How ridiculous it is to despise the chain of scholars-Notes of Scholars -2020-0 1-04

The serious story "The Scholars" began with a teacher. Xue Jiaji's hundreds of families are farmers, but they still attach great importance to education. They discussed inviting a gentleman to teach children to read. Teacher Zhou Jinzhou is an accomplished teacher. Although he is not famous, all his students are high school students. Because of the recognition of this enrollment rate, everyone pooled their money to invite him together.

Mr. Zhou came, and the contempt chain of the scholars was formally and clearly displayed with the beginning of his induction ceremony. To understand the chain of contempt between them, we need to understand how the scholars in the imperial examination era (Ming Dynasty) were graded:

The first level: Tong Sheng. They passed the county exam and the government exam, which is the reserve of scholars. Mr. Zhou is such a old boys, who won the first place in the county exam, but never got promoted again, and is at the lowest end of the chain of scholars' contempt.

Sophomore: Scholar. These people passed the children's examination, which means that they have stepped into the threshold of scholars and entered the prefectures to study, so they are also called "students", and China scholars are also called "admission". Although these people are not high in rank, they have begun to enjoy the exclusive political rights of scholars: they don't have to kneel down when they meet officials, they are exempt from taxes and tariffs, and they have begun to be decent people.

The third level: raising people. These people have passed the examination in the provincial capital (Qiu Wei), and this level is very strong. You can start to be an official, which is equivalent to completely changing the class and turning over to be the master. It is also quite car-scrapping among literati.

Fourth grade: Gong. If you want to be promoted after being a juren, people will go to Beijing to take the national examination (Spring Health). If you win, you can become Gong, and the dawn of the summit is just around the corner.

Level 5: Jinshi. Gongkao, as its name implies, is the examiner in charge of the emperor. However, this exam only ranks the Gong people who come to participate, and will not brush people down. This is probably why the name Gong is rarely heard, because as long as you become Gong, you can become a Jinshi. ) We are also familiar with these nouns: No.1 scholar, No.1 scholar and No.2 flower exploration. The student appointed by the emperor is called the son of heaven. What an honor it is to be regarded as the pinnacle of a scholar. If you can get the first place or even the third place in the palace exam after having obtained the provincial examination, it can really be said that it is rare in the world.

With this in mind, let's go back to the second episode of The Scholars and look at Mr. Zhou's career experience. There are three scholars in it: Mr. Zhou himself, Mei Jiu who came to the induction dinner, and Wang who went to school to take shelter from the rain. The corresponding reader grades of the three of them are: Tong Sheng, Scholar and Juren. The chain of contempt is clear, but it is a bit funny to write it.

On the surface, Mei Xiucai, who was specially invited to accompany us, seems very kind and humble, but in fact he really looks down on Mr. Zhou. After watching the ceremony, everyone said that Mr. Zhou, at his age, deserved a gift from Mei Xiucai. Mei Xiucai hurriedly explained that he was a scholar in the exam and didn't have to salute old boys like Miss Zhou. The ancients used the relationship between men and women to describe the relationship between monarch and minister a long time ago, so this article has a very intuitive metaphor: when a girl gets married, she is called "bride", and later she is called "grandmother" and "wife", but if she is a concubine, her hair turns white and she is still called "bride". This is to compare a boy to a concubine and a scholar to a wife, whose status is lower than that of a wife. Even self-esteem should be completely abandoned. No wonder Mr. Zhou was angry after listening to Mei Xiucai's explanation, and he must be treated by others.

However, Mei Xiucai's arrogance became worthless before the king, and the status of "wives and concubines" was instantly reversed. When Wang bragged to Teacher Zhou, he said that he was only dreaming in the examination room before winning the prize. As soon as Miss Zhou mentioned that Mei Xiucai was dreaming, she immediately changed her mind and said that dreaming was impossible. In order to appear superior, he did not hesitate to hit himself in the face.

Such a scholar, compared with Wang Mian's character for the first time, has such a difference between reading and reading. It's time to think about whether it's important to study for self-cultivation or for the sake of "golden house and charming place" and "Yan Ruyu".

Shen Xiangfu bowed into the room, and Mei Jiu stood up slowly to meet him. Zhou Jin asked, "Who is this" xianggong "?" They all said, "This is Mei Xianghong. She was in Xi 'an when we got together." Hearing this, Zhou Jin humbly refused to bow to Uncle Mei. Mei Jiu said, "Things are different today." Zhou Jin repeatedly refused. They said, "In terms of age, Mr. Zhou is older, so please tell the truth." Mei Jiu turned to everyone and said, "You people don't know the rules of our school. Old friends never greet young friends. It's just that today is different. Brother Zhou invited me. It turned out that the scholar-officials of the Ming Dynasty called Confucian scholars "friends" and Tong Sheng "children". For example, when a boy enters school, even if he is a teenager, he is also called an "old friend". If you don't enter school, you will be 80 years old, and you will be called "children". Just like a daughter getting married: she was called "bride" when she got married, and later called "grandmother" and "wife", so she was not called "bride"; If you marry someone as a concubine, you should be called "bride" even if your hair turns white. Forget the gossip.

