9.1 Common sense lesson plan on organic matter

1. Common sense of organic chemistry (high school)

Summary of organic chemistry Part 1 Summary of hydrocarbon knowledge From a broad perspective, the knowledge in this chapter can be summarized from the following aspects : 1. Structural characteristics of organic matter; 2. Hydrocarbons; 3. Several important concepts; 4. Several important types of organic chemical reactions; 5. Systematic naming of alkanes; 6. Petroleum and coal.

1. Structural characteristics of organic matter What are the characteristics of the structure of organic matter? Why are there so many types of organic matter? 2. Hydrocarbons What are hydrocarbons? What hydrocarbons have we learned in this chapter? What is its general formula? (1) Classification of hydrocarbons Saturated chain hydrocarbons - alkanes CnH2n 2 (n≥1) Chain hydrocarbons and alkenes CnH2n (n≥2) Unsaturated chain hydrocarbons - hydrocarbons and alkynes CnH2n-2 (n≥2) Aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene and its homologues) CnH2n-6 (n≥6) (2) Structural characteristics and main chemical properties of various hydrocarbons Structural characteristics Main chemical properties Alkanes only contain C—C bonds Substitution reactions with halogens, etc., thermal decomposition Alkenes contain C ==C bonds have addition reactions with halogens, etc., and have oxidation reactions with potassium permanganate, and polymerization reactions. (Aromatic hydrocarbons) Addition reactions occur with halogens, etc., and addition reactions occur with hydrogen, etc. 3. Several important concepts (1) Homologues: substances with similar structures and one or several CH2 atomic groups that differ in molecular composition. They are called homologues; (2) Isomerism: the phenomenon that compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas is called isomerism; (3) Isomers: they have isomerism The compounds are called isomers; 4. What types of reactions are involved in the chemical properties of each representative substance learned in this chapter? 4. Several important types of organic chemical reactions? What does it mean? (1) Oxidation reaction: includes two meanings: ① combustion with oxygen ② whether it can be oxidized by acidic KMnO4 solution; (2) substitution reaction: the reaction in which certain atomic groups or atoms in organic molecules are replaced by other atoms or atomic groups is called substitution reaction. For example, the reaction between alkane and halogen, the reaction between benzene and liquid bromine, the nitration and sulfonation reaction of benzene, etc. are all substitution reactions; (3) Addition reaction: unsaturated carbon atoms in organic molecules are directly combined with other atoms or atomic groups to form new ones. The reaction of a compound is called an addition reaction.

For example, the reaction between ethylene and bromine and other halogens or hydrogen, the reaction between acetylene and halogens, etc. are all addition reactions; (4) Polymerization reaction: the combination of compound molecules with a small relative molecular mass into a relative molecular mass. The reaction of large polymers is called polymerization. For example, the polymerization of ethylene and the polymerization of vinyl chloride are both polymerization reactions; 5. Systematic nomenclature of alkanes. What are the disadvantages of the customary nomenclature of alkanes? What are the basic principles and steps of the systematic nomenclature of alkanes? The basic principles of systematic nomenclature are: ① The principle of simplification; ② The principle of clarification; it can be interpreted as one long, one close, one more and one less, that is, the main chain should be longer, the starting point of numbering should be closest to the branch chain, the number of branch chains should be larger, and the number of branch chains should be larger. The sum of position numbers should be less.

The basic steps of systematic nomenclature can be summarized as follows: ① Select the main chain and call it an alkane; ② Number it and determine the branch chain; ③ Write the substituent first, note the position and connect the dashes; ④ Different The base, Jane in front, the same base, two and three in succession. 6. Petroleum and coal Petroleum and coal are both important chemical raw materials and important energy substances. So what are the pathways from crude oil to various chemical products? How to improve coal combustion efficiency and utilization? Refining of petroleum includes fractionation, cracking and cracking.

Fractional distillation is a process that uses the different boiling points of hydrocarbons to separate petroleum into distillation products with different boiling point ranges through continuous heating and condensation. Cracking is a method of breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into short-chain hydrocarbons under certain conditions. The main product is liquid hydrocarbons with smaller relative molecular weights.

