Does anyone know the evocation ceremony of Chu State?

After the body is sorted out, an evocation ceremony will be held. It is said that souls who died in a foreign country can't find their way home. This soul will stay in a foreign land like his body and suffer endless bitterness. He can't enjoy the sacrifice of cigarettes, the provision of food and the passage of scriptures. This lonely soul will become the most miserable hungry ghost, reborn in a different place forever, wandering for a long time, and there is no hope of reincarnation. Only when his family "evokes his soul" can he hear the voice of expecting him and he can follow it.

A suitable date must be chosen for the evocation ceremony. On that day, mourners will put up a banner of evocation in front of the door, or hang a silk of evocation. In some places, relatives have to climb the roof and call for their souls to go home. It is said that this is left over by nomadic people such as Manchu. On the grassland, when you see a big tent erected in front of you, you will know which one is dead. Everyone will come to mourn and help with the funeral. Later, it became a common funeral custom of Manchu people.

In historical records, the evocation ceremony originated very early. According to some documents of the Zhou Dynasty, the relatives of the deceased should summon spirits from the front, hold the clothes of the deceased and call to the north. If the deceased is a man, call his name and say it three times in a row, so as to expect the soul of the deceased to return to his clothes, and then come down from the back of the house and put the clothes on the deceased. This kind of clothes is also called "belly clothes". This "dress" is worn by people, stained with the fragrance of human skin, and has the dual connection of "body" and "breath"; The soul may be attracted by it and return to it according to the familiar taste or shape. It is said that in the past, almost every household of the Dai people prepared a "soul basket" to summon souls. When evoking the soul, they put the clothes of the deceased in a bamboo basket and put white rice and white thread to show that they will bring the soul back.

Some evocation ceremonies are very professional, such as fishermen evoking souls. They have special rituals and customs. After the fisherman was unfortunately buried in the sea, because his body was often not found, his family replaced the body with a scarecrow, put on the clothes of the deceased before his death, and set up a "mourning hall" at home. At the same time, at the seaside outside the village, Taoist priests should be invited to summon the souls of the dead. Evocation should be carried out at the beginning of the tide at night. Relatives of the deceased went to the seaside to shout, called back the "ghost" lost in the sea, recruited the scarecrow and buried it. This evocation ceremony is called "Tide Soul". Relatives should first set up a small "immersion table" at the seaside, and then light incense sticks in the tent at night, with a scarecrow in the middle and the birthday of the deceased affixed to them. At the high tide at night, the Taoist priest sits on the "immersion table", rings bells and cymbals, and recites spells in his mouth. At this time, piles of bonfires were lit before and after the "dip table". Someone is holding a bamboo with roots in his hand, and there is a laundry basket hanging on it, which contains a rooster. Facing the sea, they kept shaking bamboo with Taoist spells. Others, Dai Xiao Pima, the family member of the deceased, carried lanterns written in big letters and shouted the name of the deceased: "So-and-so! So-and-so is coming! " The sound is very bleak. Then, a child or relative promised, "Here we go! Come on! " It was not until the high tide that the Taoist priest took him home. The next day, relatives put the scarecrow in the coffin and sent it to the mountain for burial.

Of course, after death, the soul leaves the body. But the vast underworld, where to go? So the next procedure is for the living to "show him the way". "Leading the way" means leading ghosts to heaven. In the undead world of some northern religions, the "return" of the undead needs the help and guidance of wizards. First of all, take the first road and go on, there will be many forks in the road, which is set according to the different sexes of the deceased. The deceased took the road of his own clan and crossed a river, where there were many bones. In this way, it is said that you can cross the river safely.

[Edit this paragraph] Ancient prose with the same name

Title: Evocation

Author: Qu Yuan

Period: pre-Qin literature

Dynasty: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period

Type of work: Fu

Text:

Arouse the soul of the dead

I am young and upright, and I am loyal and innocent.

The Lord is full of virtue and happiness, and he is guided by vulgarity and filth.

There is nothing to test in the world. This is a great success, and it is also long and painful.

The emperor told Wuyang, "There are people down there, and I want to help them.

The soul is separated and can be given. "

Wu Yang said to him, "God cannot dream.

If you must give it, you will be grateful in the future and you can't reuse Wu Yangyan. "

This is the next step: the soul is back!

Fuck your constant work, what is Fang?

Give up your pleasure, but leave him unlucky.

The soul is back! The east cannot be trusted.

Although there are thousands of people, their souls are demanding.

On the tenth day, I came out, a little more golden.

