What are the advantages and disadvantages of Manchu entering the customs?

why is it said that "Manchu entering the customs" is a historical retrogression? September 26 edition

A flash of lightning

The history of mankind was originally a history in which civilization defeated barbarism, democracy defeated autocracy, and progress replaced backwardness. However, Manchu entering the customs was just the reaction of historical development. Here, we will discuss why "Manchu entering the customs" is a historical retrogression from seven aspects.

1. stifle enlightenment thought in the late Ming dynasty and stifle the seeds of capitalism. Strengthen the backward and rigid feudal autocracy.

The budding of capitalism in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River after the mid-Ming Dynasty marked a new stage of industrial and commercial development within Confucian civilization, and there were sprouting of capitalism everywhere in the south of the Yangtze River. In the history of all countries, feudal countries have the right to deprive industry and commerce of excessive profits. What the Ming dynasty did was to make excuses and increase the tax rate. There has been a large-scale opposition to the mine supervisor, and the civil rebellion caused by taxation has been happening constantly. Dozens of times on a large scale and hundreds of times on a general scale. "Civil revolt" is different from peasant uprising. With this kind of struggle, ideas such as "equality", "freedom", "rejuvenating the country through industry" and "protecting trade" will spread, and bourgeois reform and revolution may occur.

Some people say that in the Ming Dynasty, there were no conditions similar to those in Western Europe to realize capitalism, so couldn't China explore a road of modernization by itself? For example, Russia with serfdom, such as Germany and Japan with strong feudal colors. Another example is that modern China went directly to socialism without going through the stage of developed capitalism. Chinese, who are also deeply influenced by Confucianism, once established the "Lanfang Harmony Country" in Nanyang, which existed for more than 1 years.

The key is to emancipate the mind and communicate with foreign countries. With communication, we can make progress.

There was a parliament in Britain. At that time, people in China formed associations one after another, and the atmosphere of discussing state affairs among the people was very prosperous. In particular, there is an advanced ideological and political organization "Fu She". In the Qing dynasty, the country was closed to the outside world, and it was forbidden to form associations.

the Qing law stipulates that "all thirty people who meet will be beheaded". Well, all NGOs have been banned.

At the end of Ming Dynasty, the feudal autocracy was heading for disintegration and decline, with new ideas and concepts constantly emerging, and advanced and excellent western culture and technology were being introduced, just like the eve of the Renaissance experienced by western society. The late Ming and early Qing dynasties were the era of ideological enlightenment. The great thinkers of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi, all saw the ills of feudal society, especially the harm of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties. In their works, the light of humanism and democracy was shining. Huang Zongxi's "Yuan Jun" criticized the autocratic monarchy and fired the first shot of modern democratic thought. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the ideological circle began to reflect and criticize the whole feudal ideology from philosophy to ethics, from governing the country to studying. Traditional Chinese operas and novels all take citizens' preferences as the standard, which reflects the awakening of citizens' consciousness, which is a rebellion against feudal ethical codes that suppress human nature. Western Catholicism was widely spread in the south, especially welcomed by the advanced scholar-officials in the late Ming Dynasty. They tried to combine religion and Confucianism from the west and make foreign religions China. Donglin Party and Catholics were closely combined, and a large number of outstanding figures emerged. For example, Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao and Qu Shizhen were all Catholics, and wang zheng, Sun Yuanhua, Li Tianjing, Zhang Dao, Qu Shizhen and Chen Yujie formed a "Western Learning Group".

Some people say that the Ming Dynasty was decadent, which is true on the whole, but not necessarily on the part. Just as the Kuomintang was decadent during the Anti-Japanese War, it was unfavorable to lead the whole people in the war of resistance, but the * * * production party is the force of the new revolution and can lead the people of China in the war of resistance.

Do you want another barbarian invasion or a bourgeois revolution? In the 19th century, Japan became a world power in just 3 years of westernization-"Meiji Restoration" movement. What reason do we have to doubt that the ideological enlightenment and liberation movement in the late Ming Dynasty as early as 2 years can't bring a better situation?

