Social Psychology Chapter 9-Prejudice: Don't like others.

First of all, I want to say that the study group with few people discussed through Tencent conference. This learning method is really good. For example, Chapter 9, I didn't read it before, but in the process of listening to everyone's discussion, I quickly grasped the key points of this chapter and had a profound feeling about some details. I gained a lot in just one and a half hours.

First, let's define three concepts: prejudice, stereotype and discrimination.

Prejudice is a preconceived negative attitude. Emphasis is placed on negative attitudes. For example, we think someone is bad, which is prejudice.

Stereotypes are beliefs about other groups, which may be accurate or inaccurate or over-generalized, but they are based on facts. That is to say, stereotypes may be positive or negative. For example. In the eyes of many people, people in the Northeast are prone to violence. No matter what the family situation is, women in the Northeast always have tens of thousands of furs on their bodies. We always think that Shandong people are simple and honest, cheerful and enthusiastic. These are stereotypes.

discrimination is an unreasonable negative behavior. The emphasis is on behavior.

For example, there is a little girl in the classroom. She is chubby, short and ugly, and her voice is very low. She wears a pair of small cloth shoes with 9 yuan on her feet. Many students don't want to sit at the same table with this girl and look down on her. This is prejudice. Some people think that this little girl's family will be very poor when they look at her clothes, and it is possible that her parents will be sick all the year round. This is the stereotype. Other boys will occasionally knock the girl on the head, laugh at her, or even pinch her, which is discrimination.

But one day after school, everyone found that she got into a limousine. As soon as she got to know it, she knew that her parents were engaged in real estate. The reason why she was dressed like this was that she just couldn't take care of her. Many students changed their attitude towards her and dared not bully her.

There are many prejudices around us, such as racial prejudice. Subtle forms of prejudice, such as playing a game, whether your clothes are appropriate or inappropriate, will cause prejudice to the judges, thus affecting the final score.

The gender bias is even more obvious, and son preference exists almost all over the world. For example, in English address, a woman should take her husband's surname after marriage and be called Mrs. * * *, not a lady or a young lady. Men have never had the habit of following a woman's surname after marriage. Even if there were occasional husbands in ancient times, they were often looked down upon by the villagers.

why are people biased? The reasons are as follows:

1 Social inequality. Unequal status breeds prejudice

2 Socialization. Family socialization has an influence on children's prejudice, which is often related to their mother's education.

3 the support of social system. For example, going to the bank for loans, they put forward many preferential policies for employees of public institutions, which is also a prejudice.

and prejudice has a deeper motivation.

1 frustration and attack: scapegoat theory.

when the reasons for our setbacks are timid or unknown, we often turn our hostile direction, which is a substitute attack.

2 social identity theory: feeling superior to others.

People are fascinated with self-confidence and always feel that they are superior to others. Even ordinary group membership will make people like their own group better than other groups.

prejudice also has cognitive roots.

Stereotypes in prejudice become by-products of our thinking. First of all, the practice of classifying people exaggerates the consistency within groups and the differences between groups. Secondly, the occurrence of two unique events helps to establish a false correlation between people and behavior. Attributing other people's behavior to internal quality will lead to group service deviation, and attributing the negative behavior of outside group members to their nature and being evasive about their positive behavior.

what are the consequences of prejudice?

1 Pre-judgment can guide our attention and memory, and it can also guide our interpretation of events, which fully shows that we live in the world of the brain, which is not the real world, but our distorted attention and memory and the interpretation of events.

2 the influence of discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecy.

Social beliefs can be self-verified. Specifically, we can understand "the mind can accomplish something" and "Murphy's Law".

3 stereotype threat.

When we play basketball with a tall, young player, we often suspect that they are too strong and deny their abilities, which will weaken our self-confidence and affect our performance. This is the stereotype threat. Stereotype threat destroys performance in three ways, one is pressure, the other is self-monitoring, and the third is to suppress unnecessary thoughts and emotions.

For example, when we find that the other person is very powerful, we will feel pressure and increase brain activity related to emotional processing; Worried that making mistakes will affect concentration; Adjusting thinking is bound to consume a person's cognitive resources and interfere with his working memory.

Let me talk about the place where I feel most deeply after reading this chapter: the theory of social identity-feeling superior to others.

Turner put forward the theory of social identity. Turner and Tajfel observed the following phenomena:

1 We classify. When expressing someone's affairs, we often label these people;

2 we agree. Connect yourself with a specific group and gain self-esteem.

3 let's compare. We compare our group with other groups and prefer our group.

Personal identity and social identity are the same as cultivating self-esteem.

As can be seen from the above figure, a person's self-esteem develops through two aspects, one is personal identity, and the other is social identity, while personal identity develops through personal achievement and self-service deviation, and social unity develops through group achievement and internal group deviation.

1. Self-service bias

Individuals tend to conduct self-intuition in a way that is beneficial to them. People are always good at attributing success to internal factors, their own efforts, wisdom and ability, while attributing failure to external factors, bad luck, unprepared, etc. This phenomenon is collectively called "self-service deviation".

Second, the inner group deviation

Describe who you are in a group way, such as your religion, race and gender, which also means describing who you are not. We belong to this circle and naturally exclude other circles.

why does a child have low self-esteem? No matter how others encourage him, he always feels that mud can't help the wall, which may be related to self-identity and social identity. If a child feels from the bottom of his heart that he is not excellent, that he is incompetent, that he is not recognized by people around him, and that he is a burden to others, this person's personal achievement is weak, and his self-service deviation function is particularly weak. He always thinks that bad things are caused by himself, and good things are attributed to others. Naturally, this person's self-esteem is extremely weak.

but this person has to live, what should he do? At this time, he looked for social identity, found a group, and felt a sense of accomplishment among the groups. For example, finding a rebellious organization, in which he feels glory and dignity, tolerance and acceptance, and he feels happy, and its inner group deviation develops well, and he feels that he is a part of this organization. At this time, he can also develop his own self-esteem.

There is a saying in the textbook that if there is a lack of positive personal identity, people will often gain self-esteem by identifying with a certain group, so many young people seek pride, rights, security and identity by joining gangs. When people's personal identity and social identity are merged, the boundary between self and group becomes blurred, and they will be more willing to fight for the organization or even sacrifice for it.

The above words are worth pondering by parents of children who are willing to go out. What makes children's self-identity not develop and can only turn to external groups? I'm afraid the answer is very clear.