Cracking is deep cracking, and the main products are unsaturated hydrocarbons with smaller relative molecular weights such as ethylene. In order to fully utilize the value of coal, it must be comprehensively utilized. General measures include coal carbonization (also called coal coking), coal gasification and liquefaction.

Summary of rules 1. Calculate and infer the molecular formula of hydrocarbons and their simplified structural formulas. The basic method of determining the molecular formula of hydrocarbons: [Method 1] According to the mass fraction of each element in organic matter (or the mass ratio of elements), find Find the simplest formula of the organic substance, and then determine the chemical formula (molecular formula) based on the formula weight of the organic substance. That is: mass fraction → simplest formula → molecular formula [Method 2] Based on the molar mass of the organic matter and the mass fraction (or mass ratio of elements) of each element in the organic matter, the amount of atomic matter of each element in 1 mol of the organic matter is calculated to determine The number of atoms in a molecule.

That is: mass fraction → the amount of each element atomic substance in 1 mol of substance → molecular formula [Method 3] Combustion general formula method. For example, the molecular formula of hydrocarbons can be set to CxHy. Since x and y are relatively independent, data operations in calculations are simple.

According to the combustion reaction equation of hydrocarbons, calculate with the help of the general formula CxHy, solve for x and y, and finally obtain the molecular formula of hydrocarbons. Note: (1) Gas molar mass = 22.4L/mol *dg/L (d is the gas density under standard conditions). (2) The relative density of a certain gas to gas A is DA, then the formula quantity of the gas M=MADA. (3) Method of calculating the molecular formula from the molecular weight of hydrocarbons: ①M/14, if all can be divided, it can be inferred to be an alkene or cycloalkane, and its quotient is the number of carbon atoms; ②M/14, if all the remaining 2 can be divided, it can be inferred to be an alkane, Its quotient is the number of carbon atoms; ③M/14, the difference can be divided by 2, it is inferred to be an alkyne or diene or cyclic alkene, and its quotient is the number of carbon atoms.

④M/14, divisible by 6, is inferred to be benzene or a homologue of benzene. The quotient-remainder method can be used to find the chemical formula from the formula quantity. The steps are as follows: 1. Obtain the quotient and remainder by division, and obtain the chemical formula of the hydrocarbon with symmetric formula quantity. Note that the number of H atoms cannot be supersaturated.

2. Perform equivalent substitutions to determine the chemical formulas of other hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives with the same formula weight: (1) 1 C atom can replace 12 H atoms; (2) 1 O atom It can replace 16 H atoms or 1 "CH4" group; (3) 1 N atom can replace 14 H atoms or 1 "CH2" group. Note that the number of H atoms should be kept even. Relevant rules of complete combustion (1) When hydrocarbons (CnHm) with equal amounts of substances are completely burned, the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the value of n. The larger the value of n, the more oxygen is consumed, and vice versa.

(2) When hydrocarbons (CnHm) of equal mass are completely burned, the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the mass fraction of hydrogen, that is, the larger the value, the greater the oxygen consumption, and vice versa. (3) When equal masses of hydrocarbons (CnHm) are completely burned, the greater the mass fraction of carbon, the greater the mass of CO2 and hydrogen produced.

2. What common knowledge must be remembered in the basics of organic chemistry in high school

1. Organic substances that are gaseous at normal temperature and pressure: hydrocarbons with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, methyl chloride, Neopentane, formaldehyde.

2.

Aldehydes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids with fewer carbon atoms (such as glycerin, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid) are easily soluble in water; liquid hydrocarbons (such as benzene, gasoline ), halogenated hydrocarbons (bromobenzene), nitro compounds (nitrobenzene), ethers, and esters (ethyl acetate) are all insoluble in water; phenol is slightly soluble in water at room temperature, but is miscible in any ratio above 65°C.

3. The density of all hydrocarbons, esters, and monochloroalkanes is less than that of water; the density of monobromoalkanes, polyhalogenated hydrocarbons, and nitro compounds is greater than that of water.

4.

Organic substances that can cause bromine water to react and fade include: alkenes, alkynes, phenols, aldehydes, and unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (carbon-carbon double bonds, carbon-carbon triple bonds) key) organic matter. Things that can cause fading in bromine water extraction include: benzene, benzene homologues (toluene), CCl4, chloroform, liquid alkanes, etc.

