The latest news of lost cultural relics in Guo Bo.

1. There are countless cultural relics lost overseas in Yuanmingyuan. Please record the relevant information you know below. After more than 100 years overseas, Matou will eventually go to Yuanmingyuan. What's the official statement? Guo Bo exhibited more than 600 cultural relics returned in the past 70 years. What other precious cultural relics are "scattered" in China? What exhibitions are there during the opening hours of the National Museum on April 2019? 5. How many national treasures have returned to China? 6. Hundreds of cultural relics of the British Museum have appeared in Guo Bo, but the most precious room 95 is still kept by them. There are countless cultural relics lost overseas in Yuanmingyuan. Please record the relevant information you know below.

I. General situation of lost cultural relics

We will never know how many treasures the British and French invaders took from Yuanmingyuan, because the furnishings and accounts in the garden were looted and destroyed. The following information may give you a glimpse of the leopard.

According to the historical records of the Qing Dynasty, only 4,465,438 European clocks and watches were exhibited and stored in Yuanmingyuan at that time, and only one big clock was spared.

Afterwards, some lost objects robbed by bandits and abandoned by the invading army reached 1 197, which was at best one thousandth of the objects in the park.

According to a newsletter of The Times at that time, "it is estimated that the total value of looted and destroyed property is over 6 million pounds". In fact, a large part of the goods robbed and destroyed by the British and French invaders are priceless.

Second, the introduction of lost cultural relics

1, twelve animal heads

The bronze statue of the animal head of the zodiac in Yuanmingyuan was originally a part of the fountain outside Haiyan Hall in Yuanmingyuan, and it was a bronze statue of the Qing Dynasty.

The animal head was designed by Lang Shining, a Jesuit priest in China. He used the animal head to represent 24 hours a day, and each bronze statue took turns spraying water, which was a spectacle.

1860, 12 The animal heads of the Zodiac were plundered by the British and French allied forces and scattered all over the country. Among them, the bronze heads of cattle, monkeys, tigers and pigs have returned to China and are collected in Poly Art Museum. In 2007, the bronze statue of Ma Shou was purchased by Stanley Ho, a Macao businessman, and donated to the country.

The mouse head and rabbit head were donated to China by the French Pino family for free and entered the Tibet National Expo; As of May 20 13, according to reliable information, Longshou was collected from Taiwan Province Province; The whereabouts of the head of the snake, the head of the chicken, the head of the dog and the head of the sheep are unknown.

2. "Gu Jun Map"

Gu Jun is a paper ink painting created by Gong Kai, a painter in Yuan Dynasty. It depicts a hungry horse. It is skinny and can hardly lift its head, but it can still feel its indomitable spirit from its torch-like eyes.

In the upper right corner of Gu Jun Map, there are two seals, namely "Chunhua Xuan Shu Zhen" and "Chunhua Xuan" Zhu Wenchang Square, indicating that this painting was originally hidden in Chunhua Xuan of Yuanmingyuan.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces looted the Yuanmingyuan. This painting was plundered from Yuanmingyuan, then transferred to Japan and collected by Fukujiro Abe (1868- 1937).

Abe Fukujiro was a Japanese textile giant in the early 20th century. He was deeply influenced by Kansai sinologist Naito Hunan (1866- 1934) and Gao Na Yushan (1864- 1942) at that time, and bought paintings and calligraphy from Japan and China.

1May, 937, Jiro Abe died of illness. Before he died, he entrusted the collection collected from the society to his family, namely the Angelica Society.

1943, his eldest son, Jiro Abe, donated 160 pieces of ancient China paintings and calligraphy to Osaka City Art Museum, which became the pillar of the museum's early collection. This painting is still preserved in Osaka City Art Museum, Japan.

3. Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan

In the first year of Qianlong (1the first month of 736), Li Hong immediately ordered Leng Mei, the painter of Ruyi Pavilion, to draw sketches for the "temples" in Yuanmingyuan according to the 36 scenic spots of the Summer Resort drawn by the Kangxi Dynasty. Shortly thereafter, Tang Dai and Shen Yuan were ordered to paint.

Shen Yuan painted houses, while Tang Dai painted earth, mountains, trees and stones. Later, Zhou Kun and others also participated in the drawing of this "Yuanmingyuan Album". At first, this group of pictures only painted 33 scenes.

