Joke Collection Website - Joke collection - Social Situation of Tongguang Revival
Social Situation of Tongguang Revival
To put it simply, we have learned to make guns, guns and ships, but they are all imitations, which are twenty or thirty years behind the west or even longer. For example, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration has been making guns for nearly 30 years, but it has not designed a rifle with domestic intellectual property rights, let alone mass production; Tianjin Machinery Bureau specializes in the production of artillery shells for beiyang fleet, but it can't produce blasting bombs urgently needed for combat. As for other non-military official enterprise, it is also lifeless and inefficient, while private capital has been suppressed for a long time and lacks competitiveness.
Facts have proved that learning from the west is not piecemeal, but systematic engineering. A country that can only imitate guns without self-innovation and self-hematopoiesis has no choice but to buy warships and send orders to foreign powers. Looking at the "New Westernization Policy" in the past 30 years, the attitude of the Qing court towards the West was both fear (system and strength) and disgust (race and culture). It implemented a policy of contact with a distance, only reaching the target, failing to reach the system, and knowing nothing about the foundation. At best, it was "irrelevant", which was quite different from the strategy of active follow-up and integration adopted by Japan, and its development speed and effect were the same.
Taking the inspection of the West as an example, the Qing court also sent delegations such as Bin Chun and Pu to Europe and America, but most of these people were abandoned after returning to China. At the same time, the Japanese sent delegations from Iwakura Tomomi to Europe and America, and most of their members became giants of North Korea after returning home. Take education as an example. After imitating the west, Japan has made a large-scale universal education plan. Its model of "government-led, national mobilization and national participation" has achieved remarkable results after decades. By the end of19th century, the Japanese primary school enrollment rate was close to 95%, while in China, the imperial examination was still the same, and the learning content was still stale and farther away from the times.
On the surface, in the 30 years before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing court maintained relative peace and stability, developed its economy, and recovered its annual fiscal revenue to about 80 million yuan. However, it is worth noting that Japan's population and land area are much smaller than China's. Before the Sino-Japanese War, its fiscal revenue was close to that of the Qing court, but its military expenditure was much higher than that of the latter. It can be seen that the so-called "resurgence" is just "resurgence in the eggshell", and its "superficial prosperity" will inevitably be broken in the face of real tests. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the warring factions in the Qing court were in high spirits, thinking that Japan was just a "small country" and would win World War I, but most foreign comments held a negative attitude towards China. For example, Shanghai's "Deutsche Zeitung" said that the Japanese army is no different from the German army and will win the battle against China; British office of naval intelligence also believes that "the future of China's army is uncertain from any angle"; "The Japanese army is to the China army what19th century civilized army is to the medieval army"; If China and Japan go to war, there can only be one result.
What is the truth? At that time, the Qing court really claimed to have a million troops, which were generally changed into modern firearms and artillery. However, after deducting 600,000 totally useless Eight Banners green camp and some training adapted by green camp, only 400,000 troops are available, of which only 50,000 are elite Huai troops mastered by Li Hongzhang. Compared with Japan's 250,000 available troops, the Qing army is not dominant, not to mention it lags far behind the Japanese army in terms of battalion system, training, command, staff and logistics.
As for beiyang fleet, which Chinese people were proud of at that time, it was already a thing of the past. Yes, when beiyang fleet 1888 joined the army, it was really like a cloud, with banners in the sky, and it was listed as "the top eight in the world" by foreign military yearbooks. But since the beginning of this year, beiyang fleet has not added a ship and a gun, while at the same time, Japan has expanded its scale at the rate of adding a new warship every year. By the time the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the Japanese navy had surpassed beiyang fleet.
At that time, the world's naval technology changed with each passing day. Japan's latecomers came from behind. Both ordered and homemade warships are equipped with the most advanced equipment and weapons, and the average speed far exceeds that of beiyang fleet, while the rapid-fire guns on warships are equipped on a large scale, which beiyang fleet does not have. In fact, before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet was almost at a disadvantage except for Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, two armored ships that were absolutely dominant in armor, tonnage and giant guns. In this way, a weak teacher was finally thrown off the shelf and lost without temper.
What caused such a tragedy? The long-term tendency of civil administration, the misjudgment of the times and the overall situation, and the lack of understanding of the importance of the navy all seem to be attributed to the scapegoat of "women running the country", but in the final analysis, it is the foundation of agricultural society and the governance model of "small government" that leads to the serious lack of mobilization ability and mechanism of the Qing court war. Although the country is large, with a large population and abundant resources, it simply cannot cope with such a large-scale modern war. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the traditional suzerain-vassal system in China became more and more mature and stable. However, with the eastward arrival of European and American powers and the rise of Japan, this system is facing the disintegration trend from all sides. Among them, Korea, the first tributary country that guarded the northeast fence and was most valued by the Qing court, was strongly infiltrated by Japan because of its special geographical position.