However, the Qing Dynasty destroyed the social productive forces with iron and blood. After the mass destruction of material culture, there was a literary inquisition in Daxing, and Neo-Confucianism became untouchable. Unprecedented strengthened this decadent feudal consciousness and system, and brought China into darkness just like the European Middle Ages after the invasion of Western barbarians.

second, the productivity is relatively stagnant, and military equipment, science and technology have greatly regressed.

Kang Yong's dry life, which some people strongly advocate now, is actually mostly a restorative growth in the late Ming Dynasty.

If the overall production level is not improved, why is there such a large population? The reason is that Xu Guangqi and others introduced and advocated the cultivation of sweet potatoes in the late Ming Dynasty, and the land in China can support more people.

In the Ming Dynasty, heavy industries such as iron, shipbuilding, construction, and light industries such as silk, cotton cloth, and porcelain were far ahead in the world, accounting for more than two-thirds of the world's industrial output, and the proportion of agricultural output in the world was much higher. Although the population of Kanggan was several times that of the Ming Dynasty, the total output of iron and cloth, two indicators of industrial products, never recovered to the level of the late Ming Dynasty. By the end of Kanggan Prosperity in 184, China's industrial output is only 6% of the world's. No matter the total output or the proportion in the world, it is not as good as that in the late Ming Dynasty 2 years ago.

The foreign trade volume in the late Ming Dynasty is amazing. The silver flowing into China from Eurasian trade is about 7, to 1, tons, accounting for about one third of the world's total silver output at that time.

Intellectuals in the Ming Dynasty were open-minded and had a strong maritime military force, and they always welcomed and studied the mastery and introduction of advanced technology. "The navy in the Ming Dynasty may be better than any Asian country in history, even any European country in the same era, so that all European countries can't compete with the navy in the Ming Dynasty."-Joseph Needham. With the complete demise of the Ming Dynasty, after Kang Yong Gan III. The advanced firearms armed technology was buried in the Qing Dynasty. By the time of the Opium War, Qing soldiers with broadswords and spears were unfamiliar with firearms.

The Qing Dynasty was famous for its riding and shooting, and held instinctive fear and hostility towards firearms and modern military industry for fear of threatening its own rule.

Third, from the opening, exchange and introduction in the late Ming Dynasty to the closed door in the Qing Dynasty, foreign exchange was terminated.

The hundred years from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century, in the history of science and technology in China, was a period of brilliant stars, and all kinds of scientific and technological achievements were brilliant, which summarized all the ancient science and technology in China and reached an unprecedented peak. At the same time, Fang Yizhi, Li Shizhen, Xu Guangqi, Xu Xiake and Song Yingxing appeared as five scientific giants, as well as many scientists such as Zhu Zaiyu, Li Zhizao and wang zheng. This is very rare in the history of China. It just shows the vitality of the ideological, cultural and productive forces in the late Ming Dynasty. Moreover, the scholar-officials in the late Ming Dynasty welcomed western science very much. Xu Guangqi, a great scientist, was taught by Matteo Ricci, a Catholic missionary. Translated the Elements of Geometry.

Leibniz, a great German thinker, said in the preface of Recent Events in China: "China, an ancient civilization, is inextricably linked with Europe, and the two sides are in a contest of reciprocity." However, in terms of practical philosophy, Europe is really dwarfed by the ethics of life and human reality and the theory of governing the country.

Joseph Needham said: "Due to historical coincidence, the rise of modern science in Europe coincided with the activities of Jesuit missions in China, so modern science came into contact with China's traditional science almost immediately.". "Traditional mathematics and astronomy in the Ming Dynasty were revived by the arrival of western learning. By 1644, there was no significant difference in mathematics, astronomy and physics between China and Europe, and they were completely integrated. (See Liang Qichao's Academic Introduction to Qing Dynasty and Liang Qichao's Discussion on the History of Qing Dynasty).