In the sixth year of Qianlong, three maps of Fanghu Scenic Area, Pengdao Yaotai and Ciyunpu Lake were added. In September of the ninth year of Qianlong, four maps of Hongci Permanent, Fang Hui Academy, Deep Cave and Yueyunju were added, which eventually became the forty sights of Yuanmingyuan.

Because all the buildings in Yuanmingyuan have disappeared, Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan has become the most intuitive and vivid precious historical material for future generations to appreciate the scenery of Yuanmingyuan in its heyday, and it can also be called a national treasure.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the three Yuanming gardens were looted and burned by the British and French allied forces, and 40 scenes of Yuanmingyuan were acquired by French Colonel Du Pin.

After Du Pan returned to France, on February 26th, 27th and 28th, respectively, 1862, a special auction was held at Duluoou auction house, including this set of 40 scenes of Yuanmingyuan.

4. Jinyou Gu Yong Cup

"Golden Ou Gu Yong Cup" means that the territory and political power of the Qing Dynasty will be eternal. "Jin 'ou Gu Yong Cup" is a special wine glass for the opening ceremony held by the Qing emperors on New Year's Day every year. There are seal characters of "Jin Ou Gu Yong" and "Qianlong Year System" on the rim of the cup.

According to the records in the archives of the Qing Dynasty's internal affairs office, Qianlong attached great importance to the production of the "Golden Ou Yonggu Cup", not only using precious materials such as gold, pearls and gems in the library, but also carefully drawing patterns before each process in the production process until the emperor was very satisfied.

According to the data of Wallace Collection, this pair of "Golden Ou Cup" was acquired by French Colonel Du Pin from Yuanmingyuan in 1860 (the famous "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan" was plundered by this person from Yuanmingyuan.

5. The River Map of Yulinshan

The map of Yushan Forest Valley is stamped with the seals of "Chunhua Xuan" and "Chunhua Xuan Shu Zhen", which is included in the continuation of Shiqu Baodi and proved to be the old collection of Chunhua Xuan in Yuanmingyuan.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Yuanmingyuan was looted and scattered among the people. This painting was once collected by Gu Wenbin, a Taoist temple in Ningshao, Zhejiang Province, and later acquired by TanJing, a great collector in Shanghai (191-1991).

On the eve of Shanghai's liberation, TanJing went to Hong Kong with calligraphy and painting, and served as the director of the Hong Kong Chinese Business Association. Because of a driving accident, he fought a life lawsuit and went to prison.

After being released on bail, I'm going to leave Macao. In order to prepare funds, I sold both the genuine products and the fine products at hand, and the income was 600 taels of gold at that time.

People's Network-Scholar: France Fontainebleau Palace collects more than 30,000 pieces of Yuanmingyuan cultural relics.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Twelve Animal Heads

Baidu encyclopedia-Yuanmingyuan

Lost overseas for more than a hundred years, Matou will eventually go to Yuanmingyuan. What did the official say about this?

The official welcomed this and thanked those who returned to the motherland for Ma Shou. They should not only display these national treasures well, but also do a good job in research and protection, hoping that more Yuanmingyuan cultural relics can return to their hometown. He also called on caring people in society to actively participate in these actions and actively protect national cultural relics. In the exhibition hall, these animal heads of Yuanmingyuan are actually just cultural relics lost overseas and are gradually returning to the motherland, thanks to the selfless dedication and unremitting efforts of patriotic compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao.

There are five animal heads in Yuanmingyuan 12, which are still drifting overseas, and the return of this horse head is thanks to Eric _ in Hong Kong. He made unremitting efforts for the return of Yuanmingyuan. Before that, he donated all the pig heads to the country. These animal heads in Yuanmingyuan are exquisite in workmanship, not only beautiful in appearance, but also have organs inside. Designed by Italian Lang Shining, it is the main part of the fountain outside the West Complex of Changchun Garden in Yuanmingyuan.

Not only is it lifelike in shape, but it still has no rust after a hundred years, which shows a very high level of science and technology at that time, and it is of great value for China scientists to study the manufacturing technology and culture at that time. However, because the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was burned down, and these shooters also lost overseas, which caused great losses to our country. With the increasing strength and national strength of China, many cultural relics lost overseas have gradually returned to the embrace of the motherland.