5.

Organic substances that can discolor acidic potassium permanganate solution: alkenes, alkynes, benzene homologues, alcohols, aldehydes, unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds of organic compounds and phenols (phenol).

6.

Different types of substances that are isomers with the same number of carbon atoms: alkenes and cycloalkanes, alkynes and dienes, saturated monoalcohols and ethers, Saturated monoaldehydes and ketones, saturated monocarboxylic acids and esters, aromatic alcohols and phenols, nitro compounds and amino acids.

7.

Organic compounds without isomers are: alkanes: CH4, C2H6, C3H8; alkenes: C2H4; alkynes: C2H2; chlorinated hydrocarbons: CH3Cl, CH2Cl2 , CHCl3, CCl4, C2H5Cl; alcohol: CH4O; aldehydes: CH2O, C2H4O; acid: CH2O2.

8. Substitution reactions include: halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, esterification, hydrolysis, intermolecular dehydration (such as intermolecular dehydration of ethanol), etc.

9.

Substances that can undergo addition reactions with hydrogen: alkenes, alkynes, benzene and its homologues, aldehydes, ketones, unsaturated carboxylic acids (CH2=CHCOOH) And its esters (CH3CH=CHCOOCH3), glyceryl oleate, etc.

10. Substances that can undergo hydrolysis: metal carbides (CaC2), halogenated hydrocarbons (CH3CH2Br), sodium alkoxides (CH3CH2ONa), sodium phenolates (C6H5ONa), carboxylates (CH3COONa), esters (CH3COOCH2CH3), disaccharide (C12H22O11) (sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose), polysaccharide (starch, cellulose) (-C6H10O5-n), protein (enzyme), oil (glyceryl stearate, oleic acid Glycerides) etc.

11. Substances that can react with active metals to displace hydrogen: alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids.

12. Substances that can undergo polycondensation reactions: phenol (C6H5OH) and aldehyde (RCHO), dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-COOH) and dihydric alcohol (HOCH2CH2OH), dicarboxylic acid and dibasic acid Amine (H2NCH2CH2NH2), hydroxy acid (HOCH2COOH), amino acid (H2NCH2COOH), etc.

13. Experiments requiring water bath heating: producing nitrobenzene (—NO2, 60℃), producing benzene sulfonic acid (

—SO3H, 80℃), producing phenolic resin ( Boiling water bath), silver mirror reaction, reaction between aldehyde and newly prepared Cu(OH)2 suspension (hot water bath), ester hydrolysis, disaccharide hydrolysis (such as sucrose hydrolysis), starch hydrolysis (boiling water bath).

3. Several basic common sense about organic matter in chemistry

Methane 1. Spatial structure of methane: regular tetrahedral structure 2. Properties: Physical properties: colorless, odorless, insoluble in Water is the main component of natural gas, biogas (pit gas) and petroleum gas. Chemical properties: Methane is stable and does not react with strong acids and alkalis. Under certain conditions, the following reactions can occur: (1) Flammability (2) Substitution reaction ( 3) High temperature decomposition of CH3Cl gas CH2Cl2 liquid CHCl3 (chloroform) CCl4 3. Use: very good fuel; producing H2, carbon black, chloroform, etc.

Structural features of ethylene 1: ① 2 C atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms are in the same plane. ② One of the double bonds in the ethylene molecule is easy to break. 2. Properties: Physical properties: Colorless, slightly odorous, difficult to dissolve in water.

Chemical properties: (1) Addition reaction can make bromine water fade (2) Oxidation reaction: 1) Flammability: bright flames in the air with black smoke; 2) Can make KMnO4(H) solution Fading (3) Polymerization reaction: Addition polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene 3. Uses: Preparation of alcohol, plastics, etc., and can ripen fruits. 4. Industrial production method: refining from petroleum. Laboratory production method: Raw materials: alcohol, concentrated H2SO4 (concentrated H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent). Collection: drainage and gas collection method.

