Geographical problems, rewards.

Ploughs are also called "plows" and "poles", and people call them cars on ice and snow. There is a joke circulating among people. Once upon a time, one person asked another person:

"What has no wheels in front and no wheels in the back?"

"What is it?"

"The car."

The man said, "There is no such thing in the world."

Another man pointed to the "sledge" on the ground and said, "What do you think this is?"

The man picked up the sleigh and looked back and forth. It really has no wheels. So the folk had this custom. As soon as they met, a person said, "There are no wheels in front and no wheels in the back." Another person went on to say, "Turn it over, it's a sledge." Therefore, people know that these are two authentic Northeasters.

In the past, the outdoor activities of the northern nationalities mainly depended on sledding. Why is it called sleigh? Because this tool is very similar to the "plow stick" used in the field, perhaps the ancients were inspired by the "plow stick" form. "Climbing" means that this kind of thing can slide on the ice and snow without "wheels", and it looks like climbing on the ground from a distance, so it is called a plow, which is accurate and vivid.

Sleigh is the main means of transportation for people living in the northern ice and snow world. One third of the time in the north is in the ice and snow period, and the outdoor snow between mountains, rivers and fields is very heavy, and the "eye of the road" is often filled. Only the sledge can shunt. As long as there is ice and snow, you can walk on it, relying on the traction of animals.

The sleigh in the north is light and delicate, sometimes with small sticks of the same thickness, smoked and softened by fire and hot air, then bent and placed on the horizontal belt to make a sleigh. This kind of shelf sled is mainly pulled by people and used for fairs, grain transportation or firewood cutting. There are also heavy sledges that run long distances, inlaid with planks. Riveting does not require nails, and the tenons are aligned before soaking in water. Wood is stronger than nails. This kind of sledge is often used to pull heavy objects to run long distances. The sledge frame is also very big, the biggest one is as big as two cars. It would be much more comfortable if people had to set up a "sleeping shed". This kind of sleeping shed, also called warm shed, can also be called "skin shed". Made of skins of various animals, with small windows on the left and right, brazier, foot stove, etc., it can be used for staying overnight to resist the wind and snow.

Generally, sledges are pulled by cows. In the past, Nuzhen, Su Shen, Xibe, Oroqen, Hezhe and other ethnic groups often used dogs, deer, elephants and other animals to pull it. "Geography of Jilin" records: "Before the Qing Dynasty, it was in the northeast of the East China Sea, but it was closely related to the Japanese base, so the dog and deer were separated in the Qing Dynasty." "Feyaka and shrimp in Hokkaido, Japan are a family. Even today, dogs and deer are defined. As a dog, now east of Yilan, livestock train dogs to pull plows. "

"Geography of Jilin" also records that the black gold people who live in Boli eastbound 1200 miles along the Songhua River "drive a few dogs in a boat in winter, which is like a pry, eleven or two feet long, more than one foot wide and ten feet high." After the snow, wooden boards are added to the bottom, covered with animal skins and fixed with nails, so that people can ride, stab the ground with poles and fly up and down. "It can be seen that this is another kind of' sledge' pulled by dogs and helped by people. People here "drive plows to the south of Solon River in winter to exchange with various artificial materials. "It can be seen that in the past, people kept dogs not only for hunting at home, but also for driving a plow." "Jilin Local Records" also said: "In the early Qing Dynasty, there were so-called dogs. Now, in places like Linjiang, every time the river freezes, dogs are used to plow the fields. Russia also has dogs. Their dog is fat and docile. A plow drives several dogs, and the first dog has the highest price. Russian buyers usually set the price of a dog at the top 500. "At that time, many places in Northeast China set up a' dog market', which was as famous as the horse market, and specialized in exchanging' farming dogs' the size of calves. The Liao Dynasty also set up a "dog post station", and each post station relied on dogs to plow the fields and transmit information. What an interesting folk custom it is. A group of dogs are steaming in the snow. The master's whip burst into frost on the tree, and the vast snowfield was endless.