The massacre in the early Qing Dynasty and the subsequent literary inquisition and closed door completely interrupted this process. Intellectuals in China lost their vitality and communication. Be afraid to engage in textual research. From then on, away from science, scientists disappeared. A large number of scientific and technological achievements and works have been lost and translated into English, Russian, German and Japanese languages. Tiangong Kaiwu, which occupies a place in the history of world science and technology, has disappeared in China, and a large number of western scientific and technological cultural works brought by missionaries in the late Ming Dynasty are hard to come out.

There were missionaries in the early Kangxi period, but their roles were very different from those in the Ming Dynasty.

The Elements of Geometry was paid more attention by the intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty, but the Elements of Geometry translated by Xu spread to Japan, which had a great influence on the development of modern Japanese science and technology. Imagine that if the intellectuals at the upper level in the late Ming Dynasty pushed us forward, with their keenness and prestige, the cultural exchange between the East and the West would have been realized 2 years earlier. China people will introduce these advanced science and technology, advanced theories and even democratic systems with a peaceful and healthy mind. China will never be reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal position in modern times because of its "inferior skills" and repeated defeats in the anti-aggression war.

The evil consequences of Manchu's entry into the customs also meant that there was a fault between ancient China culture and modern China culture, and Chinese studies was interrupted.

From Shunzhi and Kangxi, the order of forbidding the sea, the order of moving to the border and the expulsion of foreign missionaries were also closed-door measures. In forty-six years of Kangxi, Catholicism was forbidden to preach everywhere, priests returned to Macao, and outsiders were not allowed to stay in the mainland.

The Manchu Dynasty was afraid that foreigners' contact with China people would fuel their dissatisfaction with the oppression of the Manchu-ruled nationalities, so it strictly restricted foreigners' movement and residence (China General History Compendium, page 781).

Marx pointed out that the main reason for pushing this dynasty to implement this policy (closed door) was that it was afraid that foreigners would support the discontent of many China people in the first half century of the 17th century, that is, after China was conquered by the Tatars. For this reason, foreign talents are forbidden to have any contact with China people. (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume IX, page 115) Is there any exchange of culture, science and technology and commodities between China and foreign countries?

The world is developing rapidly while China is standing still. Even in the late Qing Dynasty, even the small country of Cuoer, Japan, was able to defeat the Manchu Dynasty through reform and reform, but the Manchu Dynasty lost the courage and opportunity to reform and strengthen again and again. From the beginning of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocratic group was stubborn and refused to open again and again. Marx commented on China that a vast empire with a population of one-third of the world was still content with the status quo regardless of the current situation. Because it was strongly excluded from the world system, it was isolated. Therefore, it tried its best to deceive itself with the fantasy of perfect China. Such an empire would eventually die in a desperate struggle.

Fourth, the Chinese nation has degenerated from an advanced and civilized nation to a backward, ignorant and semi-civilized one, and China has become a veritable "declining world"

, while the notoriety of "the sick man of East Asia" in the late Qing Dynasty spread all over the world. The whole world is laughing at the ugly pigtails of China people, being called "pigtails" and China people being regarded as barbarians. What is the crime of China people? To suffer the double humiliation of history and reality!

The stupid people like the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty, weak people's rule, had serious consequences. Let's take the peasant uprising as an example to illustrate its consequences.

We can see that in the feudal countries that have always been advanced and open, it is rare to use religious superstitions to launch peasant uprisings, but people in the Ming Dynasty were not ignorant. Although the uprising was large in scale and lasted for a long time, it did not use religious superstitions to launch peasant uprisings, because there was no social foundation at all.

