18072 1 Hong Lan's cognitive psychology three emotions and decision-making.

1. Emotional control

2. The influence of sense of smell on mood

3. Childhood experiences and emotions

The brain will change after the disaster.

5. Emotional critical period

6. The influence of childhood abuse on the brain

7. Emotion is a cognitive explanation of the situation.

8. Emotional

9. Face feedback hypothesis

10. Embodied cognition

Second, emotions and decision-making

1. Somatic marker hypothesis

2. Interpreter of the brain

3. Behavior precedes consciousness

4. The brain knows first

Third, summary: rationality and emotion

First, emotions and the brain

1. Emotional control

Emotions are controlled by specific brain regions in the brain. In the picture above, the four parts of the brain, namely dorsolateral, orbital frontal, ventral medial and amygdala, are the most important places for us to control our emotions. As long as any one of these places is broken, our mood will be finished.

When the stimulus enters the brain, it can produce emotional response through two circuits. The stimulus first enters the hypothalamus, which is our midway station. Then it has two paths, one is a short circuit, which goes directly to the amygdala, and this place will produce an emotional reaction immediately. There is still a long way to go to the forebrain. Be careful, it is our system 2, which will measure whether this thing is true or not. Therefore, the long road will take longer than the short circuit.

Here is an example to illustrate:

We have this experience in our lives. When climbing the mountain, we suddenly saw a snake in the grass. Our first reaction was to jump back for fear of being bitten by a snake. This is because the stimulus directly reaches the amygdala after entering the hypothalamus and enters the emotional center. But in the process of jumping backwards, the information will be sent to the forebrain. Forebrain tells you not to be afraid. Maybe it's a water pipe, so we'll come back and move on. So when the stimulus comes, we will react first, but in case this reaction is wrong, the brain will give us a second chance to correct it.

2. The influence of sense of smell on mood

In our five senses, besides the sense of smell, we have to go through the visual mound, which has a great influence on our emotional response. For example, people used to fight in the subway in new york. So someone went to the subway and bought something that smelled like chocolate biscuits and vanilla ice cream. Because this smell reminds people of the feeling of childhood, it is conducive to calming emotions. Later, it was found that the number of fights in the carriage decreased. This is why girls spend a lot of money on perfume, because perfume will make you feel happy. If you often use a perfume, your boyfriend will think of you as long as he smells it.

Reason has weak control over emotion, while emotion has strong control over reason. The biggest reason here is the amygdala. The amygdala has existed since the baby was born, so the baby is emotional.

3. Childhood experiences and emotions

The way we treat a baby will change his genes and functions. Experiments show that children who are abused in childhood are prone to suicide when they grow up. I started as a researcher in Canada. He found that after the mouse gave birth to the mouse, the mother mouse licked the mouse, and the brain would produce oxytocin, which would form trust between parents and children. If the child is not taken care of like this when he is a child, and no one touches him, the child will become an indifferent mother when he grows up.

In the past, at least in the 1980s, when a child was born and put into a nursery, he avoided giving it to his mother immediately, but now it is not.

First, the husband can accompany the baby.

Second, after the child is born, put it on the mother's chest immediately.

Trust between parents and children is very important. So we need to change many ideas, as you sow, you reap, how you treat your children, and how your children will treat you in the future.

There is a bank in Canada that donates a suicidal person's brain after his death so that people can see why he committed suicide. As can be seen from other people's slices, I was abused when I was a child, and my brain developed abnormally, especially the forebrain. They are different from others in organization.

The name of a two-year-old child is terrible two. He speaks irrationally and always makes a scene. In fact, this is because the Wernicke area responsible for semantic understanding in the brain is precocious, while the Blocker area responsible for speech is relatively late. So the child can basically understand what you are saying after six months, but it will take at least one and a half years to speak. Therefore, the terrible two children will face unspeakable setbacks. For example, a child obviously doesn't like spinach, but his mother gave it to him. He didn't like it, but he couldn't tell his mother and had to spit it out. He lost his temper because he couldn't describe it.

