About the Yellow River

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, the fifth longest river in the world and the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world. Known as the "mother river" of China.

If the motherland is compared to a cock with its head held high, the Yellow River, the mother river of China, is the artery of the cock's heart, which has witnessed the great development trend of the Chinese nation. The Yellow River has a flow of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of nearly 752,443 square kilometers. Thousands of tributaries are connected with streams and rivers, like countless capillaries, which continuously convey vitality and vitality to the motherland.

Yellow River (2) The Yellow River flows through nine provinces in northern China with twists and turns. From the air, it looks like a huge "Ji", which is a unique totem of our nation-the dragon. Kariqu and Yuegu Zonglie at the northern foot of bayan har are the positive sources of the Yellow River, which originated from Yaradze Peak in bayan har. The length of the main stream is 4675km, with an average flow of 1 774.5 m3/s, and it flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong Province. The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches is Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the dividing point of the middle and lower reaches is Old Jin Meng, Henan Province. The estuary of the Yellow River is1500m wide, generally 500m, with a narrow part of only 50m and a water depth of 2.6m.. In some places, the depth is only1.2m ~1.6m..

The Yellow River originated in Bayankala, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its main stream flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces and flows into the Bohai Sea. The annual runoff is 57.4 billion cubic meters and the average runoff depth is 79 meters. However, the water volume is not as large as that of the Pearl River, and there are 35 main tributaries along the way. The larger tributaries are in the upper reaches, with Huangshui River, Taohe River, Qingshui River, Fenhe River, Weihe River and Qinhe River in the middle reaches, and Yihe River and Luohe River in the lower reaches. Due to the lack of lakes and high riverbeds on both banks, there are few rivers flowing into the Yellow River, so the area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River is very small.

Heyuan to Guide is a mountainous and grassland plateau; The ownership of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Above 3000 meters above sea level; Mountain peaks above 4000 meters; Source valley at an altitude of 4200 meters. Guide's reach from Jinmeng River is the Loess Plateau, with the western slope of Lvliang in the east, Weihe Valley in the south, Ordos Plateau in the north and Lanzhou Valley in the west. The elevation of the Loess Plateau is generally at 1, 000 ~ 1, 300 meters, with uneven terrain and deep slopes. The gully slope is 65,438+0.5 ~ 20 degrees, and the gully area accounts for 40 ~ 50%. Gully density is 3 ~ 5 kilometers per square kilometer, and the cutting depth is more than 1 meter. Below Jin Meng, it enters the low-lying North China Plain, with an altitude of no more than 50 meters. After entering the downstream, the river channel is flat, and the average gradient is only 0. 12%. The water flow slows down, a lot of sediment is deposited, and the riverbed is 4 ~ 5 meters above the ground. Due to the repeated diversions of the Yellow River, fan-shaped ancient riverbeds and ancient natural dikes are alluvial on the ground, becoming an inclined plain with alternating gentle hills and depressions, and the depressions are relatively open and flat.

However, whether the specific source of the Yellow River is Kariqu, Maqu or Zhaqu has always been controversial. However, in 1985, according to the historical tradition and opinions of various factions, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission determined Maqu as the source of the river, and set up a sign of the source of the river at Maquguo in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin, with the east longitude of 95 59' 24 "and the north latitude of 35 01'18".

The Yellow River runs from Guide to Minhe at an altitude of 3,000 to 1.600 meters, and enters Gansu from Minhe Xiachuankou. The climate in this section is mild and humid, and it has the reputation of "small south of the Yangtze River on the plateau", and the water flow is crystal clear, and it is also known as "the Yellow River is precious in Deqing". Ningxia Plain in Ningxia and Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia are called the Yangtze River because they are located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, rich in water resources, convenient for irrigation, developed in agriculture and rich in aquatic plants.

River basin survey

The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Jin Meng, with a length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The Yellow River, like a lion with his head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. Flowing through 9 provinces; It has gathered more than 40 major tributaries and more than 65,438+0,000 streams and rivers, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second longest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, and the population is about 654.38+0 billion along the Yulu River downstream.