As early as 1882, there was a "mutiny at noon" in North Korea, the Japanese embassy and personnel were destroyed and killed, and the ambassador to North Korea Fang Hua Zhiyi fled back to China on a British ship. Afterwards, Japan refused to let go, but just as Japan sent troops, the Qing court changed the previous delay and decisively ordered the Qing army to enter the DPRK to calm the chaos. So, under the escort of Beiyang warships, the Qing army took the lead in entering Han Jing. In the case that the strength is far less than that of China, the Japanese side has to retreat.
After that, all the Sixth Battalion of the Qing Army stayed in North Korea to help them train the new army. North Korea's diplomacy and customs are also in the hands of officials appointed by the Qing court. As a result, Japanese influence in Korea was greatly suppressed, and the centripetal force of the Korean royal family towards China was greatly enhanced. Two years later, the unwilling Japanese colluded with the pro-Japanese faction "Hua Kai Party" in North Korea to launch a "coup in Shen Jia", wantonly killing pro-China North Korean dignitaries and controlling the situation. At a critical juncture, Yuan Shikai, Prime Minister of the Military Affairs Department of Qingying, stepped forward and defeated the Japanese side and the "Hua Kai Party" in one fell swoop. As a result, Yuan Shikai emerged, and then became the "North Korean army", and a generation of heroes started from this.
After the coup in Shen Jia, Li Hongzhang also realized that "in another ten years or so, Japan's prosperity will be considerable. Fortunately, I pray for the early attention of big officials and princes." Although words are words on a stone, but the national conditions are so, how can Li Can turn the tide? In the same year, a large number of famous ministers emerged: Hu Linyi, Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Li Hongzhang, Luo,, Monks, Official Documents and so on. As for their fate: how many important people are hard to be blown away by the wind and rain.
Su Shun
Ai Xinjue Roche, whose real name is Yu Ting, is the sixth son of Urgong, Zheng Qinwang. He is hereditary, Zheng Qinwang Duan Hua is his fourth brother, and Su Shun is above Wen Xiang, Rong Lu and others. He is characterized by meritocracy, regardless of Manchu. Bold and decisive, but also domineering, the capital has heard of "Su Liu" and said it is hard enough. However, Su Shun is not as meticulous as Wen Xiang, nor as resourceful as Rong Lu. So because of his carelessness, he was finally defeated by Cixi and Gui Ziliu, whom he had always despised. Besides, Su Shun has made too many enemies and no foreign aid. At the critical moment, the local governor had no one to say a word for him. His biggest mistake was to underestimate his opponent, especially the wrong person, and even asked for several important errands for the purpose of inviting pets. Among them, there are two most important tasks, Shangyu Leisure Office and Sticker Office. This errand is an important role in managing the palace's personal guards! Its status is no less than that of the ministers in the guards! In this way, when Cixi launched a coup, they had no resistance and had to give in easily. Of course, the most important thing is their thinking of underestimating the enemy. At that time, Prince Laowudun hinted that Su Shun said that someone was going to kill you, but Su Shun actually said: Please kill, please kill! Listen as a joke. He and seven other ministers left separately, which was also a trap set by others. Su Shun, what a pity.
Wen Xiang
Manchuria is decorated with a red flag, the word Bochuan, and the name is: Standing in a positive color, even Cixi respects him for three points. He has been with King Gong for 10 years. It can be said that without Wen Xiang, there would be no King Gong. Moreover, in the history of the Qing Dynasty, Wen Xiang earned at least half of the credit, while the other half had shaved his head. At that time, there were Wen Xiang in the imperial palace and Zeng Guofan in the outfield, and the Qing Dynasty lasted for more than 40 years. Wen Xiang himself is a military and political genius. Later, he went to the Northeast to suppress the uprising of Wang Da and Ma Fool, and he had great military talent. Zeng Guofan's chief of staff, Zhao Liewen, also spoke highly of him, saying that King Gong was born in a noble family, but he didn't know that although there was a dynasty in the world, he said that "wandering could not be established", thanks to his assistance. Judging from the later ending of King Gong, after Wen Xiang's death, King Gong lost an arm. To Guangxu 1 1, Yishu, Gongwang was idle for twenty years. In fact, Wen Xiang died only seven years ago. Later, Rong Lu took charge and asked Li Hongzhang for advice. Li Hongzhang encouraged him to become the second Wen Xiang. After Wen Xiang's death, he was named Wenzhong. Zhao Liewen concluded that Wen Xiang is smaller than Su Shun.