Both of them are inside, and their souls will be released.

Come back, come back! You can't trust it.

The soul is back! The south can't stop.

Carve a black pool, you get human flesh as a sacrifice, and you get its bones as a sacrifice.

A poisonous snake seals a fox thousands of miles away.

Public nine, abrupt, swallowing people to benefit their hearts.

Come back, come back! Can't be debauched for a long time.

The soul is back! The harm of the west flows to the sand.

Spinning into Yuan Lei, the elk are scattered and there are more deep valleys.

Fortunately, I have to take it off. It's spacious outside.

If red ants are like, if mysterious bees are awkward.

If you are not born, you should eat more.

Its soil is rotten, and it's no use asking for water.

There seems to be nothing to rely on, and most of them have nothing to do.

Come back, come back! I'm afraid I will leave a thief behind.

The soul is back! The north can't stop.

The ice is increasing and the snow is flying thousands of miles.

Come back, come back! It can't be any longer.

The soul is back! You have no heaven.

Tiger and leopard pass nine levels, pecking the inferior people.

There are nine songs and nine thousand trees.

Wolves obey their orders and walk back and forth more.

Hang people and throw them into the abyss.

It's fatal to the emperor, and then you have to die.

Come back, come back! Afraid of danger.

The soul is back! It's quieter without you.

Tubo nine, the angle is smaller.

Take care of your thumbs, one by one.

If you look at the head of a tiger, you will feel better.

Great, come back! Afraid of self-destruction

The soul is back! Enter the repair door.

I wish you all the best, recite first.

Qin Gou, get some.

Get ready and keep shouting.

The soul is back! Go backwards.

Heaven and earth are everywhere, and there are many thieves and rapists.

Like a monarch's room, quiet and quiet.

The high hall is elegant and the threshold is more elegant.

The terraced fields are tired and the mountains are higher.

Net users decorated with Zhu and carved more.

There are sudden buildings in winter, and it is colder in summer.

The valley path is complex and the water is gurgling.

The scenery turns bright, more envious of the blue.

After entering the Olympic Games through the hall, Zhu Chen will have a feast.

The bathroom is green, so hang some Qu Qiong.

Emerald bead quilt, rotten Guang Qi.

When painting the wall, turn it up a little.

Make up your mind and tie a better knot.

The scenery in the room is more precious and strange.

Blue ointment and bright candles, Huarong Road is ready.

28. Stay at the hotel and pass it on.

Ladies of the Nine Marquis, be on your guard.

Different systems are used to fill the palace.

Let's just say, be gentle.

If you are weak, you should have more intentions.

Improve your ability and make your room more spacious.

Beauty, your eyes are brighter.

I'm tired of reason, but I don't care much about it.

Leave the pavilion to repair the curtain, you can have more leisure.

Wei Fei Cui Zhang, decorated with a high hall.

Red wall sand table, the beam of xuanyu is better.

Look up at the sculpture and draw dragons and snakes.

Sitting in the hall and lying on the sill, the face is curved.

The origin of lotus is quite complicated.

Purple stem screen, the edge of the text is wavy.

Different leopard-print ornaments serve the vicious.

Because the porch is low, you ride slowly.

Blue trees are sparse, Joan hedges.

The soul is back! What's the point?

The family is loyal to the clan and eats a lot.

It is better to grow rice than wheat.

There is bitterness in bitterness and sweetness in sweetness.

The tendons of fat cows are more fragrant.

If you are bitter, Chen Wu will have some soup.

It tastes like mutton, and it's more pulpy.

Sour fish, fry some red fish

It's unpleasant to show your chicken.

Honey bait, a little ugly.

Yaojiang honey spoon is more feathery.

If you drink cold, it will be cooler.

China's action is ancient, with some nectar.

It is better to stay away from it.

Women will be happier if you don't know enough about food.

Chen Zhong made some new songs according to the drums.

Shejiang and Cailing carry forward He Shao.

When a beautiful woman is drunk, she looks better.

I'm dizzy and my eyes are a little brighter.

Wearing exquisite clothes is beautiful but not surprising.

Feng Ming with long hair and beard is a little different.

Let's dance together.

If you hand over the pole, please close the case.

If you are crazy, take courage.

The court was shocked and made some "shocks".

Wu Biao, Cai Biao, plays Luda.

Men and women sit together, regardless of chaos.

Let Chen Dai's group hit the baby, and the class will be more controversial.

Zheng He is playing. Let's have fun.

The knot of "exciting Chu" stands out first.

