Nanjing senior high school entrance examination joke

The rhetorical devices commonly used in classical poetry include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, contrast, antithesis, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, repetition and intertextuality.

Appreciation of figures of speech means clearly identifying and judging what figures of speech are, mastering and understanding the characteristics of various figures of speech, and analyzing and evaluating their functions in shaping images, expressing emotions and embodying themes.

Metaphor metaphor can be abstracted into concrete, and can be changed from intangible to tangible. For example, write "troubles": Li Houzhu said, "How many troubles can you have, just like a river flowing eastward." Writing sorrow in river water makes people want to see the long meaning of sorrow.

(2) exaggeration is to highlight and emphasize something or a certain feature of something, and to exaggerate or reduce it with the help of imagination, so as to attract attention, set off the atmosphere, enhance association and inspire people. For example, the thought in Lu You's Fence Gate at Dawn in Autumn Night: "Three rivers in Wan Li enter the sea, and five thousand mountains climb skyscrapers. The tears of the adherents are exhausted in the dust and I hope that Julian Waghann will grow for another year. " Poems about "Three Wan Li", "Five Thousand Pagodas", "Climbing to a skyscraper" and "Tears Flowing" are all exaggerated descriptions. It is these exaggerated descriptions that show the poet's love for the motherland, his resentment against the peace-seeking faction who tried to steal peace and failed to recover lost ground, and his deep sympathy for the sufferings of the adherents.

(3) personification can make the description vivid. For example, Liu presented "Xin Qing": "After the moss is full of Chu Qing, there are no green trees in daydreaming. Only the south wind knows each other, stealing doors and turning over books. " The poem personifies Nanfeng, and through a series of action descriptions, it shows the author's quiet and comfortable mood after a long rain in Chuqing, as well as his cordial love for Nanfeng's "prank".

(4) Contrast and contrast can distinguish different characters, different life phenomena and different thoughts and feelings more clearly. Make the beautiful more beautiful and the ugly more ugly. Rumei's "Tao Ren" said: "Tao is in front of the door and there is no tile on the house. Fingers are not stained with mud, and scales live in the building. " Through the sharp contrast between Taoism and the rich, the whole poem profoundly exposes the extreme irrationality of the feudal social system and expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the working people.

(2) The common expressive techniques in classical poetry are narration, discussion, lyricism and description. The focus of the examination is lyricism and descriptive. Among them, lyric can be divided into direct lyric (direct lyric) and indirect lyric (techniques are often lyric by borrowing scenery, lyric by blending scenes, lyric by excuses, etc.). ).

(3) The commonly used expressive techniques in poetry are: contrast, contrast, rendering, contrast, allusions, bedding, symbolism, combination of motion and static, combination of reality and reality, lyricism through scenery, blending of scenes, lyricism through ancient times, satirizing the present through ancient times, expressing ambition through objects, writing mourning through musical scenes, and mourning through Syaraku's feelings.

(1) A poet expresses his ambition by using the characteristics of something in nature, and the things in his poem are personalized. For example, Mo Mei in Wang Mian said, "I am the first tree in Xiyan Lake, and the flowers are pale with ink marks. Don't praise the good color, just leave the air full of dried Kun. " This poem is a metaphor of plum blossom, which uses ideographic means to show the author's loyalty and purity as noble as plum blossom, and does not flatter the secular.

(2) Rendering is a traditional painting technique in China, which is usually emphasized in places to make a certain aspect of the image more prominent. Used in artistic creation, it is deliberately described from the front. For example, in Zhao Shixiu's Guests, "It's raining at home" and "Frogs are everywhere" render an atmosphere, which sets off the deep and quiet night.

Contrast is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of objects, making them stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to deliberately describing from the side as a foil. For example, Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The poem describes the moving scenery of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing, which not only makes the picture look vibrant, but also highlights the silence of the spring stream through sports.

(4) Dynamic description and static description are inseparable from the artistic creation of dynamic and static combination, or dynamic and static combination, or dynamic and static combination, and they complement each other.

⑤ The combination of reality and fiction can make the structure of the work more compact and the image more vivid. For example, Yang Wanli's "Seeing Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple": "After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " The first two sentences in the poem generally say that the scenery of the West Lake in June has its own characteristics and is imaginary; The last two sentences describe the lotus leaves all over the lake in the early morning sun, and the endless green and brilliant red are in harmony, which is a real writing style. The whole poem is true and false, which complement each other.

⑥ Lyricism by borrowing scenery refers to the poet expressing his feelings and thoughts in the scenery and expressing them by describing the scenery. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "The birds in the river are too white, and the blue and white mountains burn. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet reveals the sadness of homesickness through the fresh and beautiful description of spring scenery, and expresses the sadness with music scenes, which has a unique charm.

⑦ Contrast, also called contrast, is a way to show the opposite things (or scenery, or environment, or characters, or feelings) in order to enhance the artistic effect. For example, Zhang Ji's night parking near Fengqiao. In the first and second sentences of the poem, frosty days and waning moon are cool colors, while Jiang Feng and Yu Huo are warm colors, which is the contrast of colors. This contrast creates a lonely artistic conception. So as to achieve the lyrical effect of scene blending.