At the ceremony of Ma Shou's return, National Cultural Heritage Administration said that these cultural relics will be exhibited together with some lost cultural relics before, and will be collected in the Yuanmingyuan Management Office for long-term exhibition. I hope that all the cultural relics lost overseas in China will return to the embrace of the motherland in the future. These cultural relics collected in Yuanmingyuan, as treasures of human culture, have always had high artistic and cultural values and are also the wealth of our country.

Guo Bo exhibited more than 600 cultural relics returned in the past 70 years. What other precious cultural relics are "scattered" in China?

With a long history of more than 5,000 years, China has accumulated a large number of precious historical relics. In Yuanmingyuan, there are 654.38 million precious historical relics, such as pure gold, silver plating, jade carvings and bronze statues of Buddha statues, collected by the Qing emperors since Kangxi, which were finally looted by the great powers.

The Map of Women's History was originally the work of Gu Kaizhi, a great master of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but the original has long been lost. The existing version is a copy of the Tang Dynasty, but it is also extremely precious. There are always twelve paragraphs, which respectively depict a scene and truly reproduce the life of ancient court women, which is of great research value.

Tang Sancai and Tang Sancai, as traditional cultural products, arts and crafts and craft treasures, not only have a certain position in the history of China ceramic art, but also play a very important role in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Now in the British Museum, Tang Sancai is the representative of the lost sculptures in the Tang Dynasty.

The bronze statues of animal heads in the Yuanmingyuan in the Qing Dynasty, except cows, tigers, monkeys, pigs, horses, rats and rabbits in Chinese mainland and the dragon heads in Taiwan Province, are still missing.

The British Museum has the largest collection of lost cultural relics in China. At present, it has more than 30,000 China cultural relics, most of which are priceless. This museum has exhibited about 2,000 China cultural relics for a long time.

Are you shocked to see so many national treasures of China living abroad? Now many cultural relics have become the "treasures of the town hall" of various foreign museums. However, some people say that these national treasures may be better protected and passed down abroad. What do you think of this?

20 19 What exhibitions are there during the opening of the National Museum?

Recommended exhibitions of the National Museum during the 11th National Day.

The National Day is getting closer and closer. What kind of arrangements do you have for the National Day holiday? Why don't you come to the exhibition? What exhibitions are there in the National Museum today for everyone to learn and appreciate? What did the National Museum open during the National Day? Let's have a look!

Museum opening hours: 20 19, 10,1-10, temporarily closed,10,3 to10,7.

Recommended exhibitions of the National Museum during the 11th National Day.

(1) Harmonious Life-Exhibition of Buddha Statues in Yecheng, Linzhang

Exhibition time: 2019/8/6-2019/127.

Venue: North 16 Exhibition Hall

Ticket price: 30 yuan

② Standing in the East-Collection of Classic Works of Art Exhibition

Exhibition time: August 9th-165438+1October 9th.

Venue: National Museum 1 Central Hall and West Hall.

The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) was established! Today, 70 years later, 24 cultural relics, including red flags, hung red lanterns, salutes and microphones, and national anthem records, are on display in the central hall of the most important exhibition hall of the National Museum. A precious piece of audio-visual materials from founding ceremony in June 1 949+1October1Sunday leads the audience to relive the "founding ceremony" and vividly witness the great historical moment of the founding of New China.

(3) A new chapter of the times-Invitational Exhibition of Arts and Crafts Works of National Museum

Exhibition period: 2065438+09/8/6-2065438+09/10/7.

Venue: South of National Museum 1 Exhibition Hall

Ticket price: free of charge

This exhibition is about Qin Cheng's discovery and grave removal, Qin Minsheng, Qin government, Qin county government and Qin unified system.

④ Small Town Story —— Liye Qin Bamboo Slips Cultural Exhibition in Longshan, Hunan Province

Exhibition period: 2065438+09/8/6-2065438+09/10/7.

Venue: South of National Museum 1 Exhibition Hall

Ticket price: free of charge

⑤ The Road of Bonfire Art-Wu's Donation Exhibition

Exhibition time: 2019/8/27-10/13.

Venue: North Hall 4, National Museum

The exhibition is divided into four aspects: knives and pens-propaganda soldiers, joy and songs-new look, thoughts and memories of the times-retrospect, significance and interest-flourishing grass.

