Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Zhuge Liang (July 23, 181 - August 28, 234), courtesy name Kongming, nickname Wolong (also known as Fulong), Han nationality, Langya Yangdu (now Linyi, Shandong) A native of Yinan County, Yinan City, he was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period and an outstanding statesman, military strategist, inventor and writer. He was named Marquis of Wuxiang when he was alive, and was posthumously named Marquis of Zhongwu after his death. Later, the Eastern Jin Dynasty respected Zhuge Liang's military talents and named him King Wuxing. In order to support the Shu Han regime, Zhuge Liang worked hard, dedicated his life, and died. His representative works include "The Teacher's Model Before", "The Teacher's Model Behind", "The Book of Commandments", etc.; he also invented the wooden cow and flowing horse, Kongming lantern, etc. Zhuge Liang was greatly respected in later generations and became a model of loyal ministers and the embodiment of wisdom. There is the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, and Du Fu wrote the famous poem "The Prime Minister of Shu" to praise Zhuge Liang.

Chinese name: Zhuge Liang

Alias: Kongming, Fulong, Wolong, Wuhou

Nationality: Shu Han

Ethnicity: Han< /p>

Birthplace: Langya Yangdu (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong)

Date of birth: 23rd of the seventh lunar month in 181

Date of death: 234 The twenty-eighth day of the eighth lunar month of the year

Born: The twenty-third day of the seventh lunar month in 181 AD Official positions: Prime Minister, Lingsi Li Xiaowei, Yizhou Mu, Lu Shangshu Shi, Jiajie CCTV filmed in 1990 Zhuge Liang

Noble title: Marquis of Wuxiang, King of Wuxing (posthumous title in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), posthumous title: Zhongwu Marquis Ancestor: Zhuge Feng (Sili Xiaowei in the Western Han Dynasty) Father: Zhuge Gui, courtesy name Jungong (Cheng of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty) ) Mother: Zhang Uncle: Zhuge Xuan (prefect of Yuzhang) Spouse: Huang Yueying (Huang Shuo) Clan: Zhuge Dan Brothers: Zhuge Jin (brother), Zhuge Jun (brother) Children: Zhuge Zhan (eldest son), Zhuge Huai (youngest son) ), Zhuge Guo (the eldest daughter), Zhuge Qiao (the adopted son, the original son of Zhuge Jin), grandchildren: Zhuge Shang (the eldest son), Zhuge Jing (the second son), Zhuge Zhi (the third son), Zhuge Pan (after the adopted son, Later, because Zhuge Ke was convicted and his entire family was executed, he returned to Zhuge Jin's family) Successors: Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Jiang Wei

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Gong Geng Longmu

Zhuge Liang was born in an official's family in Yangdu County, Langye County in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (AD 181). Zhuge Liang in the 2010 new edition of "Three Kingdoms"

< p>, Zhuge's family is of the Han nationality in Langxie. His ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as a Sili school captain during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died of illness when he was 3 years old, and Zhuge Liang died when he was 8 years old. His father, together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan. Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou to Liu Biao, and his family was in Deng County, Nanyang County. Twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, it was named Longzhong. In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty had escaped from Chang'an Li Jue and moved to Cao Cao's Xu County. Zhuge Liang was 16 years old at this time. He often read "The Song of Liang Father" and often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. People at that time looked down upon him. Only his friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhouping believed in his talent. Known as "Wolong". He had friendships with Sima Hui, Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan and other celebrities in Xiangyang at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you are choosing a wife; you have an ugly girl with yellow hair and black hair, but her talents match her. You match.)" Zhuge Liang agreed to the marriage and married her immediately. People at that time made fun of it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the countryside: "Don't be like Kong Ming in choosing a wife, or you will get an ugly girl like A Cheng."