2. A difficult breakthrough

(1) The college entrance examination focuses on "reading" poetry. Preparing for the exam should take "reading" as the basic point and breakthrough. For the examination site review of this lesson, we should pay attention to: fully understand the classification of classical poetry expression skills and the connotation of specific techniques; At the same time, we should also pay attention to distinguish easily confused expressions, especially rhetorical devices, such as metonymy and metonymy, contrast and contrast, metaphor and analogy.

(2) The thinking of answering questions should be comprehensive and clear. Expression skills serve the expression of thoughts and feelings. Therefore, when answering questions, we should not only consider the role of this skill in presenting sentence meaning, but also pay special attention to its promotion of poetry and interest.

First, write from the perspective of descriptive methods.

Narrative prose is inseparable from the author's narration, especially from the writing of characters. Writing characters is inseparable from description. Some people say that narrative prose has vivid images and descriptions. There are various description methods, such as direct description, indirect description, description of the appearance, movements, demeanor, psychology, language and so on. And the details of many narratives are unforgettable. When analyzing sentences, we should be good at grasping "description". Just answer two questions, one is what description method to use, and the other is what image to show.

I don't know how long it took before people sat down one after another, and the sweeping woman had a chance to catch her breath and have a rest, but at this moment, the door was quietly pushed open. A man put his head out and looked inside, as if he wanted to come in, but he shrank back. After a while, both doors were pushed open. It was the same person just now. This time, he came in with a bucket of pure water on his shoulder. Suddenly, a "rustling" sound, accompanied by the melody of the water bearer walking, attracted everyone's attention. I began to look at him from top to bottom, old cotton hat and green coat. ...

There are not many words describing the water delivery man in the article, but it is memorable. Please enjoy the underlined sentences.

[Analysis] This is the 2009 Fuzhou senior high school entrance examination Chinese test. The title of the article is "One-legged Practice". The characters in this passage are a sweeper, a man, a library reader and a "me". Judging from the full text and excerpts, this passage is mainly about "a man", and others are written to contrast the image of this man from the side. From the underlined sentences, we can see that this man is directly described by actions, expressions and psychology. From the subtle movements and expressions such as "quietly pushing open the door", "sticking his head in", "wanting to come in" and "pulling his head back", we can see that this man came to deliver water, but this time he wanted to come in, but he didn't. Why don't you come in? This is because he is afraid of stepping on the dirty ground and affecting readers, so he will be so cautious. This highlights the image and quality of this man.

[Answer] Example ①: The detail of "quietly pushing away" shows that the water delivery worker is afraid of affecting the quiet atmosphere of the library, and he is very careful when pushing the door, which highlights the water delivery worker's respect for others and reflects his cultivation. The verbs "push", "stretch", "look" and "shrink" vividly and meticulously describe the plumber's psychology of wanting to enter the door but being afraid of soiling the floor, showing his accomplishment and paving the way for him to take the plastic foot cover under the door.

Second, from the perspective of rhetoric.

In order to highlight the image of the article and express the thoughts and feelings of the characters, rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, contrast, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions and personification are often used in narrative prose. When analyzing sentences, we can also answer two questions, one is what rhetorical devices are used, and the other is what images or thoughts and feelings the characters show.

[The second question of the senior high school entrance examination] My mother lies quietly in bed most of the time, but sometimes she tries to talk to me. He also said what was wrong with her, and that she had a terrible dream, saying how healthy she was when she was young and how much work a person could do. I am always impatient at this time.

Read the underlined sentences and talk about their characteristics and functions in language expression.

[Analysis] This is a Chinese test in the graduation exam of Zibo in 2009. The title of the article is "Lying Next to Mom". This passage mainly means that my mother wants to talk to me, but I'm too lazy to talk to her. The narrative is plain and the language is simple. The underlined sentence "Say she ... She said ... Say she ..." is clearly written in parallelism. My mother really wants to talk to me, and even if I ignore her, she keeps talking to herself. Why does mom want to talk to me so much? As can be seen from the above, it is because my mother is ill and has been in bed for a long time, and my heart is very lonely.

[Answer] Using the rhetorical device of parallelism, I wrote the psychology that my mother needed someone to take care of her when she was sick, felt lonely and bored in bed for many days, and longed to talk to me for a while to relieve boredom.

Third, from the perspective of unveiling the veil of argot.

As the saying goes, "people are upright, people are elegant, and songs are elegant." Some sentences are meaningful and meaningful. Questioners often let candidates say what they mean. Therefore, candidates only need to change the implied meaning into straightforward expression.

[The third question of the senior high school entrance examination] As long as the high tide doesn't make you nervous and the low tide doesn't make you decadent, there is no problem. Too strong sunshine will scorch the grains; Too much rain will flood the crops. We just want a relative psychological balance so as not to get hurt. You're not the one who can't get up.