Structural features: ① Benzene cannot discolor KMnO4(H) solution, indicating that there is no general C=C in the benzene molecule. The bonds between the 6 C atoms in the benzene molecule are exactly the same. This is a A unique bond between C—C and C=C.

② The 6 Cs and 6 Hs in the benzene molecule are all in the same plane. In organic matter, hydrocarbons with benzene rings are aromatic hydrocarbons, simply called aromatic hydrocarbons. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene.

Benzene 1. Molecular formula: C6H6 2. Physical properties of benzene: a colorless liquid with a special smell, lighter than water and insoluble in water 3. Chemical properties of benzene: due to the carbon-carbon bond in the benzene molecule Between C—C and C=C, under certain conditions, benzene molecules can undergo both substitution reactions and addition reactions. 1) Substitution reaction: (1) Reaction of benzene with liquid bromine Br2 (does not react with bromine water) (2) Nitration reaction of benzene: 2) Addition reaction: Reaction of benzene and hydrogen 3) Flammability: ignition → bright flame, There are a lot of black smoke uses: important organic chemical raw materials, benzene is also often used as an organic solvent. Sorry, the structural formula of benzene cannot be typed out.

4.8.1 What are organic compounds lesson plan

Learning objectives: Teaching objectives: 1. Preliminarily understand the characteristics and properties of organic compounds; 2. Understand the composition characteristics of organic polymer compounds ; 3. Know that starch, oil, protein, and vitamins in food are organic matter. Ability goals: 1. Be able to distinguish organic matter and inorganic matter from the composition; 2. Be able to use certain experimental methods to distinguish organic matter from the composition.

Emotional goals: 1. Be able to discover the important role played by organic compounds in daily life. 2. Understand the nutritional effects of proteins, sugars, oils, and vitamins on the human body, so that students can understand the important role of normal diet and the human body.

Teaching focus and difficulty: 1. Concepts of organic compounds and inorganic compounds 2. Research experiments on the composition and characteristics of organic polymer compounds: 1. Explore the characteristics of organic compounds through some experiments 2. Learn through research experiments Compilation of knowledge on distinguishing artificial fibers and natural fibers: 1. The difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds 1. Experiment: Study some characteristics of organic matter Experimental content Experimental phenomenon Experimental conclusion Sucrose Flour Starch Plastic 1. Take a small amount of samples and heat them on an alcohol lamp Melting, burning color, zooming, burning color, zooming, burning color, zooming, melting first, deforming, burning, color zooming, the composition contains carbon element. Most organic substances are flammable. Most organic substances have low melting points. 2. Take a small amount of samples and put them into a test tube. Add a certain amount of water to dissolve. Not soluble. Not soluble. Not soluble. Most organic substances are insoluble in water. 3. Connect the sample to a closed circuit. , observe that the electric beads in the light bulb do not light up. The electric beads do not light up. Most organic compounds cannot conduct electricity. Conclusion: Most organic compounds are difficult to dissolve in water, have low melting points, are easily decomposed by heat, are easy to burn, and are not easy to conduct electricity.

Note: 1. Organic compounds, referred to as organic compounds, are carbon-containing compounds. Inorganic compounds, referred to as inorganics, are compounds that do not contain carbon. When the concept of the name organic was first determined, it meant "living substances", that is, "substances that can only be produced in living organisms."

In 1828, the German scientist Wheeler first prepared the organic substance - urea [CO(NH2)2] from the inorganic ammonium cyanate (NH4CNO) solution. 2. All organic matter contains carbon, most of which contain hydrogen, and may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.

3. Some carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbonates and metal compounds of carbon, are still inorganic compounds because their composition, structure and properties are similar to inorganic substances. . 4. Due to the structural and compositional characteristics of organic compounds, there are many types.

Nowadays, there are more than 10 million kinds of organic substances known to people, while there are less than 100,000 kinds of inorganic substances. (1) The order and method of connection between carbon atoms are different: linear and cyclic, single bond, double bond, triple bond, etc.

Note: The simplest organic compound is methane (CH4) (2) Carbon atoms can be connected to atoms of other elements.