The average natural runoff of the whole Yellow River for many years is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the cultivated land is 324 cubic meters.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau. Due to soil erosion, tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3. The sediment concentration per cubic meter of water in the Yangtze River is less than 1 kg. According to world record association, China, the Yellow River has the largest sediment concentration.

The Yellow River has an average annual sediment of1.60 billion tons. If you build a wall with a width of one meter and a height of one meter, its length is equivalent to three times the distance between the earth and the moon (384,400 kilometers) and 27 times the length of the equator.

branch

The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Kuye, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe. Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River.

Major lakes

Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Dongping Lake.

Mainstream canyon

There are 30 canyons in the main stream of the Yellow River, and 28 in the upper reaches.

There are two in the middle reaches, and the lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons. main stream

The canyon section is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream.

From 3000 BC to 2000 BC (Yangshao culture in the Yellow River valley to Yinxu in Anyang), the geographical environment of the Yellow River valley was suitable for the growth of vegetation and the development of human production and living activities, and the climate environment about 2℃ higher created favorable conditions for the development of crops and vegetation. During this period, there were a large number of lakes such as Leixiaze and Onoze in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. "On Mencius Teng Wengong" once recorded that the Yellow River valley was "lush with plants and animals", and the Guanzhong Plain still had "beautiful mountains and rivers, criss-crossing rivers and numerous talents" until the Warring States period in China (the forest in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in historical period, Shi Nianhai, 198 1 year).

After the Warring States period, with the extensive use of iron farm tools and the migration of Qin's economic center to Guanzhong, the vegetation in the Yellow River basin and the Loess Plateau began to be destroyed. Because the Yellow River Basin has been the center of Chinese civilization for a long time (China Historical Geography, Lan Yong, 2002), and the phenomenon of emphasizing agriculture over grazing in ancient China, the vegetation destruction in the Yellow River Basin has become a long-term and large-scale phenomenon. With the beginning of the cold climate in 1 1 century and the southward movement of the economic center of China, the ecological damage in the Yellow River basin began to decrease, but the forest coverage rate has been difficult to recover to the situation of the 3rd century BC. With the destruction of vegetation, the Loess Plateau began to be eroded by the Yellow River, and a large amount of soil was swept away, forming a surface morphology of thousands of valleys.

According to the research of scientists, the Yellow River has changed for two reasons.

1. Since the Qin Dynasty, the temperature in the Loess Plateau has turned cold and the rainstorm has been concentrated. Coupled with the loose structure of loess itself, it is easy to be eroded and collapsed, which contributes to soil erosion and makes a lot of sediment enter the Yellow River.

Second, the rapid population growth, unrestricted land reclamation and grazing, caused the destruction of forests, grasslands, green vegetation, and the loss of natural protective layer on the Loess Plateau, resulting in serious soil erosion. Every year, 4,000 tons of precious soil is eroded every square kilometer in the Yellow River Basin, which is equivalent to destroying 5.5 million mu of cultivated land a year! What's more, soil erosion has obviously reduced soil fertility, resulting in a large-scale reduction of crop production. The more production is reduced, the more people need to reclaim wasteland: the more land is reclaimed, the more serious soil erosion will be. In this way, the poorer the reclamation, the more sediment the Yellow River will have, and the number of breaches and diversions of the Yellow River will become more and more frequent. The key to harnessing the Yellow River is to control sediment and prevent it from flowing into the Yellow River at will. After the founding of New China, scientists designed a scheme to control the Yellow River. They believe that the Loess Plateau should adhere to the management direction of animal husbandry and forestry. We must protect forest resources and restore lost vegetation as soon as possible. Let everyone know that deforestation is downright self-destructive, and it is necessary to rationally plan and use land and build a large number of water conservancy projects. This multi-pronged approach will certainly prevent soil erosion and make the dream of the Yellow River better realized.

Since 1972, the Yellow River has been frequently cut off. There are many reasons for disconnection, which can be summarized as follows:

1. Global Warming-With the intensification of global warming in recent years, on the one hand, the evaporation of river channels has increased greatly, and on the other hand, the glaciers in the upper reaches melt and absorb a lot of heat in spring and summer, which leads to the local temperature in the inland being lower than normal, and the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean is reduced, which in turn leads to the weakening of the monsoon and the lack of water vapor brought into the inland by the monsoon from the sea surface. Although global warming melts glaciers and increases the upstream water flow, it cannot offset the effects of increased evaporation and weakened monsoon. The water volume in the middle and lower reaches is decreasing year by year.