Long Zhong's pair

"Long "Zhong Dui" was originally called "Thatched Cottage Dui". It is the content of the first meeting between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It is selected from "Three Kingdoms·Shu Zhi·Zhuge Liang Biography". From the winter of 207 to the spring of 208, Liu Bei, who was stationed in Xinye at that time, visited Zhuge Liang three times at the Longzhong Thatched Cottage on Xu Shu's suggestion. I didn't see Zhuge Liang the first two times, but I finally saw him the third time. In "Longzhong Dui", Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation for Liu Bei and proposed the strategic concept of taking Jingzhou as his home first, then taking Yizhou to form a tripartite force, and then trying to seize the Central Plains. After three visits to the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang came out to become Liu Bei's military advisor. All subsequent strategies of Liu Bei's group were based on this. Zhuge Liang in the 1994 CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

"The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms·The Chronicles of Shu·The Biography of Zhuge Liang" Original text: Liang worked hard to cultivate the land in order to write "Liang Fu Yin".

He was eight feet long, and when he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, no one at that time would even consider him. However, Cui Zhouping of Boling and Xu Shu of Yingchuan and Yuanzhi were friendly to Liang, and they were said to be trustworthy. At that time, the first master settled in Xinye. When Xu Shu saw the late master, he took charge of his weapon and said to the late master, "Zhuge Kongming is a crouching dragon. How can the general want to see him?" The late master said, "You are here with me." The concubine said, "This man can be here. See, you can't give in. The general should take care of it in vain. "Zhuge Liang in the game

The first master then went to see Liang. Yinping people said: "The Han Dynasty collapsed, traitors stole their lives, and the Lord was covered in dust. He did not measure his virtues and abilities, and wanted to believe in righteousness in the world. However, his intelligence and skills were shallow, so he used them rampantly. As of today. However, his ambition is still not over. "What do you think of the plan?" Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been countless heroes who have joined forces across the state. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a weak reputation and is outnumbered. , To use weakness to become strong is not only due to the timing of the day, but also due to human conspiracy. Now Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor to command the princes. This sincerity cannot be compared with Sun Quan's possession of Jiangdong for three generations, and the country is in danger. The people are rich and the virtuous people can use them, but this can be used as support but cannot be exploited. Jingzhou controls Han and Mian in the north, benefits from the South China Sea, connects Wuhui in the east, and Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses military force, but its owner cannot defend it. This is a danger. It is natural to be a general. Doesn't it matter to the general? Yizhou is a dangerous place with thousands of miles of fertile land. Gaozu used it to become an emperor. Liu Zhang was weak and Zhang Lu was in the north. The people were rich but they didn't know how to care. Mingjun. The general is the king of the imperial family. He has integrity all over the world. He takes charge of heroes and is thirsty for talents. If there are thorns and thorns across the road, he will protect the rocks. He will unite with the Rong in the west and the Yiyue in the south. He will make friends with Sun Quan on the outside and cultivate on the inside. Political principles: If there is a change in the world, I will order a general to lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Is it sincere that the people will not eat pots of pulp to welcome the general? If this is the case, then the hegemony will be achieved and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. "The First Lord said: "Good!" So he and Liang Qing became close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were displeased, so the First Master explained: "The solitary one has a bright hole, just like a fish has water. I hope you will not say anything more." Yu and Fei stopped.

The Battle of Chibi

At that time, Liu Biao's wife, Liu Qi's stepmother Cai Shi, made repeated slanders, and Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice on how to stabilize himself, but Zhuge Liang refused every time. During a banquet, Liu Qi used the strategy of going up to the house to take out the ladder and asked Zhuge Liang to come up with a solution. Zhuge Liang then asked Liu Qi: "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger?" , Chong'er is safe outside? (Don't you see that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Shen Sheng was in danger, but Chong'er (referring to Jin Wengong) was safe outside?)" At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Soochow, Liu Qi recommended it He sought self-protection for Jiangxia Prefect. In August of the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded him. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent envoys to surrender. After Liu Bei found out about it in Fancheng, he led his army and people to flee south. Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun at Changban in Dangyang. Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, and Sun Quan had previously sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei that he ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang then recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and became friends with Lu Su. After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan. , first use the dichotomy to give Sun Quan two choices: "If you can use the army of Wu and Yue to compete with China, it is better to break off it early (if you can use the military power of Wu and Yue to compete with the Central Plains countries, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao early)" "; Another option is to provoke the general, "If you can't take it, why not put up your armor and attack from the north! (If you think you can't resist it, why not stop military operations and surrender to the north! "North" here has two meanings. Meaning: First, Cao Cao was in the north at the time; second, when the monarch and his ministers met, the ministers usually faced the north)" Zhuge Liang in the 1994 CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang, what about Liu Bei? Jie does not surrender. Zhuge Liang then raised Liu Bei's status, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Liu Bei's determination to Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. He first said that the scattered troops from the army returned and Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand people. In addition, Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than ten thousand. He then said that Cao's army was exhausted from afar. When chasing Liu Bei, he used Qingqi to attack Liu Bei. After traveling more than three hundred miles day and night, it was "the end of the strong crossbow, and the force could not penetrate Lu Zhen"; and the northerners were not used to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, not convinced; in the end, it was definitely said that Cao Cao could be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy. Later, he was persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 naval troops to go to war with Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun and Liu's coalition forces in Chibi. A plague broke out in the army, so they were defeated and returned to the north.