There are six numbers in chess.

Divide Cao and go forward, forcing each other.

Looking for an owl, it's called five whites.

Being a rhinoceros takes more time than being a golden flower.

When the bell rang, the zither played more vigorously.

Don't waste entertainment wine, sink day and night.

The blue paste is bright, the candle is bright, and Hua Cheng is wrong.

It says think, Doris is fake.

People are extreme and given the same heart.

Drink for fun and be happy before you die.

The soul is back! Go backwards.

Chaos said: Give the Spring Festival to spring, and drive me south.

Apples are in full bloom and angelica dahurica is born.

The road runs through the Lujiang River, and the left side is slender.

Leaning against the swamp, I'm looking forward to Bo.

Green plum knot, born in Qian Qi, hanging fire, Xuan Yan Xuan.

Step out, lure him first, restrain his arrogance, and lead his car to the right.

Dream with Wang after class.

The king is afraid of youth.

Zhu Mingcheng, at night, you can't drown.

Gaolan is a path, and the road is getting slower and slower.

Zhanjiang is full of water with maple trees on it.

Eyes thousands of miles away, sad sad.

The soul returns, mourning Jiangnan.

Appreciate:

The author of the article "Evocation of Soul" has different opinions in history. Sima Qian thought it was Qu Yuan's work. In Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, he said: "I read Li Sao, Tian Wen, Evocation and Mourning, and I feel sorry for my ambition." Wang Yi thought it was Song Yu's work in Songs of the South: "The author of Evocation is also Song Yuzhi's work. Song Yu pitied Qu Yuan, abandoned his son with loyalty, worried about the country and the mountains, lost his soul, and his life was about to fall. Pretending to be "evocative", I want to restore its spirit and prolong its life. I envy the evil of Chen Sifang outside, envy the beauty of Chu State inside, satirize the king, and hope to achieve it. "

Strangely enough, for a long time, most scholars in the Han, Tang, Wei, Jin and Song Dynasties accepted Wang Yi's statement. It was not until Huang Wenhuan, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, explicitly refuted Wang Yi's statement in Listening to Songs of Chu that he first proposed that "evoking souls" was Qu Yuan's own evocation. Since then, You Guoen's Qu Yuan and Lin Yunming's Chu Ci Deng both supported Huang Wenhuan's view that "evoking the soul" was Qu Yuan's own evocation of his own soul.

You Guoen pointed out that there were also examples of recruiting one's soul in ancient times, such as Xie Lingyun's Poems of Living in a Mountain, "Recruiting the frightened into danger and closing the danger in the form of a fence", and Du Fu's "Paper-cutting Recruiting My Soul" is an example. In addition, there is a custom of appealing to the living soul among ethnic minorities. Fan Chengda's "Return to the Sea and Zhi Heng" (now no longer exists), quoted in the General Examination of Literature, records a local custom: "Those who are far away from home stop at three miles. Wizards were sent at home to carry bamboo baskets, take off the baskets stored in people's personal clothes and lead the way home. It is also said that pedestrians will return to their souls. " In fact, this custom of welcoming returnees has objectively reduced the spread of infectious diseases by returnees from other places.

In addition, some people think that the article "Evocation" was written by Song Yu for Xiang Qing, the dead king of Chu, or that Song Yu evokes the soul for Xiang Qing, the seriously ill king of Chu. At the same time, there is a story circulating among the people in Yuanxiang: One year after Qu Yuan's death, Song Yu and Jing Ke came to the Miluo River to summon his soul.

In fact, it may have happened that Song Yu and Jing Ke once summoned Qu Yuan, Song Yu or Jing Ke once summoned Chu Wang, Qu Yuan once summoned himself, and Qu Yuan once summoned Chu Huaiwang. Their works may all be named "Awakening". The article "Evocation of Chu Ci", which has been handed down to this day, should be written by Qu Yuan when he evokes Chu Huaiwang.

First of all, Sima Qian clearly pointed out in Historical Records that Qu Yuan's works contain an article "Evocation of Soul". Secondly, evocation is a serious activity, generally speaking, it is ordered, and the object of evocation is the dead or seriously ill. Accordingly, Evocation was written by Qu Yuan for Evocation of Chu Huaiwang, and it was the last post work written by Qu Yuan during his medical practice in San Lv. Moreover, the life of the protagonist described in Evocation does not conform to Qu Yuan's identity and actual situation, but to the identity of the king of Chu.