2. Plants are destroyed-the vegetation in the Loess Plateau is seriously destroyed, and the land lacking vegetation conservation is gradually desertified, and the evaporation becomes higher. The dried-up groundwater needs to be continuously absorbed and replenished by flowing through rivers.

3. Backward irrigation methods-Most of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River flow through economically underdeveloped border areas, young and old, lacking the technology and funds for water-saving irrigation, and most of them are flooded, resulting in serious waste of water resources in the Yellow River.

① The upper reaches belong to arid and semi-arid areas, with low precipitation rate, and the middle reaches are the main recharge areas, but the soil erosion is serious, the seasonal changes are great, the downstream area is small, and the recharge amount is small;

(2) The population growth in the basin is fast, and the population growth rate far exceeds the grain growth rate;

In recent decades, with the development of society, the industrial and urban water consumption along the Yellow River has been increasing, and the irrigation area of the Yellow River has been expanding.

(4) The reservoir regulation capacity is low, and the water resources management is not unified;

⑤ Low water fee can't arouse people's awareness of water saving, and industrial and agricultural water is wasted;

⑥ Environmental pollution greatly reduces the utilization rate of the Yellow River water.

⑦ Excessive sewage discharge from factories along the river.

waterfall

Due to sediment deposition, in most sections of the Yellow River with a total length of 5,464 kilometers, the riverbed is higher than the cities and farmland in the basin, and it is constrained by dikes, so it is called "suspended river". So where did the Yellow River become a "hanging river"?

Dengkou County, southwest of Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia, where the Yellow River is 4 to 6 meters higher than the county seat on average.

The Yellow River flows between Zhongtiaoshan Mountain and Qinling Mountains and passes through Jin Meng, Henan Province. From here, 30 kilometers away from the Yellow River, it is Luoyang, the famous capital of our country. Luoyang is one of the eight ancient capitals in China. Since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty (Yang Di), the Tang Dynasty (Wu Zetian), the Later Liang Dynasty and the Later Tang Dynasty have all established their capitals here, which is called the "Ancient Capital of Nine Dynasties".

Valley migration

The Yellow River is the second largest river in China, and it has been a sediment-laden river since ancient times. In the 4th century BC, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were called "turbid rivers" because of its turbid water. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th century, it was pointed out that "the river is heavy and turbid, and there are six buckets of mud for one stone". Sediment increased after Tang and Song Dynasties. Some of these sediments are accumulated on the downstream river bed, which is accumulated over time and highly silted, all of which are constrained by dikes and form a suspended river for a long time. During the flood season in autumn and summer, the defense is weak, and the river is diverted from the top to the river. According to historical records, in the three or four thousand years before 1946, the lower Yellow River burst 1593 times, the river changed its course 26 times and burst 1000 times. The flood starts from Haihe River in the north and reaches Huaihe River in the south, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers, which has a great impact on the geographical environment of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China.

As far as the characteristics of the changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are concerned, it can be roughly divided into the following stages.

(1) Dike before the Warring States Period

The upper limit began in the Neolithic age. At that time, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flowed through Hebei Plain and entered the sea on the west bank of Bohai Bay. Because there are no dikes on both banks, the river course is extremely unstable. According to documents, the Yellow River has made many trips, including three sections recorded in Gong Yu, Shan Hai Jing Bei Shan Jing and Han Shu Geography. The first two roads are in the west of Hebei plain, along the foothills of Taihang Mountain to the north. The lower reaches of the mountain pass generally flow northward to the southern edge of the alluvial fan of Yongding River, pass through Xiongxian County and Baxian County eastward, and enter the sea near Tianjin today. The lower reaches of the Gong Yu branch off from the Shanjing River in today's Shenxian County, passing through the middle of today's Hebei Plain and entering the sea east of Qingxian County. The great river in Han Zhi leaves the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain and flows through northeast Henan, northwest Shandong, southeast Hebei and northeast Huanghua County. Before the mid-Warring States period, these three rivers either dominated each other or existed at the same time, but it was common for them to flow through the big river in Han Zhi. In ancient times, "River" was the proper name of the Yellow River. According to the records in Hanshu and Shuijing Note, there are more than 10 waterways called "rivers" in Hebei Plain, which may all be the old roads of the Yellow River after some interruption and migration.

