Joke Collection Website - Joke collection - In the first year of Chenghua (1465), he was recruited as a Yao soldier to guard the middle reaches of the mansion. Later, he joined the Han soldiers to garrison in the fields at Jiubao Shisanchong be

In the first year of Chenghua (1465), he was recruited as a Yao soldier to guard the middle reaches of the mansion. Later, he joined the Han soldiers to garrison in the fields at Jiubao Shisanchong be

In the first year of Chenghua (1465), he was recruited as a Yao soldier to guard the middle reaches of the mansion. Later, he joined the Han soldiers to garrison in the fields at Jiubao Shisanchong between Pingle, Lipu, Zhaoping and Mengshan. His descendants are today Lipu Lei's surname is Ping Diyao. The genealogy of the Taipingdong Yao people in Yangshan County, Guangdong, also states that they moved from He County, Guibei, Guangxi, to cultivate and settle down there during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. According to "Pai Yao History and Culture" by Lian Mingzhi et al., the predecessor of the Yangshan Yao people was the Pai Yao living in northern Guangxi. After moving to Yangshan, they lost the Pai Yao language and customs and merged with the local ethnic groups, gradually becoming the Pingdi Yao or Min Yao. . The situation in Paiyao in Mangshan, Yizhang, Hunan is roughly similar. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some Han and Zhuang people fled to the border areas of Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong to live with the Yao people because they could not bear the oppression and exploitation by the government. It is Pingdi Yao or Min Yao. According to the investigation of relevant scholars, Ren's surname is Pingdi Yao in Yuanyuan Village, Songbai Township, Jiangyong, Hunan. His ancestor was originally from Qingzhou Prefecture, Shandong Province. He moved to Songbai, Jiangyong in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty. Yi's surname is Pingdi Yao in Shangwei Township, Jiangyong, and his ancestor was originally from Dezhou, Shandong. Pingyuan County, in the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty, he moved to Chongling (now Ningyuan) because of his official career, and later moved to Yingdao (now Daoxian County). During the Tiansheng period of the Song Dynasty, he moved to Jiangyong Shangwei Township. Although the Min Yao and Ping Di Yao retain no obvious national characteristics in their customs and habits, they have always retained the mentality of identifying with the Yao people. As Pingdi Yao and Min Yao began to gradually settle down, they mainly cultivated crops such as rice, shea, potatoes, beans, and taro. Most of the Yao people in this part were registered as households to pay taxes, so they are also called "Shu Yao" and "Liang Yao" in historical records. Due to long-term contact with the Han people, they have been deeply influenced by Han culture and their culture has developed rapidly. Most of the social studies and voluntary studies in the Yao area are also established in the Pingdi Yao and Minyao areas. In the Qing Dynasty, there were still people among Pingdi Yao in Chenzhou and other places who were awarded the title of Scholar and Jinshi. Pingdi Yao also celebrates the Panwang Festival and dances long drum dances, but mostly with reeds as accompaniment, so it is called "Lusheng Chang drum dance". The Yao people living today in Chengjia, Yangshan, and Lantian, Longmen, Guangdong belong to the Min Yao and Pingdi Yao series. Although they have lost their own ethnic language, they still retain some traditional ethnic customs, such as the surnames of the Yao people, the farming habits of the Yao people, etc., which are different from the Yao people. Strong identification psychology. 2. Bunu Yao branch In the Song Dynasty, some Yao people were already distributed in Qingyuan Prefecture in Guangxi (today’s Hechi City, Guangxi). During the Ming Dynasty, the number of Yao people who came to live in Qingyuan Prefecture gradually increased. During the long-term migration process, these Yao people continued to interact with other ethnic groups, especially the Miao people. During the interaction and inheritance of national culture, traditional factors mutated, especially The language has undergone major changes, and the language has moved closer to the Miao branch. The historians collectively call it "Bunu Yao". Experts from the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences analyzed and studied the migration route of the Bunu Yao ancestors from the cultural phenomenon of Bunu Yao language change, which was probably along the southeastern direction of the Miao migration route, along the southwestern Hunan Xuefeng Mountain area, moving southwest, and