As we know, in 329 BC, Chu Weiwang died and was in office 1 1 year. Chu Weiwang's son Xiong Huai inherited the throne and became pregnant with the king's child. In 328 BC, it was the first year of Chu Huaiwang. In 299 BC, he entered the State of Qin and was detained for 30 years. Prince Li Chu is horizontal, for the benefit of the king. In 296 BC, he died in the state of Qin.

It should be noted that according to the Yi Law and the Funeral Etiquette Law formulated by Hetai, after the death of kings, governors and doctors, future generations should set up temples to hold grand sacrificial activities, and according to the deeds and experiences of the deceased before his death, they will be awarded a title called posthumous title. Posthumous title after the death of Xiong Huai, the king of Chu, was chosen by Xiang and his ministers according to Xiong Huai's deeds and experience in office to show sympathy and memory. Huai, originally meaning chest, extended to hide, miss, mind, return, comfort, surround and come; "Cherish the king" for Xiong Huai, and the king of posthumous title Chu, should be to appease the tragic experience of Xiong Huai's guest's death in Qin.

This fully shows that after Chu Huaiwang's death in Qin State, Chu State held corresponding official sacrificial activities for him, and evoking souls was a part of official sacrificial activities. Because Chu Huaiwang was cheated into the State of Qin, he stayed alone in the State of Qin for three years and finally died in the State of Qin. His experience once made the Chu people mourn all over the country. Therefore, the activities of evocation for Chu Huaiwang may have been carried out many times, and the most grand evocation ceremony should be at the time when Chu Huaiwang just died, that is to say, evocation should be written at this time.

In ancient China, there were no concepts of predecessors and descendants, and there was no concept of heaven and hell, only the concepts of immortality of the soul and ghosts and gods. The nature of the secluded capital mentioned by China in ancient times is different from that of hell, which refers to the world of underground space and is the place where the soul is judged, punished and reincarnated. In fact, evocation describes that there are nine levels of tigers and leopards in the sky and nine levels of Tubo underground, and there is no concept of heaven and hell. But after Buddhism was introduced into China, you were gradually endowed with the function of hell. There is a jade emperor in the sky and a heavenly palace in the sky.

The so-called immortality of the soul means that the soul can exist independently from the body. When people are sleeping, seriously ill, unconscious and dying, they are all interpreted as soul out-of-body experience, that is, soul out-of-body experience. If people want to live, they need to bring their souls back to their bodies. The so-called concept of ghosts and gods originally refers to the soul after death. A good soul is a god and a bad soul is a ghost (at first, ghosts refer to the souls of ancestors without any bad intentions). In addition, besides people, other natural objects also have souls, such as mountains with mountain gods and water with water gods. Around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the concept of immortals was derived from the original concept of ghosts and gods.

In the custom of Naxi nationality in China, every household hangs a bamboo basket to store the souls of their families. When a girl marries her husband's family, she has to perform a witchcraft ceremony to transfer her soul from her family to her husband's family. Only in this way can the new couple really go to her husband's house. In the local people's mind, this ceremony is even more important than household registration. When someone dies, an evocation ceremony will be held for him. At this time, the purpose of evocation is no longer to return the soul to the body, but to guide the soul back to the place where the ancestors lived. This is the true meaning of returning to nature. To this end, Dongba (wizard) of Naxi nationality specially drew a "road map of gods", which wrote the place names that people passed on the migration road. These place names are often as many as 100 or 200. When Dongba evokes souls, he should face the coffin of the deceased, walk backwards and read it aloud in turn. Mr. Li Lincan, a scholar from Taiwan Province Province (former vice president of the Palace Museum), once inspected the holy road map of Naxi nationality and found that the place names were all true, and the names that had migrated in recent years could still be recognized.

The custom of evoking souls in Chu State in Qu Yuan's time is not necessarily the same as that in Naxi nationality today. But the basic cultural connotation of evocation should be the same, that is, guiding the souls of the deceased to return to their hometown. This point is clearly stated in "Evocation of Soul", for example, "It is better to study than to return to the soul. I wish you all the best, recite first. Qin Gou Qi Lu, Zheng Jin complex. Get ready and keep shouting. The return of the soul will be even more backward. " It describes the scene where the wizard goes backwards, holding a bamboo basket with a soul and guiding the soul back to his hometown.

It is worth noting that the last sentence of "Evocation of Soul" is "Soul returns to hometown and mourns Jiangnan". This is because Chu was originally located in Jiangnan, so it is emphasized that the soul of the deceased returned to Jiangnan, which means that the deceased did not die in Chu. Therefore, the soul brought back by evocation can only be the soul that died in Qin. In fact, the full text of Evocation is 282 sentences long, which is second only to Li Sao and Tian Wen in Qu Yuan's works. Obviously, it was made during an evocation ceremony for a very important person, that is, Chu Huaiwang.