And "make the deer part more outside the dog part and make the deer part in the dog part." As high as a horse and spotless, it is called red deer, which is mostly produced in the north of Xingkai Lake and can carry heavy loads. "Tribes, large and small, living in Xing 'an Mountains used to let red deer and four elephants drive plows. This kind of animal is strong, walks in the ancient forest, has endurance and vitality, and is not afraid of cold, so it is loved by hunters here.

At that time, in addition to their own production, there were also wooden shops specializing in the production of sledges, making carts and sledges, which were called "two carpenters". In addition to selling large sledges, we also make small and light sledges for children to play with.

With this sleigh, the children climbed the high slope and slipped out of a snowy road. The snowy road is crystal clear, and once the small sledge is put down, it often slips out hundreds of meters away. There are also people who spread small "sails" made of cloth on the glaciers in winter, and the small sledges will be blown like flies on the glaciers in winter. The children's cheerful laughter echoed for a long time on the crystal snow fields in the north.

Sleigh, a close partner of the northern nationalities, will remain in people's hearts forever.

Sheepskin raft, commonly known as "raft", is an ancient water vehicle. It consists of more than a dozen bulging goatskins (Lanzhou goatskin raft is divided into two types: large and small. The largest raft is made of more than 600 sheepskin bags, with a length of 12 meters and a width of 7 meters. It has six paddles and a load of 20 to 30 tons. ) This kind of kayak is generally used for long-distance water transportation. From Lanzhou to Baotou, it is more than 200 kilometers downstream every day, and it can reach Baotou in 12 days. The small raft is made of sheepskin bags over 10, which is suitable for short-distance transportation. Mainly used for fruit and vegetable transportation from suburbs to urban areas and pedestrians on both sides of the strait.

Making sheepskin rafts requires high slaughtering and skinning skills. Start with the neck of the sheep and slowly pull off the whole skin. You can't cut it anywhere. After the sheepskin is depilated, blow air to expand the tire, then pour a small amount of clear oil, salt and water, and then tie the head, tail and limbs of the tire tightly. After drying, the leather tire is yellow, brown and transparent, and looks like a bulging cylinder. Tie the hard manchurian ash strips with hemp rope into a square wooden frame, then tie a few strips horizontally, and tie the epithelial tires under the strips in turn, and the raft is made. Sheepskin raft is small and light, with shallow draft, which is very suitable for sailing in the Yellow River, and all parts can be disassembled and carried.

At present, sheepskin rafts used by tourists on the Yellow River are all made of 13 leather tires, which are tied in the arrangement of four front and five middle schools. They weigh more than 20 kilograms and can seat five people. It is said that in the past, the largest sheepskin raft had 600 skins, which could carry 15 tons) and was made of them tied side by side on a thin wooden frame. Sheepskin rafts are large and small. The largest raft is made of more than 600 sheepskin bags, with a length of 12 m, a width of 7 m, six paddles and a load of 20 to 30 tons. Now, sheepskin raft has become a special tourism project of the Yellow River. All sheepskin rafts for tourists on the Yellow River are made of 65,438+03 sheepskin tires, which are tied together according to the arrangement of the first four and five. They weigh more than 20 kilograms and can seat five people. Making sheepskin rafts requires high slaughtering and skinning skills. Start with the neck of the sheep and slowly pull off the whole skin. You can't cut it anywhere. After the sheepskin is depilated, blow air to expand the tire, then pour a small amount of clear oil, salt and water, and then tie the head, tail and limbs of the tire tightly. After drying, the leather tire is yellow, brown and transparent, and looks like a bulging cylinder. Tie the hard manchurian ash strips with hemp rope into a square wooden frame, then tie several strips horizontally, and tie the epithelial tires under the strips in turn, and the raft is made.

Bamboo raft, also called bamboo raft, is made of bamboo. They are water vehicles in mountainous areas and water towns with streams, which are popular in the south of the Yangtze River. It has a long history and has its own position in the history of ship development.