Such as CH3Cl, CH3Br, etc. 5. The relative molecular masses of different organic substances vary greatly, such as: Methane (CH4), Mr=16 Ethanol (C2H6O), Mr=46 Vitamin B2 (C17H20O6N4), Mr=376 Polyethylene [(C2H4) n, n=1000~10000], Mr=28000~280000. The simplest organic compound is methane (CH4). Organic polymer compounds (referred to as organic polymers): organic compounds with a relative molecular mass of tens of thousands.

For example, polyethylene is an organic polymer compound. Generally, many organic materials are organic polymers.

When writing the chemical formula of organic matter, the element symbols are generally in the order of C, H, O, N, Cl, etc. 2. Organic compounds in food 1. Nutrients needed by the human body: water, sugar (starch), fat, protein, vitamins, minerals. Among them, starch, fat, protein, and vitamins are organic compounds.

2. Starch (sugar) mainly exists in rice, flour and other pasta; oil mainly exists in edible oil, ice cream, milk, etc.; vitamins mainly exist in vegetables, fruits, etc.; protein mainly exists in fish , meat, milk, eggs, etc.; Cellulose is mainly found in vegetables, which is beneficial to gastric motility and prevents constipation. Among them, starch, fat, protein and cellulose are organic polymer organic compounds.

Typical examples: Example 1. Among the following statements about carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, the correct one is ( ) A. They are all carbon-containing compounds B. They are all organic matter C. The valence of the carbon element is the same D. Analysis of the same mass fraction of carbon elements: This question mainly examines the concept of organic matter and the synthesis of compounds and mass fraction calculations. CO, CO2, and CH4 are all carbon-containing compounds. CO and CO2 are inorganic substances, and CH4 is an organic substance, so B is wrong; the valences of the carbon elements in CO, CO2, and CH4 are 2, 4, and -4 respectively, so C is wrong; The mass fraction of carbon element in CO is, the mass fraction of carbon element in CO2 is, and the mass fraction of carbon element in CH4 is, obviously not equal, and D is not equal either.

So the answer is A. Example 2. Among the following compounds, which one is an organic matter ( ) A. Hydrochloric acid B. Carbonic acid C. Acetic acid D. Sulfuric acid Analysis: Hydrochloric acid, that is, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, belongs to a mixture; although carbonic acid contains carbon element, due to its composition and structure Since its properties are very similar to those of inorganic substances, we classify them as inorganic substances, such as CO, CO2, carbonates, etc.; acetic acid, with the chemical formula CH3COOH, contains carbon elements and is an organic compound; sulfuric acid, with the chemical formula H2SO4, does not Contains carbon element and is an inorganic compound.

So the answer is C. Example 3. Phenolphthalein is a commonly used acid-base indicator in laboratories and is an organic substance.

The structural formula is shown on the right. Write the chemical formula of the substance: ___________. The relative molecular mass is ________.

Analysis: The key to rewriting the structural formula into a chemical formula is to find out the types of atoms and the number of each type of atoms. The short lines are just to show the most useful electron pairs between atoms, and have nothing to do with the type and number of atoms.

There are three kinds of atoms C, H, and O. The number of C atoms is 20, the number of hydrogen atoms is 14, and the number of oxygen atoms is 4.

The relative molecular mass is 20*12 14*1 4*16=318. The answer is: C20H14O4, the relative molecular mass is 318. Example 4. There is a rubber sample that has *** properties when burned in the air. Sulfur dioxide gas is generated, and the generated gas is passed into a silver nitrate solution mixed with nitric acid, and a white precipitate is formed. Can you deduce what elements are in this rubber? Analysis: Rubber is an organic substance, so it must contain carbon.

According to the generated gas, in addition to sulfur dioxide, there is also a gas that can be acidified in nitric acid.

5. Small class lesson plan social knowledge red, black and mood

Activity goals

1. Understand red, yellow and green, and feel the beauty of colors.

2. Be able to find the corresponding colors in activities and consolidate the understanding of colors.

Key points and difficulties

Key points: Understand red, yellow and green, and feel the beauty of colors.

Difficulty: finding the corresponding color.

Activity preparation

Three kinds of fruits (red apple, snow pear, green date); red heart, yellow rectangle, green triangle (one for each person); three houses of different shapes .