⑥ Chinese Characters —— Exhibition of Achievements of China Excellent Font Library Project

Extension: 2065438+August 22, 2009.

Exhibition Hall: North 1 1 Exhibition Hall

Tickets: free, but you need to make an appointment.

The high integration of art, information technology and the application of Chinese characters is an important measure to promote the inheritance and development of China's excellent traditional culture. It is of great significance to inherit China's cultural genes, learn from China's wisdom, carry forward China's spirit and spread China's values, which are beneficial to the present and the future.

⑦ The Same Wind in Wan Li —— Xinjiang Cultural Relics Exhibition

Exhibition time: July 9, 20 19-191October 27.

Venue: China National Museum North 1 Exhibition Hall.

Ticketing: Free to the public (but advance reservation is required).

Xinjiang is located in the northwest border of China and the hinterland of Eurasia. It is the hub of the ancient Silk Road, the gathering place for cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and the gateway and intermediary for Chinese civilization to open to the west.

⑧ The Road to Return —— Exhibition of the Return Achievements of Lost Cultural Relics in the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of New China.

Exhibition time: 2019/917-11/7.

Venue: Exhibition Hall 2 North 3, China National Museum.

⑨ Imagination of Mind —— The Immersive Experience of Van Gogh's Art

Activity time: June 22nd, 20 19-June 8th, 2065438+09.

Address: China National Museum.

Ticket price: 60 yuan -320 yuan

How many national treasures lost overseas have returned to China?

As follows:

1, 20181kloc-0/1,National Cultural Heritage Administration allocated the bronze "yíng" to the National Museum of China, and the ceremony was held at the National Museum of China. At this point, the bronze "tiger gun" of Yuanmingyuan, which has been lost overseas for more than a hundred years, has finally returned to the embrace of the motherland.

The bronze "Tiger Gun" is a cultural relic in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The top cover is engraved with the inscription "self-confessed gun", which is of great historical, artistic and cultural value because of its exquisite and unique shape and rare tiger-shaped decoration. Relevant information shows that the bronze "Tiger Kun" was originally collected by the Qing royal family. It was plundered from Yuanmingyuan by British officer Harry Evans in 1860 and has been collected by his family ever since.

2.2065438+On the night of August 23rd, 2009, flight CA 168 landed slowly at Beijing Capital Airport, and the bronze components lost by Zeng Boke's father in Japan finally returned to the embrace of the motherland and were safely put into storage in the early morning of August 24th.

The return of Zeng Boke's father's bronze suit is of great pioneering significance for our government to successfully pursue the cultural relics lost to Japan under the framework of international conventions. What's more, this set of bronzes will be exhibited in the "Road to Return-Achievements Exhibition of the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of New China" held by the National Museum of China on September 17.

introduce

Due to historical reasons and the temptation of reality, the number of cultural relics lost in China is staggering. According to the statistics of the Cultural Relics Society of China, since the Opium War 1840, a large number of precious cultural relics in China have been lost overseas due to war and unfair trade.

During this period, more than 6,543,800 pieces of China cultural relics were lost to Europe, America, Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions, including more than 6,543,800 pieces of national first-and second-class cultural relics. Among them, there are 448 pieces of China cultural relics that can be seen only in major museums in the world (groups, involving 9 categories, such as calligraphy and painting, bronzes, ceramics, jade, gold and silver).

Hundreds of cultural relics from the British Museum were unveiled in Guo Bo, but the most precious room 95 remained secret.

On March 2nd, the British Museum brought 100 treasures to the National Museum of China in Beijing for exhibition-"World History in British Museum 100 Cultural Relics" was officially launched. As a primary school monk who diligently sweeps the floor and watches the door every day, he has always wanted to have a literary temperament. He can't miss this rare learning opportunity.

The exhibition was very popular, and the security check alone lasted for an hour.

Cut the crap and go directly to the picture above to see what treasures the British Museum has brought back to China.

Ancient Egyptian wooden coffin, mummy never came, with various spells and characters on it. Those who are interested can guess what it means.

Lewis's chess piece, carved from sea ivory, is the best ancient chess piece in the world. Compared with China's sculpture, it is simply "embarrassing"!