The brain will change after the disaster.

Emotion is the fastest and most powerful tool to change the brain. Twenty-five days after the Wenchuan earthquake, the affected families were sent to have their brains scanned by MRI. It is found that the amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia and other places related to emotional circuits have changed. Therefore, emotion is the most powerful thing to change the brain.

5. Emotional critical period

Emotion has a critical period, very short, basically 5 years old. Children must have appropriate emotional stimulation. When he grows up, he will express these emotions, because the emotional circuit is getting bigger and bigger. If there is no stimulation, its function will be taken away elsewhere.

A good example is the orphanage in Romania. During World War II, there was a war in the Balkans, and many people died after the war. Romanian dictator said: Every woman has five children. It doesn't matter whether she was born alive or not. Give it to the state government, and the state reformatory will help you raise it. There are many children and few nurses in the reformatory, so children grow up in an environment where no one takes care of them. Later, Romania's economy collapsed, and the country could not afford to support so many people, so it was adopted by Europeans and Americans. As a result, I found that after these children returned to their normal environment, they could not change their bad habits in the past. He doesn't know what love is. His relationship with adoptive parents is exactly the same as that with strangers.

Later, it was found that through repeated practice, the maturation of cortex could be accelerated. A child who is encouraged to exercise self-control is more emotionally mature than an unruly child. Because we constantly stimulate the activation of emotional control circuits, we can inhibit the attack of amygdala and avoid losing our temper.

In addition, in the critical period of emotion, the loop of emotional control needs proper care and nutrition. Therefore, children must eat whole milk powder, not skim, because the cell membrane is fat, and the bread outside the nerve is also fat. Fat is the carrier, and the brain is mainly protein. Walnut is a plant protein.

6. The influence of childhood abuse on the brain

Childhood abuse will affect the development and function of the brain. Children abused in childhood have insufficient cerebellar blood flow, which leads to emotional instability, which is also the reason why abused children are prone to suicide. In addition, because the hippocampus of abused children is relatively small, and the hippocampus is the place to manage memory, abused children often have poor homework and poor memory.

Let's look at two experiments:

Tie the mouse's hands and feet so that they can't move. A group of mice were tied for two hours every day, which were 10 and 2 1 day respectively. The other group was tied for six hours every day, which were 10 and 2 1 day respectively. The shorter the discovery time, the fewer the days, and the more nerve branches the mouse has.

Do the same experiment on monkeys. Monkeys are a hierarchical society. The Monkey King can beat the little monkey for no reason, and keep the little monkey and the Monkey King together for only six months. Results the nerve branches of the little monkey were much worse than those of the control group.

The above experiments show that childhood abuse has a direct impact on the brain.

In addition, childhood abuse also includes language. A little girl, whose nerves were damaged by the teacher's constant language stimulation, finally had a nervous breakdown and had to be sent to Boston to study.

Therefore, everyone is the sum of past experiences. Our emotions today are actually related to our childhood emotions, and past experiences have made us who we are.

Let's look at depression now: the degree of brain activation of patients with depression is only 1/4 of that of normal people, and the reason for this situation is the amygdala. When the amygdala is activated, negative emotions will come out.

You must have had such an experience: getting up in the morning is inexplicably uncomfortable, inexplicably uncomfortable. So go and see if the doors and windows are closed, the roof is leaking, and the animals are tied up, so that you will feel better when patrolling. Why? Because inertia will inhibit the activation of amygdala. When we are in a bad mood, we will feel better when we start working and going to school. When girls are in a bad mood, they will go shopping, clean the house and tidy up the drawers. Boys play basketball when they are in a bad mood. Because these inertial movements can inhibit the activation of amygdala.

7. Emotion is the explanation of situation by cognition.

Emotion is in your own hands, because emotion is the interpretation of the situation by cognition. Therefore, everything depends on the mentality. If you can change your mind, you can change your life.