then passing through the southern foothills of Miaoling Mountains in southern Guizhou to the southern area of ??Duyun Prefecture in Guizhou. Later, they were driven out by the local chieftains, and the Yao people with surnames such as Meng, Luo, Lan, Wei, and Pan turned south and migrated to the mountainous areas in northwest Guangxi. According to a survey in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yao people surnamed Wei in Jiawen Township, Du'an, Guangxi have lived in the local Pingguo and Duan areas for 28 generations. years; if calculated based on 25 years per generation, it is about 700 years. The Yao people surnamed Meng in Jiawen Township said they entered Guangxi around 1000. From this point of view, most of the Bunu Yao people entered the eastern Guangxi area from the Song and Yuan Dynasties; by the Ming Dynasty, due to the oppression and exploitation by the government, they gradually migrated from southern Guangxi and other places to western Guangxi and northern Guangdong, especially in Guangdong. After the failure of the Yao uprising in Datengxia at the junction of western Guangdong and Guangxi, a considerable number of Yao people entered western Guangxi and took refuge in the Dashi Mountain area, causing the Yao population in this area to continue to increase. Therefore, the "Records of Ming Yingzong" records: "In Guangxi Qingyuan, Chenzhou and other prefectures, Yulin, Tianhe, Liucheng, Luomi, Maping, Yishan and other Ming counties, the number of good people is small and the number of Yao children is large." Yuan and Ming Dynasty. During this period, Bunu Yao had migrated to western Guangxi and was distributed in some counties in Guizhou, Yunnan and other provinces at the junction of this region, basically forming today's distribution pattern.From this point of view, after some Yao people in the Xijiang River Basin of Guangxi left western Guangdong and entered Guangxi during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they continued to migrate to the southwest and merged with the Yao people in Dashishan District to form today's Bunu Yao branch. Therefore, today's Guangdong There are few traces of the Yao people in the western region. After the Yao people in the original Xijiang River Basin continued to migrate out of the country in the past dynasties, the current Yao people are very small. The Bunu Yao branch mainly speaks the "Bunu" language of the Miao branch of the Miao Yao language group. The Bunu Yao people are mostly distributed in the Dashi Mountains in western and northwestern Guangxi. The living habits of the Bunu Yao people are very different from other branches of the Yao people. They mainly grow potatoes. , taro, beans and other crops. Bunu Yao culture is the most regional folk custom. Because they have lived side by side with the Zhuang people for a long time, their language is influenced by the Zhuang language and borrows many Zhuang words. Most of their houses are ganlan-style buildings. The bronze drums preserved among the people are also full of branch characteristics. On the three days before and after the 29th day of the fifth lunar month every year, every household kills sheep and chickens to worship the ancestor Milotuo, plays bronze drums and dances Nuo dances. "Jiaqing Reconstruction of Yitong Zhi" records, "In the fifty-two caves where Si'en Mansion resides, as well as Yifeng and Shutan, between Shang, Zhong and Xiatong, men in short brown Tsing Yi and women in shorts and long skirts offer sacrifices at the beginning of the year. Ancestors, beat the bronze drum and jump to dance." This is a true portrayal of Sien Bunuyao's use of bronze drums at that time. To this day, bronze drums are still an indispensable instrument used by Bunuyao to liven up the atmosphere in festive festivals. 3. Chashan Yao branch. Regarding the origin of Chashan Yao, academic circles have different opinions, but most scholars believe that Chashan Yao should be descendants of the Baiyue people, and their name comes from the name of their place of residence "Chashan". According to Chashan According to Yao folklore, genealogy and research by relevant scholars, Chashan Yao came to live in Dayao Mountain in Guangxi from Guangdong and Hunan respectively in the early Ming Dynasty. Descendants of Cantonese (Vietnamese) people such as Su, Mo, Zhong, Tao, Lan and Gong from Guangdong entered Guangxi and first lived in Wuzhou, Teng County and other places. Later, they were driven into Pingnan by the local chieftain Tan Qianhu, and then transferred to Dayao people are scattered in Gubu, Liuzhai Mountain, Jinxiu, Baisha, Liula, Xidi, Tiandi, Pinglin, Liuzhu, Luomeng, Lingzu, Bale, Shangxiabuquan and other places. Descendants of Su, Mo, Tao and other surnames from