As the star of this exhibition, the "Great Flood" recording board was surrounded by more than one person. If you know cuneiform, be sure to explain it to your friends at the scene!

Mitra's idol, on the front, is thought to be a horse, but on the back, it is actually a cow, which may be the "leading ear" of the West.

The statue of Ramses II, Pharaoh's right hand and left hand each hold a musical instrument.

The queen's harp is shaped like a bull's head. Every time I look at the harp, I always think that China's bow playing cotton is its originator.

A commemorative medallion for the voyage around the world, commemorating the second voyage around the world by Captain Drake of England after Magellan. Simply put, it is to demonstrate again whether the earth is round or not.

Mo Situ Yi Gui (three tones, Mo Situ Yi is a man's name, and he is Gui in Guijie, Beijing. It was a ritual vessel in China during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In order to show his identity, the former son of heaven can have eight years.

Three-color civil servant figurines in Liu Tingxun's tomb in the Tang Dynasty. After reading Lewis's chess pieces, look at my civil servant figurines in the Tang Dynasty and feel what the beautifully carved "open face" means. There was a martyrdom system in ancient China. Later, because it was too cruel and wasted valuable human resources, it was replaced by a civil and military official map.

China's return to WTO: mallet and pen.

After reading it, the world needs China!

After seeing the exhibition, the monks in this primary school rushed back to Rusanshe and reported the visit to Master Sheye. As a result, the following happened.

Master Xie: Isn't the exhibition good? Quite fruitful?

Primary school monk: That's a must.

Master Xie: How many pieces have come to Room 95?

Primary school monk: What's room 95?

Master Xie: You'd better sweep the floor!

After the study of "being brave after knowing shame", primary school monks found that the British Museum "No.95" and its owner were what Master Xie said.

It is ten times more exciting and worth ten times more than the Great Song Fengyun, the Braid Drama of the Qing Palace and the Anti-Japanese Drama.

More importantly, I didn't bring any of those precious treasures in 95! So just look at the exhibition and don't look at the contents of the primary school students and monks, you will regret it!

Tokyo, the capital of summer, is a bit sultry. Song Huizong, who was resting in Yanfu Palace, had a beautiful dream: after the heavy rain, a mysterious blue appeared in the place where the clouds broke in the distance, which was particularly charming. After waking up, he wrote a poem: "Rain breaks the sky and clouds" and gave it to craftsmen for reference, so that they could burn it-thus the world-famous Ru Ci was born.

The birth of ru kiln

About the birth of Ruyao, Song Huizong's dream story is just a folklore, and there is no historical evidence. However, Ye Zhen in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded in "Tan Zhai Bi Heng": "Dingzhou white porcelain is useless, making Ruzhou a green kiln, so Ji, Tang, Deng and Yaozhou are all known, and Ruyao is the most famous", which made clear the approximate firing time and reason of Ruyao.

The birth of Ru kiln is related to the fact that the burning method of covering (the mouth is facing down and the mouth is not glazed) does not meet the requirements of royal vessels in Song Dynasty, that is, the "awn" mentioned above. In addition, based on Song Huizong's artistic temperament and his belief in Taoism, the aesthetic of taking light as beauty and not paying attention to carving is the reason for the emergence and development of Azure Ru Ci in the Song Dynasty.

Regarding the development time in the Song Dynasty, the ancient ceramics expert once concluded: "From the five years of Chongning, it can be traced back to the first year of Zhezong".

700 years later, 700 kilometers away from the Forbidden City in Beijing, the 76-year-old Emperor Qianlong picked up a azure glazed Ru kiln bowl. I don't know if it's because of physical reasons or something. As usual, poetic Qianlong danced with Ru kiln bowl and sang a royal poem:

All the kilns are out of the company, so far, there are many difficulties.

There were nearly a hundred hidden in the imperial palace, and then the morning star saw one or two.

Endless, big difficulties hide small difficulties.

In the future, when you know fear, the bigger it is, the harder it is to keep it. "

-Gan Long Bingwu (1786 title of emperor)

Those poems written by Qianlong for Ruyao

From today's perspective, it is difficult to understand Qianlong's "love" for Ru kiln. In addition to the above-mentioned Ru kiln bowls, Qianlong also inscribed imperial poems on Ru kiln paper bottles, plates, washing bottles, bottles and other utensils.