Here are a few examples to explain why emotions are cognitive explanations of situations:

During the period of 1960, at Cromwell University, the subjects were asked to do experiments in the Department of Psychology, and 20 yuan was given an injection of vitamin A to test the help of vitamin A. However, when the injection was made, vitamin A was stuck on the needle tube, which was actually adrenaline. The physiological reactions caused by adrenaline included: dilated pupils, cold sweat in the palms, rapid heartbeat, bladder incontinence and so on.

After the injection, the tester went to the lounge to rest for 20 minutes. The subjects in one of the lounges were in a good mood. They said they looked up and saw this poster when they were walking on campus. Now, although they have the injection, they have 20 yuan money to take the girl to a steak dinner and invite her to a movie. Finally, there will be some money left to buy her a small gift, so they are very happy. The subject in the other room flew into a rage and said, what's the matter? He won't let me go after waiting so long. He thinks my time is worthless? Think 20 yuan can buy me so much time? Swearing over there. When the time is up, the tester pretends to test the subjects' eyesight, and then gives them 20 yuan to let them go. When I walked to the door, the tester suddenly said sorry, please come back, I forgot to ask you, what was your psychology just now in the lounge? Here is an emotional scale, please fill it in. This is the real purpose of doing this experiment. The first subject was very happy, and interpreted this emotion as excitement that made his palms sweat and his heart beat faster. Because the second subject was angry, he interpreted the same physiological reaction as that anger caused cold sweat on his palms and anger caused his heart to beat faster.

So we can see that emotion is the explanation of situation by cognition. So Marcus Aurelius, the emperor of the Roman Empire, said that it is not the experience that shapes us, but the way we deal with it. There is a saying that it is raining. Open your umbrella and don't say why it rains. It's too late to know that I didn't bring my umbrella. It has already rained. Just open the umbrella and deal with it.

Many times we are too busy admiring others to be grateful, which is also a matter of mentality.

Tell a good example: when classmates get together, everyone is exchanging information. There was a classmate in primary school who was not so good in primary school, and later her husband's career was very successful. Another classmate is so envious. The girl said to him, what do you envy me? You only see my light now. Do you know that my mother-in-law has violent Azhamo disease, and all the Filipino maids have been beaten away by her, so I have to take care of myself? Once a child went to work during the day, and after her mother-in-law slept at home, she took a knife to the streets to kill people at night. So I had to sleep in front of her mother-in-law's bed, and her mother-in-law got out of bed. I want to know, my husband sleeps in front of the living room. Open the door and get out. My husband wants to know that there are nine locks in my house. You see me now, how do you know what's behind me?

Therefore, we need to change our mentality and learn to be grateful. If people are grateful, they will never have depression. How can I treat depression? As long as he writes down three things to be grateful for in his diary before going to bed at night, he will gradually change the patient's view of things.

8. Emotional

Emotions will be different because of the tension of body muscles, and even sitting posture will affect our emotions. For example, if you sit up straight, you will feel energetic and your hunchback will be gone. The same is true for teachers in class. He must be energetic on the stage and pay attention to the students below. If the teacher is weak today, his mood will also affect the students.

9. Face feedback hypothesis

If we deliberately prevent negative emotions from showing outward, we will stop inner emotions. Therefore, the muscles of the body will change your mood. Don't gnash your teeth. Anger can be strengthened by the external muscle changes of gnashing teeth, or softened by the suppression of anger. For example, Botox can suppress the symptoms of depression because it can reduce wrinkles and sad expressions. For another example, McDonald's trains employees to bite pencils and make them laugh. Because employees bite pencils, their mouths will rise and their mood will get better. We used to say that when we were angry, we would beat the tumbler to vent our anger. In fact, this is completely wrong. The more we hit him, the worse our mood. We can only help him, and the way to help him is not to use violence.

So your physical state affects your mental state and your mood.