Xun said to him, "Since your in-laws became the gateway, you will be lucky. In two years, I'm afraid you will be the father of Huang." Shen Xiangfu said, "He's finished. If you think about the situation of Huang Laodie, I am afraid I will have a dream for several years! " Xiang Mei ate the fire and said, "Dreaming is really a bit accurate! Zhou Jin asked, "Did you dream when your eldest brother took the school exam in recent years?" Zhou Jin said, "Not really." Mei Jiu said, "It was an auspicious year. On the first day of the first month, I dreamed that the sun in the sky was not bad, but it fell on my head and I was surprised to sweat. "Wake up, touch your head, as if it were still hot. I didn't know why at the time, but now I want to come, I am sure! " So after eating snacks, I poured another round of wine. It was not until the light came on that Mei Xianghong said goodbye to the others. ……

Zhou Jin said: "The old gentleman's special volume was read by a late student; The last two articles are particularly subtle. " Wang said, "I didn't write those two articles." Zhou Jin said, "This old gentleman is too modest. But who did it? " "I didn't do it, but no one else did it," said the king. At that time, the first scene, the ninth day, it was getting late and the first article had not been finished. I wondered in my heart and said,' I write fastest on weekdays. Why am I late today?' I couldn't think of it, fell asleep and took a nap on the number plate; I saw five people with blue faces jump into the loudspeaker. One of them took a big pen in his hand, lit a little on my head and jumped out. Immediately, a man wearing a gauze hat, a red robe and a gold belt came in and patted me and said,' Please stand up, maharaja!' At that time, I was startled and sweaty; I woke up with a pen in my hand and wrote it unconsciously. It can be seen that hiram Hospital has ghosts and gods. My brother once reflected this situation to the examiner, and the teacher told me that my brother would divide Ding Yuan and Yuan Yuan. "……

Wang smiled and said, "Actually, it's a joke: on the first day of the first month of this year, I dreamed of reading the exam list, not to mention my brother being on it; The third one is also from Wenshang, and his name is Xun Mei. Brother is wondering that there is no dutiful son named Xun in our county; Who knows that this pupil has the same name and will not be on a list with him? " Then he laughed and said, "It can be seen that dreams are inaccurate! Besides, fame and fortune are always based on articles. What ghosts and gods are there? " He said, "Old man, that dream is actually accurate: the night before yesterday, when he was born, he would gather Mei's friends. He said that it was also the first day of the first month, and he dreamed that there was a bright red sunset overhead. He has a successful career this year. "This is even more inaccurate," said the king. For example, when he enters school, the sun will set on his head. As I said, the sky should not fall. Is it my support? "

Service names since Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 100 households were regarded as one mile, and one mile was divided into ten armour. General Armor bears the tax and labor allocated by the government to Miles. The main purpose of general armor is to maintain social order. In the Ming Dynasty, General Jia was widely established, and the social security system, military organizational system, corvee organizations and commercial tax institutions all had the post of General Jia. ? Miscellaneous Notes on Wanbu Street on the list of Ming gods: "The squares in the city are divided into several shops according to the number of residents, and every time a number of firefighters are laid, they are unified by the general manager."

In the past, officials issued written orders in a fixed format for specific purposes, and officials used them as evidence when executing them.

A tax official in charge of grain collection

Scheeren, an ancient official name, has been regarded as Scheeren by secular people since Song and Yuan Dynasties, also known as Little Scheeren. Used as a courtesy title for other people's children.

Born in the Five Dynasties, he was fond of reading since childhood, diligent, intelligent, brilliant and well-read, and became a famous local genius. After Jin won the third place in the provincial examination, at the age of 35, he was full of will and determined to take the examination in Beijing. But unexpectedly, the name fell on the top of Sun Shan. However, Liang Hao never gave up, studied harder and harder, and took almost every science exam, but he never succeeded. During the Five Dynasties, wars continued, military affairs were valued over literature, dynasties changed frequently, and scientific research system was intermittent. It was not until the Song Dynasty was established in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, and scientific research was reopened. At this time, Liang Hao was 82 years old, but he went to participate. This time, he finally won the top prize. At that time, the imperial examination defeated many scholars and was appointed as the champion, which amazed the whole country! However, Liang Hao was old, so he asked not to be an official. Song Taizu allowed him to go back to his hometown and enjoy his salary. From the first scientific examination in the late Jin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, he participated in the scientific examination in four dynasties and finally realized his long-cherished wish.

Since then, Liang Hao has become an inspiring and persistent learning model. San Zi Jing: "If Liang Hao in 1982 is a great court, a great scholar and successful, you must be firm!"