According to the year when Qianlong was the imperial poem of Ru kiln, it may be because of poor indoor light and aging in the Forbidden City in Qing Dynasty.

For the first time, the Ru kiln mentioned above was regarded as Jun kiln; The second time, more cruel. "The official kiln is not divided into Song and Tang Dynasties, and there is no light in anger. It is a rumor _ food." Not only did it ignore the official, but the elegant case was a narcissus basin, which became a dog food basin in Qianlong's poem.

Although it is recorded in the archives of the Qing Palace that Qianlong ordered the imperial kiln factory to burn Ru Ci: "On October 13th, the second year of Qianlong, you glazed the apricot garden with double-tube bottles", the primary school monks thought that Qianlong's aesthetics were more suitable for multicolored pastels and enamels!

In 2009, this Ru kiln bowl engraved with Qianlong's imperial poems was exhibited in Room 95 of the British Museum for the world to watch.

1892, the eighteenth year of Guangxu, which is destined to be the era when fierce people were born in the long river of history. Liu Bocheng, Guo Moruo, Tong, Cai Tingkai, Franco, and Sir Bosiwal Davide, the owner of Room 95 of the British Museum.

David was born in Mumbai, India, 1892. According to current standards, he is a rich second generation. His father, Baron David I of Saskatchewan, owned many trading companies, banks and textile companies. David has a rich family and received a good education in Cambridge.

The encounter between Vader and China Ceramics is said to come from a China porcelain bottle on the mantelpiece of a friend's house.

1924, the last emperor Puyi left the Forbidden City, and the great Vader came to China, which he admired for a long time.

1925, the Palace Museum was established, and David, who is already well-known in the collection field, was invited to help design and hold an exhibition of palace art treasures in the Palace Museum.

David benefited a lot from the treasures in the Forbidden City, and the goddess of fortune took good care of him. 1927 David, who returned to China, heard the news, which contributed to his great position in the world collection field in the future: when Empress Dowager Cixi left the Palace in 190 1, she mortgaged a batch of treasures from the Forbidden City to the salt bank in Beijing. David finally got more than 40 pieces of porcelain treasures.

The outflow of cultural relics from the Forbidden City

Before the establishment of 1924 Puyi's committee to clear the room after leaving the palace, according to Puyi's autobiography "My First Half Life" and his teacher's book "Dusk in the Forbidden City", a large number of treasures in the Forbidden City flowed out of the Forbidden City in the form of war looting, eunuch theft, official lending under various excuses, mortgage and Puyi's "stealing himself".

"In the past hundred years, most of the treasures collected by the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have remained in the palace except for the second time that they were taken away by foreign soldiers. Now that I think about it, it's like a big plunder. Those who take part in looting are thieves. In other words, there is probably a chance to steal, and there is no one who doesn't steal. Simply fearless. " -Puyi is the first half of my life.

From 65438 to 0930, David collected a large number of exquisite ceramics through various channels and with his own artistic vision. He also became the first western collector of China ceramics.

Sir David's position in the world ceramics field lies not only in his collection of many exquisite China ceramics, but also in his contribution to spreading China art and culture to the world, studying China ceramics and art education around China art and archaeology, which is different from other western collectors.

From 65438 to 0935, David participated in the preparations for the overseas exhibition of China's ancient art treasures, including more than 700 pieces of the Forbidden City cultural relics. In order to transport the cultural relics safely to London, he negotiated with the British government and finally asked the British side to send cruisers to transport the cultural relics of the Forbidden City.

In the study of China ceramics, David borrowed a lot from China literati's appreciation research methods and aesthetic spirits in Eight Chapters of Respect for Life and On Ge Gu Yao, and began to translate the new On Ge Gu Yao (published in 197 1) and named it China Appreciation.

The world's first "China Department of Art and Archaeology" founded by London University is also closely related to David.

"Sir David inherited the tradition of China literati connoisseurs. He not only appreciates the collections themselves, but also tries to study their historical and regional background, as well as related appreciation and research in the past few centuries. " -China ceramics collected by Sir David Conruijun.

194 1 year, Sir David was arrested by the Japanese army and detained in Shanghai for 9 months. This prison experience made him suffer from muscular dystrophy, and he was accompanied by a wheelchair for the rest of his life.