(2) the 4th century BC to early AD (from the middle of the Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty)

In the middle of the Warring States period, after a large-scale embankment was built in the lower reaches, the fixed river course was the big river recorded in Hanshu 2 Geography, which ended the long-term situation of multi-stream diversion and frequent diversion, and we temporarily regarded it as the first major diversion of the Yellow River.

In the mid-Warring States period, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were sparsely populated. When the dike was first built, the width of the dikes on both banks was 50 Li Han (1 Li Han, equivalent to 414m today). Large streams (the mainstream of water) have to swim in dikes, and rivers have strong flood storage capacity and are not easy to burst. Since then, the number of teeth has increased day by day, and a large beach blocked on both sides of the inland waterway of the levee has been reclaimed to build the people's dike for self-defense. Those who are far away are hundreds of steps away from the water. As a result, the riverbed is forced, the river body twists and turns, siltation is rapid, and dangers are repeated. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the river course in Xunxian County of Henan Province today, "The river is higher than the flat", has obviously become a "suspended river". This is the result of increased soil erosion in the middle reaches of the Yellow River since Qin and Han Dynasties. In 1 1 year, Wang Mang broke the Yellow River eastward, and the flood between the river and Huaihe River lasted for 60 years.

③1~10th century (from Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of Tang Dynasty)

In 1 1 year (the third year of Wang Mang's founding), the Yellow River burst above Yuancheng (now Daming East, Hebei Province), and the river flooded to several counties east of Qinghe County. At that time, because the river decided to flow eastward, Wang Mang did not advocate blocking the mouth, because his ancestral grave in Yuancheng was not threatened. It is recognized that the flood lasted for nearly 60 years, which led to the second major diversion in the history of the Yellow River.

After nearly a thousand years, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were relatively stable, with occasional overflow and no large-scale diversion. The reason is:

First, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of nomadic people began to settle in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, returning farmland to grazing, and secondary grasslands and shrubs replaced cultivated land, and soil erosion was relatively weakened.

Second, in 70 AD, under the leadership of Wang Jing, the flooded river in the late Western Han Dynasty was comprehensively controlled, and then a new river course was built, which roughly flowed through the Jilu border region, from Changshoujin (now in the area of West Wangbin, Puyang), from the great river in the Western Han Dynasty, along the Guluo River, through the south of Fan County today, diverted between yanggu county and Guluo River today, passed through the Yellow River and Ma Jiahe today, and then entered the sea in Lijin County, Shandong Province.

Thirdly, there were many tributaries in the lower reaches of the Yellow River at that time, either entering the sea alone or flowing into other rivers, and there were some lakes and swamps along the way, all of which played the role of flood diversion, sediment discharge and flow regulation.

④ 10 century ~ 1 127 (from the end of Tang Dynasty to the end of Northern Song Dynasty)

After nearly a thousand years of accumulation, the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually silted up from the end of the Tang Dynasty. In 893 (the second year of Tang Jingfu), the estuary section was diverted for nearly a hundred miles. By the fifth generation, the frequency of crevasse increased obviously, with an average of less than three years.

By the beginning of 1 1 century, in today's Shandong Shanghe, Huimin, Binzhou and other cities and counties, the river surface has been "high-rise buildings almost exceeded the height". Since then, the location of the breach has moved up to Ganzhou (now Puyang, Henan) and Huazhou (now East Old Town, hua county). The general trend is that the river swings northward gradually. At the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Chihe River and the Henglong River were all located in the north of the big river in the Tang Dynasty.