Enough food and sufficient troops

After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei pacified the four counties of Jingnan in December and appointed Zhuge Liang as the military advisor Zhonglang General. He lived in Linxian and commanded Ling Ling. Ling, Guiyang, and Changsha counties were responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. Schematic diagram of the establishment of the Three Kingdoms

In the 16th year of An'an (211), Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Meng Da to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang then guarded Jingzhou with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others. By December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and also attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of the defense of Jingzhou, dividing his troops to pacify various counties, and together with Liu Bei besieged Chengdu. In the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million yuan, and one thousand pieces of brocade. He was also appointed as military advisor general and assigned to the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent out troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with enough food and troops. For example, in the Battle of Hanzhong, he provided financial support for Liu Bei. In the first year of Yankang (220), the first year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established itself. In the second year of Wei Huangchu (221), the ministers heard the news of the murder of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor. Liu Bei did not agree. Zhuge Liang used the story of Geng Chun to persuade Liu Xiu to ascend the throne to persuade Liu Bei. So Liu Bei agreed, appointing Zhuge Liang as prime minister, recording ministerial affairs, and taking a holiday. In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed, and Zhuge Liang took the post of Sili Xiaowei.

White Emperor City Tuogu

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was defeated during the Eastern Expedition to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yong'an. Zhuge Liang sighed: "What a pity. Fa Zheng died, otherwise Liu Bei would be able to stop his Eastern Expedition." Bai Di Tuogu in the 1994 CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and summoned Zhuge Liang. In Yong'an, he and Li Yan entrusted the funeral affairs. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi's, and you will definitely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. If your heir can assist, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself. [Your The talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and he will definitely be able to settle the country and achieve great things. If the heir (Liu Chan) can help, then help him; if he has no talent, you can take care of it on your own." Zhuge Liang cried and said: "My lord. Dare to exert all your strength and be loyal to the chastity, and then die!" Liu Bei also asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father. In April, Liu Bei passed away and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne. Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and opened official offices. Soon, Liu Chan took over the post of Yizhou Mu again. Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang for all political matters, big and small, and was decided by Zhuge Liang. Originally, the Nanzhong region took the opportunity to rebel due to the death of Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to Soochow to repair it.

Southern Expedition

Until the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led his army to the south. Before leaving, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Liang a golden ax with a curved cover and feathers on the front and back. Each advocate has one unit, and sixty people are in charge. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: Barma is today's northern border of Myanmar) to attack Yongkai and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's suggestion of joining the army and focused on attacking the heart. He first defeated Yongkai's army, then captured and manipulated Meng Huo seven times. Autumn puts an end to all chaos. After the Shu Han settled in Nanzhong and obtained a certain supply of troops, after a long period of accumulation, it had the foundation for the Northern Expedition.

Northern Expedition

1. In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and took the diagonal valley road to capture Xi. He asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops, and then he led the army to attack. Qishan (now northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding in Longyou rebelled against Wei and attached themselves to Shu. Zhang He refused and defeated Ma Su in the street pavilion. Zhuge Liang drove more than a thousand families in Xi County back to Hanzhong. This is my first time out of Qishan. Zhuge Liang in the 1994 CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

2. In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang went out of Sanguan (southwest of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang (east of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), and returned the food after running out of food. Hanzhong. Wei general Wang Shuang came to pursue him and was beheaded. 3. In the spring of the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (surrounding today's Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (surrounding today's Wenxian County, Gansu Province) counties. Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou, led troops to rescue him. Liang moved out to Jianwei (today's west of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Guo Huai retreated and gained two counties. 4. In the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing (230), the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three directions. Sima Yi took Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He took Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen took Xie Valley. Zhuge Liang stationed troops in Chenggu (east of today's Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (twenty miles east of today's Yang County, Shaanxi Province). It rained heavily for more than thirty days, and the Wei army retreated.