The full text of Evocation can be divided into three paragraphs, the first paragraph is the preface, the second paragraph is the text, and the third paragraph is the conclusion.

The preface first describes the weeping of the deceased's soul, in which "it is a long-term pain", or that Qu Yuan was exiled, but in fact it refers to the death of Chu Huaiwang. Next, it describes that God sympathized with Chu Huaiwang's misfortune and ordered Wuyang to summon his soul. Then it describes that Wuyang is unwilling to accept God's command on the grounds that his duty is to interpret dreams.

This kind of prologue can't help but make people suspect that there is some mystery hidden in it. Perhaps this is Qu Yuan alluding to himself with five sheep. As we know, ancient witchcraft is a very complicated knowledge system, and its contents are all-encompassing, so wizards should also have a division of labor in order to perform their duties and complete their work better. However, due to the unusual relationship between Qu Yuan and Chu Huaiwang, Qu Yuan reluctantly decided to summon Chu Huaiwang's soul himself. Therefore, Qu Yuan realized his purpose of evoking Wang Huai through the process of Wang Huai asking God to dream, and then God ordered him to dance in the sun. In fact, the work of evoking and collecting souls in Nine Songs was undertaken by Priestess of Death, which should be the traditional custom of Chu State. But Qu Yuan has been a doctor in San Lv for a long time, and he is also an innovative wizard, scholar and politician, so it is possible to innovate the evocation ceremony and change it to "Five Sheep".

The content of the text can be divided into two levels. One describes the southeast and northwest, and heaven and earth have their own harms, calling on the soul not to go to those places, but to return to the former residence. Secondly, it describes the scene where the wizard leads his soul back to his hometown, especially exaggerating the luxury and comfort of the deceased's life in his former residence, such as "Nine Hous" and "Full Palace", which is obviously a life only for kings.

At the end, it describes the host of evocation, recalling the happy scene that he went hunting in the south with Chu Huaiwang in the spring of that year; Then, compared with today, the road has been covered with weeds. Looking at the distance thousands of miles away (it should be said that Kelly died in the land of Qin), the heart of hurting spring arises spontaneously, and he sincerely calls for "returning to his hometown and mourning for the south of the Yangtze River".

Interestingly, a picture of a man (soul) riding a dragon to ascend to heaven was unearthed from the Chu tomb of Changsha ammunition depot, and a picture of a dragon and a phoenix guiding a man (soul) to ascend to heaven was unearthed from the Chu tomb of Chenjiadashan, Changsha. Silk paintings unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, are rich in content, including heaven, earth and hell. All these indicate that during the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Qin and Han Dynasties, Chu paid special attention to the fate of the soul after death, which is why only hundred schools of thought Chu scholars and scholars can write Nine Songs, Evocation of Soul, and Da Zhao.

Changsha is the first land of Chu State and the seat of the ancestral temple of the former King of Chu. Therefore, the soul of Chu Huaiwang after his death should be guided to the ancestral temple. In other words, Wang Huai's evocation ceremony was held in Changsha, and Qu Yuan's evocation was also shown in Changsha. It is also reasonable to see the last thing and think of the last feeling. At the same time, the experience of Chu and the weakness of Chu also prompted Qu Yuan to have strong doubts about fate, history and witchcraft. The Draft Tian Wen was drafted under such circumstances.

[Edit this paragraph] The movie of the same name

When five bold students live in an abandoned haunted house, all kinds of inexplicable strange phenomena keep happening like a chain reaction. As the story comes to light, every student's dark secret is gradually revealed, and the boundary between truth and the world after death is gradually blurred. Is there any way they can escape the spell? Or are you stuck in this haunted house forever and continue to deal with ghosts?

[Edit this paragraph] Novel of the same name

Shu Yuyin, a 26-year-old master of sociology, is writing a paper on philosophy, religion and witchcraft. She met the owner of the house, a billionaire with a heavy heart, and followed him to live in his island villa. This is a haunted villa with strange footsteps on the stairs in the middle of the night; There are women's musical instruments in the vacant room, and the unique emotional experience of the hero and heroine is trapped in a series of suspense terrorist incidents. The heroine found a human skull on a desert island, bumped into a hanged woman on the stairs, and even someone's stump appeared in her quilt. ...