What is the function of underlined sentences in the text?

[Analysis] This is a graduation Chinese test in Decheng District, Shandong Province in 2009. The article is entitled "Letter from Fu Lei". This article is sincere and witty. Fu Lei told his son: Sometimes in life, we will be at the climax. When we are at the climax, don't get carried away, don't be nervous, and have a peaceful mind. Sometimes, we are at a low ebb. When we are at a low tide, don't give up and complain about others, but stand up and strive for self-improvement, believing that the rainbow can only be seen after the storm. Keep a normal mind everywhere and stand up to experience. Underlined sentences are metaphorical and philosophical, so it is easy to see their meaning and function in the context.

[Answer] It is used to explain that "orgasm won't make you too nervous", just seeking a relative psychological balance to avoid injury. (That's right)

Fourth, from the role of sentences in the structure of the article.

All of the above are analyzed from the content of sentences, and the analysis of sentences can also be analyzed from the role of sentences in the structure of articles. What is the function of sentences in the structure of the article? It is nothing more than the following: First, it connects the preceding with the following; The second is to take care of the last one; The third is to echo the title; The fourth is to pave the way for the following; The fifth is to promote the development of the story and play a clue role; Sixth, the full text is always in the leading position, which plays the role of outlining; The seventh is to summarize the full text, which will deepen the center and point out the main idea.

In fact, there are still many angles to analyze the function of sentences, so we should guide them according to the situation and not copy them mechanically. When analyzing sentences, we can choose one angle or analyze them from multiple angles.

[Question 4 of the senior high school entrance examination] My mother wrote a letter and my uncle returned to China, which violated my grandfather's wishes. But the child's behavior is the result of his father's education and Daniel Tan's. Chen's ancestors settled in Erfangba from Macheng, Hubei Province, and his grandfather is the seventh generation, which has been passed down from generation to generation and abides by filial piety. In the hall of my grandfather's house, a plaque with black paint and gold lettering is hung high, which reads: "Zu Liu De Fang", asking future generations to remember and inherit the virtues of their ancestors.

Combined with the context, tell me about your understanding of the sentence "In the hall of my grandfather's house, there is a gold plaque with black paint hanging high, and the text reads' Zude Liu Fang'".

[Analysis] This is the Chinese test question of Leshan City, Sichuan Province in 2009. The article is entitled "Memories of the past: Fannie and Freddie?" Grandpa? Dip in the water tray. This sentence is not only the pursuit of Chen Jiaxun, but also the true portrayal of Daniel Tan: the virtues of ancestors are passed down from generation to generation; "Zu Liu De Fang" reveals the reasons for the behavior of the characters in the article and is also the emotional clue of the article. This paper analyzes it from two angles: content, ideographic meaning and sentence structure.

Reading knowledge and skills of argumentative essays in senior high school entrance examination

First, the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Second, demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

Third, the way of argument: argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

Fourth, common questions and answering skills.

1, the function of analysis and demonstration method: two main points of function. Details are as follows:

(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument by reasoning, so that the argument is more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

③ Metaphorical argument: Proved by metaphor, making the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)

2. Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argumentation and factual argumentation.

(1) Define the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, or the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:

This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of problem, we should pay attention to the following two aspects:

(1) See clearly the type of argument required to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether the requirement is a famous saying or an example; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

3. Make clear the central point of the article.

The central argument is the soul of argumentative writing. All the discussions in this paper are centered around this central argument. Only by clarifying the central argument can we understand the author's point of view and the problems to be solved. You can find or summarize the central argument from the following angles:

(1) Analyze the position of the argument. Title, the title of some articles itself is the central argument; Some articles directly put forward the central argument at the beginning, and then discussed it layer by layer; It is rare for an article to put forward a central argument during the discussion; Finally, some articles summarize the central point of the whole article through discussion.

(2) Distinguish between topics and arguments. The topic is what the author wants to discuss, and it is a range. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. The argument should be a complete judgment sentence or a clear statement sentence.

(3) Analyze the relationship between materials and opinions. Materials, including truth, facts, data, charts, etc. , is used to explain and serve ideas, or guide them or command them. So the argument can be summarized by the relationship between the two. Of course, some argumentative papers have both central arguments and sub-arguments, so some materials may be used to illustrate the sub-arguments, but all the sub-arguments are to clarify the central arguments.

4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The content at the beginning is:

(1) put forward the central argument; (2) lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

Ending content:

(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …:

(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;

(3) Call or exhort people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )

Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to exhort people that "one should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.

5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:

There are only two angles to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays: (1) linguistic features; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1) Rhetoric: If metaphor is used, it can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Demonstration method: refer to the function of demonstration method.

(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1) the combination of case argumentation and reason argumentation (narrative and discussion); (2) The demonstration method of ... is the main method. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

7, paragraph structure function:

(1) leads to the following (all); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

At the beginning, by writing an example ..., the central argument ... (or the topic ...) is put forward.

(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".