1048, Shang (now Puyang dongchang lake Ji) burst its mouth, and its northward flow passed between Fuyang River and South Canal, while its downstream (now South Canal) and Boundary River (now Haihe River) entered the sea in Tianjin, which was called "Yellow River North School" in history. This is the third major diversion in the history of the Yellow River. (The Yellow River flows northward for three times: Shanghukun, Xiaowukun and Neihuangkou)

⑤1128 ~ 65438+the middle of the 6th century (from Jin Dynasty to Ming Jiajing Wanli)

1 128 (the second year of jianyan in the southern song dynasty), in order to prevent the nomads from going south, Du Chong, who was left behind by Song and Tokyo, was forced to break the river in the southwest of Huaxian County, Henan Province, making the Yellow River flow eastward through northeast Henan and southwest Shandong, enter Surabaya and seize Si into Huaihe River. Since then, the Yellow River has left the old road flowing through Xunhua and slippery areas since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and no longer entered the Hebei Plain. In the following 700 years, it flowed into the Huaihe River in the southeast. This is an epoch-making event in the history of the changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and it is also the fourth major diversion of the Yellow River.

The river between Jun and Slip used to be a narrow river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Due to the control of this section of the waterway, the swing range of the downstream waterway is basically limited to the Hebei Plain east of Taihang Mountain and north of Shandong Hill. After leaving this section of the river, the downstream river turns to the east or southeast and swings from northeast Henan to southwest Shandong. Among the 12 crevasses recorded in the Jin Dynasty, the river swings after the crevasse accounted for 10 in this area.

1286 (23rd year of Zhiyuan) 10 The Yellow River is located in Wu Yuan, Wu Yang, Zhongmou, Yanjin, Kaifeng, Xiangfu, Qixian, Suizhou, Chenliu, Tongxu, Taikang, Weishi, Weichuan, Yanling and Fugou. It can be roughly divided into three strands; One goes south in Zhongmou, passes through Weishi, Weichuan, Fugou, Yanling and other places, and enters the Huaihe River from Shui Ying; One is in Kaifeng, turns south, passes through Tongxu and Taikang, and flows from the vortex to the Huaihe River. We call it the fifth great diversion in the history of the Yellow River. From Jinyuan to the middle of Ming Dynasty, the changes of the Yellow River can be summarized as the following three points:

First, the position of the gap moves to the west. At first, the cracks were mostly in Shandong today (11950s and 1960s), and then moved westward to Jixian, Wu Yang (east of Yuanyang today) and Yanjin (11980s and 1990s). From the 1970s of 13 to the 40s of14, the crevasse moved to Xinxiang, Wu Yuan (now the west of Yuanyang) and Yingze (now Xiguxing Town, Zhengzhou City), almost reaching the top of the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Second, the main stream of the river gradually swings south. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/2nd century, the river passed through northeastern Henan and southwestern Shandong, and now it flows into Surabaya in Liangshan County, Shandong Province. Later, it gradually swung southward into Kaifeng and Shangqiu in eastern Henan, and then entered the beach through Dangshan, Xiaoxian and Xuzhou in Jiangsu. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, two man-made rivers burst, and they went blind from the river or entered the Huaihe River from the whirlpool. /kloc-In the late 3rd century, a river flowed from Yinghe River into Huaihe River and reached the southwest boundary of the fan-shaped plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Third, the lower reaches of the river are divided into several tributaries besides the main stream, and the change is uncertain. Since the second half of 12 century (during the reign of Jin Dading), there has been a situation of "two rivers diverging". After that, it is divided into three strands, all of which flow through the north of the abandoned Yellow River, merge into Surabaya and seize Si into the Huaihe River. By the second half of the13rd century (early Yuan Dynasty), there were several strands downstream, which seized water and whirled into the Huaihe River. Then it flows eastward to Si or southward to Huai River, and sometimes it flows northeast to Ma Jiahe and the North Qinghe River (now the Yellow River below Dongping, Shandong). Often several strands are parallel, overlapping is the main time, and the change is extremely chaotic. At the end of Yuan Dynasty (135 1), Jia Lu once managed a river from Fengqiu, Henan Province to Xuzhou, which was called Jia Luhe in history. It will be destroyed soon.