Activity process:

1. Eliciting activities

1. The teacher presents three kinds of fruits (red apples, snow pears, and green dates)

2. Let the children observe and ask: What kind of fruit is this and what are their colors? Recognize the three colors red, yellow and green.

2. Find the corresponding colors and consolidate the understanding of colors

1. Let the children freely give examples of the names of items with red, yellow, and green colors. Focus on understanding the three colors red, yellow and green.

For example: children's schoolbags and clothes are red; loess and ducks are yellow; grass and small trees are green; red, yellow, green lights, etc.

2. Game: Send the graphics of the same color home. Put forward game requirements and guide children to find graphics of corresponding colors.

(1) First, ask the children to talk about what the graphics are and what colors they have.

(2) Follow the teacher’s instructions based on the graphics and colors presented by the teacher, such as: “The red, heart-shaped baby learns how to swim as a kitten to the heart-shaped house”, “The yellow rectangular baby learns how to swim as a small fish” "To the house

", "The green triangle baby learns how to fly into the house" to consolidate the understanding of colors.

3. Extension: Invite children to use different red, yellow, and green toys to build something.

Teaching reflection

In the process of this activity, I chose the subject matter close to the actual life of the children, and in the arrangement of the activity form, I focused on the direct experience of the children and paid attention to their Observe, feel and explore. Using games as the basic form of activities, through seeing, listening, touching, etc., children can fully perceive, observe, compare, and appreciate the changes in things. From conversations and discussions, we can derive the benefits of red, yellow, and green in life, and fundamentally enable children to correctly understand the colors of objects. However, due to the children's knowledge and physiological characteristics, some children are a little vague in understanding red, yellow, and green colors, but they are very positive. Secondly, if some music is added to the class, the effect will be better.

6. Color knowledge lesson plan in the kindergarten activity room.

Science activity: Color dolls doing tricks

Activity goals:

1. Actively participate in experiments and discover the changes after combining the three primary colors of red, yellow and blue.

2. Ability to clearly express one’s thoughts, operating procedures and results in language.

Activity preparation:

1. Small pictures: bunny, puppy, panda, lamb; story tape "Sister Rabbit's Balloon Shop".

2. Each group has two boxes of crayons, one copy of the experiment record sheet, and one copy of the teacher’s record sheet.

3. Each person has a palette box, two parts of each set of red, yellow, and blue paints, a cotton swab, and several disposable small discs.

Activity process:

(1) To help Little Rabbit solve troubles

1. Story: Sister Rabbit opened a balloon shop. Balloons only come in three colors: red, yellow and blue. One day, the little sheep wanted to buy a purple balloon. Sister Rabbit looked at it and said, "I'm sorry, I don't have the balloon you want." The little sheep left very unhappy. The puppy wanted to buy a green balloon. The little rabbit looked at it and said, "I'm sorry, I don't have the balloon you want." The puppy also left very unhappy. Little Bear wanted to buy an orange balloon. Little Rabbit looked at it and said, "Sorry, there's still no balloon you want." Little Bear also left very unhappy. Sister Rabbit felt very sad. She thought: It would be great if I had colorful balloons. Is there any way you can help Sister Rabbit?

2. Encourage children to actively think of ways to help Sister Rabbit.

3. The teacher thanked the children in the tone of Sister Rabbit.

(2) Introduce the three primary colors of red, yellow and blue.

Teacher: Seeing that Sister Rabbit has encountered difficulties, the paint dolls have also come to help. Please ask the children to see which color dolls have come? (red, yellow, blue). Sister Rabbit looked at it and said, "You can't help me because I already have a red balloon, a yellow balloon and a blue balloon." The paint doll said: "I have great abilities. As long as two paints are held together, or three paints are held together, other colors can be changed. In this way, can't I help you?" Do you think if yellow is If you hold hands with blue, what color will it turn out?

Use the dialogue plot between "Little Rabbit" and "Paint Doll" to let children understand the color mixing method and pave the way for subsequent color mixing; encourage children to boldly guess the color and make guesses for the following records Prepare for results.

(3) Encourage children to boldly guess the results of the color doll's tricks.

1. Introduce the record sheet.

2. Use crayons of the same color to draw the results of your guesses in the corresponding grids.

3. Children introduce their guesses to each other.

(4) Experimental records.