10. Embodied cognition

The brain is not the only organ that determines people's cognition, and the body also participates in cognitive activities. Let's look at some experiments.

Experiment 1:

Ask the students to answer the questionnaire and evaluate the value of six foreign currencies. The answer board is light and heavy. The experiment found that the heavier the answer sheet, the higher the students' evaluation of money.

This experiment shows that the weight of an object will indirectly affect our judgment of the importance of what is in front of us: the body thinks that heavy things are important.

Experiment 2:

Call the students and take the elevator upstairs to do the experiment. The experimenter sometimes holds a cup of hot coffee or ice water in his hand, and books and things to do experiments in his hand. So when taking the elevator, the experimenter asked the students to help him with ice water or hot coffee. After the elevator arrives, ask the students to evaluate whether the experimenter is a good person or a bad person and what the interpersonal relationship is like. It turns out that people who drink hot coffee will evaluate this person better, while people who drink ice water will evaluate this person worse.

In addition, we also found that subjects with "hot" things are more willing to give small gifts to friends.

The above experiments show that the hot and cold of things will also affect our mood.

Experiment 3:

Divide students into three groups. Before the experiment, they were invited to drink three different flavors of drinks. The first group drank freshly squeezed orange juice, the second group drank pure water, and the third group drank China bitter tea. After drinking, let them watch a video in which the boy wants to divorce his wife and explain the reasons. Students need to evaluate the boys in the video. Results The evaluation of the first group was slightly higher than that of the second group, while the evaluation of the third group was surprisingly low, and bad words such as obscenity and asshole were used.

Experiment 4:

Israeli prisoners will be released on parole. During parole, each prisoner has only about 7 minutes, and the parole officer will report it. Finally, it was found that if the judges were full, the prisoners could be released on parole. If the judge starts to feel hungry and his blood sugar drops, the prisoner will not be allowed to pass. When the prisoner's pass rate is tabulated, it is very high at eight o'clock in the morning, and it begins to decline slowly at ten o'clock, with the lowest at ten fifteen. Why? After breakfast in the morning, I digested and began to get hungry. Take a break 15 minutes and eat something. The pass rate of 10: 30 increased again, and 1 1: 30 decreased again until 12: 00. So, when you eat well, you will feel good.

Experiment 5:

The same situation is also reflected in the students' graduation oral examination. In the previous oral exam, the teacher brought a cup of tea by himself. The oral exam is different now. Students will take Tiramisu and buy delicious snacks for teachers. It turns out that students will feel better if they let their teachers eat sweets, and they will let their teachers pass.

The above experiments show that taste will also affect our judgment.

Experiment 6:

Even pinching the soft ball with a hard ball will affect our judgment. We show the tester a neutral face, and when we pinch the soft ball, the tester will judge that he is a girl. When pinching the hard ball, judge that he is a boy.

So cafes, especially cafes where couples talk, are all soft chairs, with sofa chairs and wooden benches in class. Why? Because being soft-hearted will slow down our sense of social pressure, such as being rejected by others, or the insecurity that our mother is not at home. Therefore, many children want to hold dolls to alleviate the insecurity when their parents are not around.

This example shows that many things are directly related to our emotions, such as the hardness of things.

Two. Emotion and decision-making

Emotion determines our decision, not our reason. Without emotion, there is no way to make a decision.

Let's look at an experiment:

There are four piles of playing cards on it. If you transfer to a different card, the probability and amount of loss are different. The tester didn't know this situation, only knew that he wanted to win as much money as possible, so he began to touch the cards at will. After about two or three times, they began to have a feeling that the AB card was not very good and they wanted to touch C and D, but they didn't know why A and B were not good. They just know that touching A and B in the skin electrical test will cause cold sweat, thus changing the conductivity and making the pointer jump.

This experiment shows that the body is the first to "know" the unfavorable situation, which is what we call intuition. Intuition helps us make decisions. But we found that when the patient's forebrain was damaged, he could not pass the experiment. This shows that if a person has no emotions, it is impossible to make judgments and decisions.