1953, Sir David donated all his collections to the University of London and established the David China Art Foundation. 1964, Sir David died.

In 2009, Sir David's collection entered Hall 95 of the British Museum in Tibet.

In the eyes of primary school monks, the essence of the British Museum is Room 95, and the essence of Room 95 is the monochromatic glazed porcelain of the Song Dynasty, including the Ru kiln bowl painted by Qianlong. Ru Ci, Jun, Guan, Ding, Yaozhou and Longquan porcelain are among the Song Dynasty ceramics collected by Sir David.

Ruyao

Among the fine works, there are only less than 70 pieces left in the world, including 2/kloc-0 pieces in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, more than 20 pieces in the National Palace Museum in Beijing, and 7 pieces of Ruyao porcelain collected by Sir David.

The primary school monk said: Ru kiln is glazed inside and outside the vessel, and then the bottom of the vessel is supported by tiny pointed Zhi Ding. Round pads and cake pads are common in Zhi Ding. There are three traces of "sesame nails" in the foot wash of the Northern Song Dynasty Ruyao Pisces collected by the British Museum. In addition, the British Museum has a cake with three nails found by Sir David 1935 in Hangzhou.

The primary school monk said: the firing temperature of Ru kiln is relatively low, about 65,438+0,200 ~ 65,438+0,250 degrees Celsius, with gray body and thick glaze layer. As for the mysterious glaze color of Ru kiln, Hui Zhou in Southern Song Dynasty wrote in Qingbo magazine: "Burning in Ru kiln palace is forbidden, and agate powder is used as glaze" (agate ore was indeed found near Ru kiln in Liang Qing Temple. According to the later scientific analysis, the glaze of Ruyao contains iron oxide and a very small amount of titanium dioxide, which is why the azure glaze of Ru Ci was formed.

It should be noted that although Ru kiln did not use the common "coal kiln" after the North Kiln entered the Song Dynasty, it still used wood fire. However, due to the existence of titanium, the glaze will still turn yellow, but yellowing can make the glaze greener.

The primary school monk said: Today is a great opportunity to own Ru kiln. In the Southern Song Dynasty, an official gave Song Gaozong 16 pieces of Ru kiln in one breath in order to please his master: "In October of the 21st year of Shaoxing, Zhang Jun, king of Qinghe County, and Gao Zongxing gave Ru kiln a pair of wine bottles, one for washing, one for incense burner, one for incense balls, four for lamps, two pots, a pair of incense sticks, one for large and one for small. (The Southern Song Dynasty's careful "Old Things in Wulin".

Among them, "Lian" originally refers to the round mirror box where ancient women stored toiletries. Later, the shape was used as a reference for porcelain making and was burned into a "continuous furnace". The British Museum has a three-legged kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Junyao

Although some beautifully made Jun kilns were presented to the court of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was called "official kilns", the vast majority of Jun kiln products still belonged to folk kiln products. Compared with Ru kiln, Jun kiln products have rough carcass, and the glaze color is represented by sky blue opaque glaze, rose purple glaze and blue glaze.

Official supplies

The thin glaze on the mouth is dark gray and purple, and the sole is bare and iron brown, which is the representative "purple mouth and iron foot" of Song Guan kiln porcelain. The carcass of the official kiln is thin, dark gray, with thick glaze, dense bubbles in the glaze and large openings in the glaze.

Ding Yao

In Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln in North China initiated the over-firing and over-firing of supporting rings in the box to improve productivity and firing rate. In order to avoid the adhesion between the blank and the supporting ring, the edge of the mouth is not glazed. For the "defective" burr in ding kiln, ancient craftsmen used metal wrapping to cover up this defect.

Although none of the priceless Song porcelain in Room 95 of the British Museum has come, from the perspective of world civilization, we can still see many precious cultural heritages of China and other parts of the world collected by the British Museum.

Finally, the primary school monk gave three suggestions to friends who want to visit the exhibition in Guo Bo:

First, if you have enough time and money, you can look at A Brief History of the World in the British Museum, because the exhibition is based on this book.

Second, we should visit with the mentality of learning and appreciating art, and never say anything without common sense like "These things were taken away by Eight-Nation Alliance in the Yuanmingyuan".