Teacher: What color will these colors turn out when put together? Do you want to try it?

1. The teacher demonstrates how to mix paint.

2. Children mix paint by hand.

3. Communication: Please tell your good friends about the color you changed.

4. Ask children to introduce their experimental process and results.

5. Instruct the children to use the prepared colors to help Sister Rabbit draw colorful balloons.

4. Activities extension:

1. Appreciate children’s songs: Color Ballads.

2. Continue to experiment in the activity area (change colors in different proportions and discover different changes in colors).

7. How to learn the knowledge of Chapter 3 of High School Chemistry (3)

Chapter 3 Organic Compounds

Summary and test at the end of Chapter 5

Test objectives of this chapter:

1. Master the structural formula of methane and the regular tetrahedral structure of methane through practical activities, and understand and master the principle of substitution reaction of methane through experimental exploration.

2. Master the concepts of alkanes, homologues, isomers, isomerism and other concepts

3. Master the chemical properties of ethylene, acetylene and benzene. Master the identification methods of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; aromatic hydrocarbons, alkenes, and alkynes

4. Use models to understand the structures of ethylene and benzene, and know the basic principle that the structure of a substance determines its properties. Learn to deduce the chemical properties of acetylene from the properties of ethylene. Analyze the structures of benzene and alkenes, and understand the similarities and differences between the properties of benzene and alkenes

5. Understand the importance of ethanol and acetic acid in daily life, industrial and agricultural production, scientific research, etc. Function;

6. Characteristic reactions of sugars and proteins, testing methods of sugars and proteins; hydrolysis reactions of sugars, oils and proteins.

Summary of knowledge in this chapter

1. Overview of organic matter

(1) Meaning of organic matter: ____________________.

(2) The main characteristics of organic matter are: solubility: _________ thermal stability: _______ flammability: __________ conductivity: _________ melting point: _______ whether it is an electrolyte: ____________ mutual reaction speed: ____________.

(3) Structure of organic matter: The carbon atoms in most organic molecules are often combined with other atoms by ______ bonds

2. Methane, ethylene, benzene, ethanol, and acetic acid Structure

Methane vinyl phenyl alcohol acetic acid

Chemical formula

Electronic formula

Structural formula

Simplified structural formula

Spatial structure

3. Physical properties of methane, ethylene, benzene, ethanol, acetic acid

Methane vinyl phenylethanol acetic acid

Color

p>

State

Taste

Solubility

Density

4. The general formula of alkanes and the similarities and sums of alkanes Gradient nature of physical properties

The general formula of alkanes: ____________________.

Gradient changes in physical properties of alkanes State: ____________________.

Melting and boiling point: ____________________.

5. Chemical properties of methane, ethylene, benzene, ethanol, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde

Chemical properties of organic functional groups (write chemical equations)

Methane ①

②

Ethylene ①

②

Benzene ①

②

Ethanol ①

②

③

Acetic acid ①

②

Acetaldehyde ①

6. Types of organic reactions

(1) Substitution reaction

Definition: A reaction in which certain atoms or atomic groups in organic molecules are replaced by other atoms or atomic groups

Features: _______________.

① Halogenation reaction (write the chemical equation of the following reaction)

Methane and chlorine react under light: ____________________. Benzene reacts with bromine and iron filings ______________.

②Nitration reaction: benzene and concentrated nitric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid are heated to ______________ at 50~60℃.

③Esterification reaction: Acetic acid and ethanol react under the catalysis of concentrated sulfuric acid_______________.

④Ester hydrolysis reaction: Acidic hydrolysis of ethyl acetate ______________.

(2) Addition reaction

Definition: A reaction in which unsaturated carbon atoms in organic molecules are directly combined with other atoms or atomic groups to form other substances. Features: ______________.

①Addition with hydrogen: ethylene and hydrogen ____________. Benzene and hydrogen __________.

②Addition with halogen: ethylene and chlorine ______________.

③With hydrogen halide: ethylene and hydrogen chloride____________________.

(3) Other reaction types

①Oxidation reaction: combustion of organic matter, and reaction to discolor potassium permanganate solution

Combustion of ethanol______________