later, Emperor Chongzhen cut down another unlucky guy, Zheng Man, which had nothing to do with the hatred of Chou He. The record in "Ming Bei lue" is like this: "After the cannon sounded, everyone stepped forward to lead, which was very crowded ... On the way home, I saw that people who bought raw meat to cure scabies were all over Chang 'an. Twenty years ago, the article was honest and its reputation was obvious. It is also amazing that it played skin skills with Gump. "After the murder shot, all the onlookers stood on tiptoe to see this spectacle. It's not exciting enough to pat your ass home after watching it. All the excitement along the way was buying human flesh to go back to cure diseases. This time, the bookworm who studied history finally died on the rabbit. He didn't like it. He complained-TMD, after studying for decades, he was eaten as ginseng and licorice!

Eating people is illegal and unreasonable, but eating Yuan Chonghuan is legal and reasonable, because he is a traitor. Yuan Chonghuan's life was to consolidate the personal dignity and prestige of the emperor.

Today, we can't guess what Yuan Chonghuan thought on the execution ground, but I think he would never have imagined that it was his enemy who affirmed his historical role and rehabilitated him after 150 years. "The Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in the History of Ming Dynasty" commented: "It is not beneficial to anyone to die after worshipping Huan, and it depends on the death of Ming Dynasty."

You really know how to play tricks on people. Even the winner's dynasty has passed by half, and the time is too long, which makes those involved regret it, and only allows future generations to savor the sadness of history in a foreign country.

Yuan Chonghuan's head is the only thing formed on him, not the deliberate favor of the Ming Dynasty. Originally, the emperor wanted to transport the head of "traitor" Yuan Chonghuan to Datong, Ningxia and other nine border towns for public display.

What happened later was known to everyone: his subordinate Mr. She stole the head at the risk of destroying nine families. Since then, there have been solitary graves and grave keepers outside Guangqumen in Beijing. This guardian is the17th generation.

Yuan Chonghuan is dead, but history goes on.

The Qing people built the ancestral temple for him, and Chairman Mao agreed to repair it after liberation. However, in the "historical revolution" of 1966, the unfashionable meta-words were also doomed. Because of the "revolutionary" spirit, it just dug the grave; I heard that the buried head is gold, which means digging three feet. There is nothing strange about this: the nation that can build a shrine for Wei Zhongxian can also dig the tomb behind Yuan Chonghuan. How many sins have there been under the pretense of grandiose? ! Yuan Chonghuan was treated like this before and after his death. I wonder if he will have a new understanding of this nation he once loved infinitely?

Many years passed, and Yuan Chonghuan's head became a pawn in Li Ao's Fayuan Temple, which caused Mr. Li Lao to almost get Nobel Prize in Literature. Now, the old lady guarding the 17th-generation tomb is finally moving out in tears-the cultural relics management department has to repair the Yuan Temple and open it to the outside world. Yuan Chonghuan will use his grave to exchange tickets to support several families. After all, now is the era of commodity economy. It seems impossible to pay tribute to Yuan without spending ten or twenty dollars.

Yuan Chonghuan doesn't eat grass, but I'm afraid what he squeezes out is not just milk and blood as Mr. Lu Xun said.

Unfortunately, the grave has been leveled, the cave has been filled, and the coffin has been dug up, although we can pour one in the original place with cement very accurately through various textual research, and even make a golden head as a gimmick.