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan was the first person who really "opened his eyes to see the world" and actively practiced it in the history of China. Under his guidance, he built the first ship in China and opened the voice of modern manufacturing. The establishment of the first ordnance school initiated the modern higher education in China. The first translation and printing of western books not only laid the scientific and technological foundation of modern China, but also greatly broadened the horizons of Chinese people. The arrangement of the first batch of overseas students to study in the United States has cultivated a large number of outstanding talents for the country, among which Tang, the first Prime Minister of the Republic of China, Zhan Tianyou, the "father of railways" in China, Liang Dunyan, the foreign minister in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first president of Tsinghua are outstanding. Zeng Guofan claimed: "I am a talent for training soldiers, not for fighting." He taught soldiers to "point the head of a stubborn stone and suffer the blood of cuckoo." He trained in the spirit of Confucianism and made it an organized team. His "Love Folk Songs" made A Xiang a great success. Mao Zedong's "Three Disciplines and Eight Notices" is based on this. When Chiang Kai-shek built the army in Huangpu, he also published his "Love Folk Song" for the students to sing, which had a great effect. Seeing that Hong Xiuquan's devotion to Catholicism was not in line with China's national conditions, he wrote an article "Begging for Guangdong Bandits", which made many intellectuals take off their robes and lead the wussy peasants to throw themselves under the banner of Xiang, and fought against the Taiping rebels to win the final victory. Since ancient times, China has said "three immortals", such as making contributions (accomplishing great things), becoming a spiritual model of the world, and making a statement (leaving a theory for future generations), but few people can really do it, and Zeng Guofan is one of them. He defeated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and saved the Qing Dynasty, so he was the "savior" of the Qing Dynasty. He "saved the time", purged the political style and learned western culture, which contributed to the emergence of "Tongzhi Zhongxing" in the late Qing Dynasty. He has always been strict with himself, advocating integrity, flaunting morality, and making every effort to win support from top to bottom; His academic articles are eclectic, extensive and profound, and he is a master of modern Confucianism. "His works are required reading for any politician" (Chiang Kai-shek) has achieved the Confucian "Three Immortals" cause of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country, making meritorious deeds, establishing morality and making statements, and is worthy of being "the first perfect person in China". Zeng Guofan devoted his life to making friends, netting talents, cultivating talents, recommending talents and using talents. His shogunate is the largest and most combative shogunate in China's history, which has gathered the talents from all over the country. In order to attract and retain talents, he gave up his humble face and wrote to recommend his subordinates many times to seek official positions and positions for them. He recommended thousands of subordinates in his life, including more than 40 officials and governors. They include strategic military talents such as Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Guo Songtao, Li, and first-class scholars and scientists such as Yu Yue, Li, Hua and Xu Shou. Zeng Guofan is a knowledgeable person who "works (does business) and preaches (leaves thoughts and theories behind)" (Mao Zedong). "The Draft of Qing History-Biography of Zeng Guofan" also said: "Guo Chen is better than learning and is good at etiquette." He studied hard all his life, respected Confucianism and emphasized practical application, becoming another "Confucian master" after Confucius, Mencius and Zhu. He innovated article study's theory of Tongcheng School, and his poetry and prose presided over the literary world of Taoism (light), virtue (abundance) and governance, which can be described as "the highest generation of moral articles".
Rong Lu
Zhonghua was born in a Manchu family. His ancestors were Fei Yingdong, the head of Nurhachi's famous "five ministers" and the head of three generals who helped the country (the other two were Gong Yidu and Wu Yang Guli, and the minister of Kangxi Dynasty was Fei Yingdong's nephew). His family is very good, and Rong Lu's daughter is the later Regent Fujin. Rong Lu's father-in-law is Gui Ling, a college student in Wuyingdian. So after Rong Lu became an official, it was smooth sailing, but there were some setbacks in the middle. He was assigned to be a general in xi 'an, Shaanxi. Cixi's biggest confidant is Rong Lu. He is more open-minded than fortitude and others, and he is not fatuous in Manchu etiquette. However, compared with Su Shun and Wen Xiang, he is already very clever. But because of his existence, Yuan Shikai dared not have wild desires, and so on. When the Manchu dynasty reached Rong's generation, it was the end. Rong Hong is a bit talented among Manchu people. Moreover, he is very resourceful, and he is better than Su Shun in this respect. However, he likes to play games and use his power. He doesn't pay attention to privacy like Wen Xiang, so his popularity is not very high.
- Previous article:The Bath family has always been lavish. Why do Staples Arena only rent and not buy?
- Next article:Stars fall into sugar novels
- Related articles
- Do you know which Chinese and foreign celebrities were born in poverty?
- Chaoshan joke doctor
- How to deal with hooligans when girls go out?
- Who does a scholar fall in love with a soldier mean?
- Why do parents like forced marriage?
- What kind of person deserves the word confidant?
- Where is the hot pot delicious in Xiaoshan?
- How to effectively carry out class collective activities
- What idioms are there with the word "Fang"
- Writing, how to enrich vocabulary