1. Somatic marker hypothesis

Therefore, we can see that the brain will combine past experience, and the mood of the brain will help us find out the corresponding cognitive decision to use the next time we make a decision, even though we don't know the reason consciously. However, people with forebrain injuries can't take advantage of the subconscious cues, because brain injury interrupts neural pathways and emotional information can't be sent to the brain for processing, so they can't make decisions.

2. The "interpreter" of the brain

The ultimate goal of the brain is to achieve internal and external balance. Therefore, there is an interpreter in the left forebrain of the brain When external information comes, give him the most reasonable explanation as soon as possible. If he can't explain it, he will find something to supplement and rationalize his behavior and feelings in order to achieve a balance between internal cognition and external stimulation.

Let's look at an example to illustrate how the "interpreter" in the brain explains our behavior.

There is a famous old lady in Vermont, USA. The old lady has never lied in her life. She lived in the hospital after a stroke, thinking she was at home, so she asked the driver to come over. The nurse couldn't meet her requirements, so she finally called the doctor. The doctor told the old lady that you are in my hospital now, your driver is not in your home, your driver is not in, and the chef is not in. You can't ask my nurse to do these things for you. The old lady didn't believe it and thought she was at home. The doctor had no choice but to open the door of this ward and tell the old lady. He said, look, because only the ward has such a big elevator to transport the bed, does your family have such a big elevator? Most of us think this is a good example. Why does your home have such a big elevator? Unexpectedly, the old lady who never lied immediately said, doctor, do you know how hard it is for me to install this elevator? A person who has never told a lie, but when challenged today, she immediately told a lie. So, this is the problem of the left forebrain. Brain injury. I don't know why I did this, but I will explain my behavior.

Let's look at a few more experiments to see how the brain explains behavior:

Experiment 1:

Our brain is not from the left eye to the right brain, but from the left visual field to the right brain and from the right visual field to the left brain. Our optic nerves intersect on the parallax side, and the middle line is the corpus callosum, which connects more than one million fiber bundles in two hemispheres.

The corpus callosum in the middle of a patient was cut, so the right brain can only see the information on the left, and the left brain can only see the information on the right. Show her two cards, chicken feet and snow scene, and let her choose what to match. Her left brain saw chicken feet, so her left brain ordered her right hand to pair the chicken's body. The right brain saw the snow scene, so the right brain ordered the left hand to choose a shovel. The doctor asked her why you are so well matched. Because the brain translates on the left and the right can't speak, she didn't know that her right brain saw the snow scene, but her right brain felt it, so she chose a shovel, so she only knew that she chose a chicken and a shovel. She immediately said that I was shoveling chicken manure today, and immediately explained her behavior.

Experiment 2:

A patient's corpus callosum was cut off. Show him a picture of a naked woman. When the patient saw the naked body, we said that the picture in the middle blushed and smiled. The doctor asked him what you were laughing at, but he didn't know he was laughing. Alas, he was really laughing when he touched his mouth, so the left brain immediately explained his behavior: doctor, I smiled at your tie, which was very funny. But what's so funny about ties? This is a good example of a left-brain interpreter, that is, he can explain his behavior.

Show this picture to the same female patient whose corpus callosum was removed. Girls stink at the sight of their faces. Because girls don't like to see naked women, the doctor asked her what you were unhappy about. She didn't know she was unhappy, so she said I hated that painting on your wall. But what's so annoying about the painting on the wall? This is also her brain explaining her behavior.

So the left brain interpreter pushes logic and reasoning to make up for things that are not in the story, so it will make mistakes, but because there is no interpreter in the right brain, the right brain will not make mistakes. We show the patient 1000 pictures, and then show him 1000 pictures. After reading it, you need to judge whether this picture has just appeared. You will find that it is projected to the left brain, because the interpreter of the left brain will misjudge. As long as it is very similar, he will say that it just appeared, but the right brain will never, and the right brain is almost 100% correct.