This attempt to confront modern civilization with backwardness, conservatism and ignorance and reject the introduction of all western civilizations is also inevitable.

if the people are like this, what about the officials? During the Opium War, Yang Fang, a counsellor who had made outstanding achievements and was known as a famous soldier, saw the heavy artillery fire of the British army, and even came up with a strange plan to collect private toilets all over the place, and women's dirty belts were carried on rafts to resist the British attack. As the "first person" who opened his eyes to see the world, Lin Zexu gave a memorial to Emperor Daoguang. The throne wrote: "Where he went, he only used guns to strengthen the ship. As soon as he reached the shore, he had no other skills. Moreover, he was wrapped all over, his waist and legs were stiff, and a servant could recover. Not only one soldier could count the enemy, but the villagers were brave enough to control his death, and the foreigners spoke in different languages, their eyes, nose and hair were completely different from those of the Chinese. Our people, Qi Xin, worked together to kill him by mistake unless they were planted. Even this person who stood at the forefront of our nation in the late Qing Dynasty made such jokes, and others can imagine.

where are the angry ministers? Have been trained as minions. As a result of the rule of fools and weak people, Manchu itself was fooled. "There is no talent in the left, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the left, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the left, no talent in the right, no talent in the right, no talent in the left, no talent in the right, no talent in the right." How can the Manchu regime, so ignorant and in a daze, resist the invasion of imperialism? Gong Zizhen thinks this is a typical "declining world".

Let's take a look at the "prosperous times of kanggan" in the eyes of foreign bystanders, British special envoys Magyarni. Manchu is "just a giant with clay feet, and he can be knocked down with a touch". Macartney said in the diary of his mission: "China" has not improved, advanced or, more precisely, regressed since the northern or Manchu Tatar conquest, at least in the past 15 years; When we advance in the field of art and science every day, they are actually becoming semi-barbarians. " "The Chinese empire is just a broken and crazy warship. If we can still sail in the past 15 years and deter neighboring countries with a seemingly powerful appearance, it is because we are lucky to have several capable captains. Once you meet an incompetent person at the helm, everything will fall apart and be in jeopardy. Even if it doesn't sink immediately, it will drift like a wreck and eventually smash on the coast, and it will never be repaired on the old hull. "

"The people who invented gunpowder were scared out of their wits at the sight of the empty cannon, which is beyond reproach.". China people live "under the most despicable tyranny, living in fear of being beaten by bamboo boards". Social relations in China are based on a foolish formalism, so people are "timid, dirty and cruel".

When the hymns of the emperors and literati in China were ringing loudly, he thought that the Manchu Dynasty was a declining world, and he pointed out mercilessly: "Eventually it will degenerate into barbarism and poverty again"! Another evil consequence of being regarded as a barbarian nation is that China people can't get the world's sympathy when they are slaughtered by barbarians, and they can't get the world's sympathy when they are slaughtered by "civilized people".

fifth, the Manchu dynasty adopted "imperial" rule, and the national oppression was deep, which in some ways was a retrogression from feudal system to slavery.

In order to strengthen its rule, the Manchu Dynasty savagely carried out the "Shaving Order" and "Escape Law", and carried out cruel national oppression, killing the dignity of China people. The Manchu Dynasty left a bloody massacre record in various places, and even committed genocide. A large-scale massacre and massacre occurred, and the Manchu Dynasty slaughtered almost all the provinces in China. Its cruelty is no less than that of Meng Yuan. The massacre policy lasted for nearly a century, unprecedented. By past and present standards, it is a crime against humanity.

"China people were rich before the Manchu invasion. The housing of the affluent class is comfortable and solid. Now China people don't have much significant property, and the slightest sign of property has become the target of extortion by government officials. Since the day the Tatars entered China, China has been declining. Now people can be compared to cattle and horses crawling on the ground, living day by day, and the most depraved superstition has made their wisdom dull and foolish. ..... "

Manchu's entry into the customs does not represent the interests of ethnic minorities. Under the rule of Manchu for more than 2 years, ethnic minorities also lived in unprecedented darkness. Manchu's extermination of Zhungeer tribe was a rare act of genocide in history, and racial discrimination against Hui people and slaughter of Miao people in southwest China were unprecedented. Even those regarded as "brothers"