⑥ 65438+mid-6th century ~ 1854 (five years in Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty)

By the middle of16th century (the middle of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty), the situation of multi-stream diversion in the lower reaches of the Yellow River basically ended, and "the old road of Nanxi began to be blocked", "the whole river flowed out of Xu and Pi, and it took its place in Huai River." This is a major change in river regime. Later, in the early years of Wanli, Pan Jixun implemented the policy of "building dikes to control water and attacking sand with water", and the lower reaches of the river were basically fixed, which is the abandoned Yellow River on this map. Although there was an overflow later. But soon returned to the old road. Dams were built in the early Qing Dynasty. The rivers in Henan were relatively safe for a while, while the number of river breaches in Shandong and Jiangsu increased. The section from Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province to Huaiyin, which is also a canal, is "the most important throat". The key point of Pan Jixun's river management is in this reach, overhauling dikes, lattice dikes, moon dikes and remote dikes on both sides of the river, rebuilding Gaojiayan, raising the water level of Hongze Lake, storing water and brushing the Yellow River. In the early Qing Dynasty, the center of gravity of the river disaster moved from Huaiyin to the estuary because the Yellow River occupied the Huaihe River for a long time after Jinyuan, and a large amount of sediment was discharged into the estuary, which changed the slope and accelerated the siltation of the river above the estuary. Therefore, after18th century, the river disasters below Xuzhou are the most concentrated. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, the river channel was silted up and abandoned, and the breach occurred year after year. In addition, domestic political turmoil and ineffective river management make new diversions inevitable.

⑦ 1855 (five years of Qing Xianfeng) ~ before the 1950s.

1In June, 855, the Yellow River burst in Tongwa Room, Yanglan, Henan Province, first flooded Fengqiu, Xiangfu County and Village in the northwest, then flowed eastward to Lanyi, Kaocheng and Changyuan counties, and then divided into three shares: one was transported from Zhaowanghe, east of Cao Zhou, to Zhangqiu; One stream flows through Changyuan County to Leijiazhuang, Dongming County, where it is divided into two streams, both of which flow northeast to Zhangqiu Town; After the confluence of the three rivers, it crosses the Zhangqiu Canal, enters the Daqing River through the salt-free river, and enters the sea through the Lijin oyster mouth. This is the sixth major diversion of the Yellow River. According to China's current administrative divisions, the route of the lower Yellow River flows through Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Yuanyang, Yanjin, Fengqiu, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Lankao and Puyang in Henan, Cao Xian and Shan County in Shandong, Dangshan and Xiaoxian in Anhui, Fengxian, Peixian, Xuzhou, Pixian, Suining, Suqian and Jiangsu. However, after the diversion, the Yellow River broke through the original channel, changed to the northeast, and borrowed the Daqing River to flow into the Bohai Sea in Shandong. This breach ended the 700-year history of the lower Yellow River from Huaihe River to Bohai Bay. In the following 20 years, the flood freely overflowed on the delta alluvial fan with Tongwa room as its apex, reaching Jindi in the north, Cao Xian and Dangshan in the south and the Canal in the east. The water is scattered and falling. The whole riverbank was not completed until 1876, and now the lower reaches of the Yellow River have basically taken shape. In the lower reaches of the river, from Tongwa room to Taocheng port, breaches often occur, so it is called "tofu waist".

1June, 938, the Kuomintang government passively resisted Japan. Huayuankou levee was artificially opened in an attempt to stop the Japanese invaders from advancing westward with floods. This breach caused the Yellow River and the South River to flood the area between Jia Luhe, Heying and Guohe River, which caused serious disasters rarely seen in history. This is also the seventh major diversion in the history of the Yellow River.

Recently, the problem of sandstorm has become more and more serious. Now, experts say that if humans cut down trees indiscriminately, the source of the Yellow River is likely to be submerged in sandstorms. The Yellow River is the origin of the Chinese nation, but it is called the source of the mother river. Today, it is surrounded by barren hills and sandstorms everywhere.

Experts pointed out that illegal logging against the natural way of life is the main reason for destroying water resources, which makes this ecosystem with thousands of years of history face collapse and is likely to become another site of human civilization destruction.

It is the frequent flooding of the Yellow River that has created the Chinese nation's character of "being prepared for danger in times of peace". Chinese civilization also began with Dayu's arduous struggle to control water and divert rivers into the sea, so that many dynasties set up river management institutions, and the people of China also set up the "Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission", which is very rare in the world. It can be said that the Yellow River has played a decisive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation and the direction of Chinese civilization.