In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu Yi to the west to enter the Qiangzhong, and defeated Wei Hou General Fei Yao (Yao) and Yongzhou Governor Guo Huai in Yangxi (in Nan'an County, southwest of Wushan in present-day Gansu Province). 5. In February of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang led his army to attack Qishan and began to transport it with wooden oxen. At that time, Cao Zhen was seriously ill, and Sima Yi, the commander-in-chief of Guanzhong, refused to go out. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shanggui (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi pursued Liang to Lucheng (now between Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province), dug a camp to defend himself, and was ridiculed as "fearing Shu as much as fearing a tiger". In the fifth month, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, and Wu Ban to resist and defeated Sima Yi. The Han army gained 3,000 rank-a-level soldiers, 5,000 collars of mysterious armor, and 3,100 horned crossbows. King Xuan Sima Yi then returned to the defense camp. In June, Li Yan asked Liang to return due to lack of food transportation. Zhang He chased Liang and retreated to Mumen, where he was shot to death by an arrow - this was his second departure from Qishan. 6. In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (234 years), Zhuge Liang led his army out of Xiegu Road, based at Wugong Wuzhangyuan (now south of Qishan, Shaanxi Province), and settled in Weibin. During this period, Zhuge Liang repeatedly sent envoys to issue letters of war and sent letters to women. The woman dressed up to anger Xuan Wang Sima Yi, but Sima Yi endured the humiliation and refused to leave, and used the clever strategy of "asking for battle from thousands of miles away" to calm the general's anger.

Died of illness in Wuzhangyuan

In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. When Yang Yi and others returned with their troops, there was an incident of "dead Zhuge scaring away the living Zhongda". Of these six military campaigns, only two were sent out of Qishan; the fourth time was when the Wei army took the initiative to attack and the Shu army defended. Due to heavy rains for days and flash floods that destroyed the plank roads, Shu and Wei did not engage in battle.

Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country. He cared for the people, showed rituals, appointed officials, obeyed the authority, was open-minded and sincere, and imparted justice. Those who were loyal and beneficial to the time would be rewarded, and those who violated the law and were negligent would be loved. Punishment is inevitable. Those who plead guilty and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever rhetoric will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded if they are small, and evil will not be devalued if they are not small; common things should be refined and physical, follow the name and responsibility, and be hypocritical. Disdainful; finally within the territory of the state, those who are fearful but love them, and those who have no resentment despite severe punishments and policies, because of their calm intentions and clear warnings. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. "Three Kingdoms": When the time comes to prepare for death, the heir is young and weak, and he is dedicated to everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We implemented legislation, organized the army, and used engineering and machinery skills to the utmost. Science and education were strict, rewards and punishments must be trusted, no evil should be punished, and no good should be shown. As for officials, they should not tolerate rape. Be self-reliant, do not pick up lost things, the strong does not invade the weak, and the demeanor is awe-inspiring. "Three Kingdoms": Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears from those who have consulted them. Although Gantang's chant about Zhao Gong and Zheng's song about Zichan are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, you will not complain even if you work; if you use the way of life to kill people, you will not be angry even if you die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thoughtful and thoughtful about Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great virtuous person and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and comprehensive. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and Duke Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world. During his stay in Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang made full use of the favorable economic conditions in Hanzhong and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions, so that the military resources for the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated. The Wei army also "obtained a lot of books, grain and cereals" from the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's dismissal of soldiers and farmers and the implementation of military garrison farming warfare is remarkable. When the local people live a better life, they can attract more people, allowing the vast and sparsely populated Hanzhong to develop again, and gradually achieve a virtuous cycle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs." Only by enriching the country and strengthening the military can the long-term peace and order of the ruling class be maintained. Water conservancy projects such as the "Shanhe Weir" that Zhuge Liang "continued to build" are still the water conservancy projects with the largest irrigation area in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi’s investigation, “Shanhe Weir still irrigates more than 8,000 acres of farmland in Baocheng County, more than 30,600 acres of farmland in Nanzheng County, more than 7,000 acres in Jiu County, and more than 46,000 acres in Tianjin. "The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still used today. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs from the Han Dynasty in the area. Some weirs and canals have been used and repaired for generations and are still in use today. At the same time, various regions have continued to build a large number of ponds, reservoirs, ponds and other water conservancy facilities on the basis of inheriting and learning from ancient experiences in developing and utilizing water conservancy resources. Mian County alone has built 37 additional reservoirs capable of storing 100,000 cubic meters of water; more than 300 ponds and ponds; and winter paddy fields still exceed 50,000 acres.