So after cutting off the brain, we found that each side of the brain has its own advantages.

3. Behavior precedes consciousness

The brain doesn't have so many resources to process all the information, so 60% of our actions are automatic, relying on the automatic processing of the system 1. While it is being processed, we can't stop it from processing. It moves very fast, and only when there is no way can the brain enter System 2. So we find that 98% of things are known before they enter the brain (before the conscious world), and the brain has completed its processing (automatic information processing).

Therefore, free will is probably an illusion. It may just be an "interpreter" telling a story in our brain. We think that our thoughts are in control, but this is not the case. Let's look at an experiment to explain why actions and bodies precede our consciousness:

Stimulate the experimenter's skin, once stimulated, it will produce electric pulses to stimulate the cerebral cortex. In 20 milliseconds, the electric pulse will be sent to the brain until it reaches the conscious world. The whole process takes 500 ms, but at the same time, within 20ms, this electric pulse will stimulate the surrounding nerves and then start to organize the body's reaction. So, at 20ms, our bodies have already responded, but we won't realize it until 500 ms

So sometimes we give it a long stimulus in the cerebral cortex, and it takes 400 milliseconds to give the same stimulus in the skin, but we still feel it on the skin first, because it takes 500 milliseconds for the stimulus to reach the brain.

When an athlete runs a race, the interval between preparation and launch is 500ms, which is also the reason-it takes 500ms from the information coming in to the preparation to start running. If the interval is too short and the information has not reached the brain, it is impossible to start. If the interval is too long, someone may sneak away.

Therefore, if the skin is directly stimulated, an evoked response will occur in the cerebral cortex within 10-20ms, and the surrounding neurons will be activated. But if you directly stimulate the brain, the surrounding neurons will not be activated.

Because action precedes consciousness, what we call freedom consciousness is a misunderstanding. There is an interpreter in our brain, which interprets this process as your own sense of freedom.

4. The brain knows first

The brain is not measured by the signals of nerve cells. It does not rely on the information of nerve cells to explain the time of the real world outside. We don't need a nervous system that keeps telling us everything. The brain has its own combination and interpretation, and the brain knows it before you do.

Therefore, what really matters is the real world information in the brain (various calculation combinations), not the information related to the outside world.

We use several experiments to show that the brain has its own various combinatorial calculation methods to interpret information:

Experiment 1:

We hit he on the left and art on the right of the gaze point, and the tester's brain will automatically shut it down and report seeing the heart.

Experiment 2:

Blind test: Although the eyes can't see, the brain can still see.

A national player who plays ball was blind because of an eye injury, so he asked the insurance company for compensation. But the insurance company did a test and found that he could tell that he was cheated. It turns out that although his eyes can't see it, when the information reaches his fingers, he just says where you are going to catch the ball, and his subconscious mind can still react. The subconscious will help him make a decision and put his hand in the right position.

Three. Summary: Reason and Emotion

Many experiments just now show that sensibility is the top of rationality, because with emotion, rationality can make judgments, and without emotion, rationality can't make judgments. And feeling is not the feeling of consciousness, but the brain knows what to do before consciousness.

Reason and emotion are not antagonistic, and emotion is the result of the evolution of reason. Today, reason and emotion are not in two.

Let's talk about the most important thing is to listen to your heart, and the most important thing is to listen to your brain. Brain and reason tell you how to do unimportant things, and we all rely on it in our daily life. And those important things that will affect your guilt and mood for a lifetime, your heart and your sensibility will tell you what to do. People have a thing called conscience, which torments you when you feel uneasy. So, trust your feelings and subconscious, and let life have no regrets.

Of course, rationality and sensibility must be balanced, and we can't just rely on emotional output. But you have to know, when you finally make a choice, if you do, will you have a bad conscience in the future? Yes, you can never do it. If you don't do this, will you feel uneasy in the future? Yes, you must, because it is your conscience that will face you in the end.