Noun: soybean milk

Hao, bean juice is also. -"Shuo Wen Shui Bu"

Adjective:

Water is infinite. Passing "Hao" is another example: sweating, sweating (the water is vast. Extended to a wide range of meanings); Boundless (boundless water)

Vast Such as: boundless (grand); Howe (Boda)

Shi Si means 9: 00 am to 0: 00 noon. For example, "Huainanzi Astronomical Training" says: "As for Hengyang, the sun is in the corner." So it used to be called the corner.

In the imperial examination system, it is called "entrance hall" or "Chinese scholar" to enter Shangguan, state and county schools and be an apprentice.

1. Ming and Qing dynasties refer to young students who were admitted as students and entered official and county schools. 2. Make progress in study.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, all the scholars who passed the examinations at all levels in this province and entered the schools of Shangguan, Zhou and County were called "Zaiyao". Yao, an ancient local school.

People who believe in Buddhism are vegetarian for many years, which is called eating long lent.

According to Buddhist precepts, eating after noon 12 is non-seasonal, that is to say, those who don't eat after noon are called fasting, and those who don't eat after noon are called long-term fasting. In China, abstainers are often accompanied by vegetarianism (no meat), so people often say that vegetarians fast all the year round. Samadhi Sutra on a Boat: "It takes a long time to eat". "Southern History": "Liu Qiu believes in historians, wears coarse clothes and worships the Buddha for a long time."

In the imperial examination era, people who took the exam in those years called each other "the same case" and called their father "Uncle Case".

Xibin (ancient subject in the east, guests in the west) is synonymous with old home school teachers or screen friends.

So the teacher called the teacher. -"Title Record"

Name of the ceremony. Also known as "Sacrifice Ding". The ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius. Spring and autumn festivals are celebrated in the middle of the month every year, so they are called Ding Festival.

1 means to ask for a gift.

2. Meeting ceremony.

The first time I saw a gift from my elders.

History books. "Selected Works of Ban Biao": "The whole Sect is boundless, and the book hangs in the spring and autumn." Shan Li quoted Zhang Yan as saying: "Books are also historical records." Liu Tang Zhiji's Biography of History and Cai Tong: "The author of the Middle Ages is boring every day and is widely known. Although there are countless state-owned books and countless books, there are hundreds of private books in various schools."

The Book of Life, the imperial edict of conferring titles and giving gifts by ancient emperors. Han Xu Pan's "Jiu Wen Gong Wei": "Give a book." "A Record of Guan Bai II in the New Tang Dynasty": "Where Wang Yanzhi made a book of seven: one, he established a queen and a crown prince, and sealed the kings for Lin Xuan's order." In the Ming Dynasty, Xu wrote "A Book on Stylistics": "The ancients wrote books and wrote history ... with ten purposes: one was to wish the book a platform, and the other was to enjoy it in the suburbs; Second, the jade book, the title used; Third, set up a book for emperors, queens and princes to use; Fourth, seal the book and make it a king; Five funeral books, moved to Zigong, and the prince and minister died and used them; Sixth, give books, numbers and officials; Seven days, the book is published and given away; Eight, give a book, give an official and give it away; Nine, the sacrificial book, given to the minister for sacrifice; Give the book to the minister for ten days; On the eleventh day, the book was exempted to recall the minister. "

Refers to ordinary letters. "The Biography of Hanshu Gongsun Hong": "When the book is played, the son of heaven answers it with a book." He Ming Jingming's poem "Drunk Songs Give Children Can Make Hunan" wrote: "The crown of all nations, thousands of books is rich."

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tax collectors of several families were contracted with government money and grain. "The Scholars" the second time: "Wang Yue said,' Brother Gu wrote a book for me and worshipped the brother of the League. " "

In the imperial examination system of Ming and Qing dynasties, candidates who took the township examination and the social examination wrote with ink pen, which was called ink roll; Then, the person who transcribed it specially used Zhu Bi to transcribe it. He didn't write his name, but only numbered it, so that the examiner couldn't recognize the handwriting. He was called Zhu Juan. After the list was published, Zhu Qifa returned it to the candidates, and Chinese people often carved it with courtesy. "Selected History of Ming Dynasty II": "Examiners use ink, which is called ink roll, and those who use Zhu, which is called Zhu roll."

Especially the articles by China and Zhu Juan. The second time in The Scholars: "The old gentleman's Zhu Juan was read late, and the last two articles are particularly exquisite."

Dingyuan: one of the nicknames of the top scholar, named after ranking first in Dingjia. Qualifications for the championship.

Write according to the template

Allusions, canon out chapter 20 of Lao zi Tao Jing. "People are bustling, like enjoying a prison (that is, when ancient emperors sacrificed their country, three animals, cattle, sheep and tapir (shǐ, pig), were all prepared as' prisons'), such as the Spring Festival travel rush Tower." It refers to the scenic spots in spring. Later it also refers to the dining table. It is also another name for ancient etiquette.