The above facts show that the actual effectiveness and continuous improvement and utilization of the ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in the Hanzhong Basin to this day are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy, and developing production when he was on vacation in Hanzhong to encourage farmers.

Edit this section's artistic attainments

Calligraphy section

The era Zhuge Liang lived in was an era when Chinese calligraphy art was becoming mature. Zhuge Liang's ink rubbings (biography)

Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy. He trained hard in his youth and was able to write a variety of calligraphy. He was excellent at seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he collected iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long...and This is the style corner of Kong Mingshu.” Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. ""In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave, with eight points of book... He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod. He also cast a tripod at Jianshan Pass, which was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the inscription reads: 'Wealthy, prosperous and prosperous'. , King Yihou. '; One with the King of Liang, the article said: 'Great luck, King Yigong.' It is also recorded in the ancient official script, three feet high, written by Zhou Yue in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is recorded: "The first emperor of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made in eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite." Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was only more than 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts. Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" written by Xuanhe Neifu of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty records that Zhuge Liang "is good at painting and also likes to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not called a book, he must treasure it if he finds his relics in the future." It is also said: "The first cursive script in the imperial palace collection today is: "Yuan She Tie"." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the imperial palace. Chen Si's "Shu Xiaoshi" of the Southern Song Dynasty records: Zhuge Liang "is good at the eight parts of seal script and official script. In the current calligraphy, there are the words "Xuanmo Tai Chi, mixed yin and yang", etc., which is very special." Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Prefecture Chronicles" records: "The Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty used ink in this temple because of its name." The time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was after the Battle of Chibi. He was very nervous frequently, but he still didn't forget to take a swing at the pond.

Painting

Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also wrote in his book "On Painting" , recording the collection and sales of paintings at that time. He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang "Flow is true." Zhang Yanyuan described the selling prices of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (i.e. the ancient times) were already "treasures of the state and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times". From Zhang Yanyuan's account, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The "Huayang Guozhi" written by the Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Xu records: "In South China, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts. They like to curse alliances, throw stones and weeds, and officials often use curses to kill alliances. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the sky, earth, sun and moon. In the Changcheng Mansion, he first painted a dragon, a dragon, a barbarian, an ox, a horse, a camel, and a sheep. Later, he painted the chief officials of the ministry, riding a flag on a horse and carrying a flag, patrolling to comfort the barbarians. It’s very important.” From the above records, we can see that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are based on both real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in South China) and magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), with magnificent compositions and broad scenes.

Music

Zhuge Liang is proficient in music, likes to play the piano and sing, and has high musical accomplishment. There are many descriptions of this aspect in ancient books. Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms: Biography of Zhuge Liang" records: "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so that he could chant for Liang's father." Xi Chizhi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is the former residence of Kongming in Xiangyang... The west of the house faces the mountains. Kong Ming often climbed to the water, and played the harp "Liang Fu Yin", so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is also the Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "One volume of "Qin Jing" was written by Zhuge Liang. The beginning of Qin making and the sound of the seven strings, the thirteen emblems take the meaning of the image.

"Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "There is a stone harp in the Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain. When you play it, the sound is very clear and clear. It is said that it was left by Wuhou." "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and high artistic achievements in music. He is good at both vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the piano; at the same time, he is also good at music and lyrics. Not only that, he also wrote a musical theory treatise - "Qin Jing".

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"Foreign Discipline"

"Foreign Disciple" (passed by Yue Fei)