Hunan entered Guangxi and lived in Nanning, Baise, Xunzhou, Guixian, Xiangzhou and other places before entering Liuduan, Liuding and Zhai in Dayao Mountain. Live in Bao, Changer, Changtan, Tuxian, Changtong, Dishui, Huayang, Daojiang, Liula, Jintian and other places. Chashan Yao are mainly concentrated in the hinterland of Dayao Mountain in Guangxi. There are also Pan Yao, Shan Ziyao, Hualanyao, Aoyao and other Yao branches from different regions in the mountain. These clans, tribes or ethnic groups from different regions enter Dayao Mountain. They have lived together for a long time and have roughly the same socio-economic living environment. After long-term cultural contact, they have broken down the original ethnic barriers and developed a sense of national identity with each other, providing a basis for national integration. Due to the Dayao Mountain Due to the special geographical environment, the outsiders of the mountains have always had a discriminatory attitude towards the ethnic minorities in the mountains. In order to fight against the same ethnic oppression and exploitation outside the mountains, the five major ethnic groups in the mountains were forced to unite consciously or unconsciously in order to survive. , forming a self-defense force to oppose the oppressive forces outside the mountains. This cohesion brings them together to form a new ethnic group that lives and develops in the same area. They all accept the name given to them by the Han people outside the mountains - the Yao people. The regional folk culture represented by the main culture of the Yao people has been formed. But because they are culturally different from each other, people call them different Yao ethnic groups. It was under such circumstances that Chashan Yao entered Dayao Mountain in the early Ming Dynasty and gradually evolved from a descendant of the Yue people into today's Chashan Yao... The Chashan Yao language belongs to the Dongshui branch of the Zhuang Dong language group; Chashan Yao has the most distinctive cultural characteristics of the branch is the law of stone. It is a unique social law among the Chashan Yao, Shan Ziyao, Hualanyao, Aoyao and other ethnic groups in the Jinxiu area. It is a provision for maintaining production and social order agreed upon by mass meetings. It is engraved on stone slabs or written on wooden boards. , written customary law on paper. Legend has it that since the reign of Qin Fu in the Five Tuns and Thousand Households in the eighth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Shipai Law began to exist in Dayao Mountain. In 1935, Fei Xiaotong, an expert on Yao studies, and his wife were investigating in Liuxiang Township, Dayao Mountain, and found a stone tablet that was erected in the 18th year of Daoguang's reign in the Qing Dynasty.

Among them, the Yao people who speak the Youmian dialect have the largest population and are the most widely distributed. The Yao people in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States all use the Youmian dialect as a tool for intra-ethnic communication. Each branch has distinctive and unique branch characteristics, forming the overall rich multi-ethnic culture of the Yao people. According to the characteristics of each branch, we can find their different distribution areas; from the formation of the Yao branch and its highlighted branch cultural characteristics, such as the Lusheng of the Pingdi Yao, the bronze drum of Bunu Yao, and the stone rhythm of Chashan Yao , Panwang's mountain climbing list and Changdeng drum, etc., also reflect the characteristics of diversity and unity of the Chinese nation. However, they remain true to their origins. In addition to presenting their own characteristics, each branch of the Yao ethnic group has always retained the mentality of identifying with the Yao ethnic group, always recognized the national characteristics of the Yao ethnic group, and has always been part of the Yao ethnic group. Edit this paragraph Culture and Art The Yao people have created culture and art with distinctive national characteristics in their long-term historical development. The Yao people have myths and legends about their national origin in ancient times. The ancient pre-Qin book "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" contains the original record of the Panhu myth. In addition to the Panhu myth, there are also myths that reflect the ancient social life of this nation, such as "Pangu created the world", "Fuxi Zimei created the people", etc. Ballads occupy a very important position in its culture and art. They have a long history, various forms, and rich content. They include creation songs that tell the origin of the world and all things; ancient songs that describe the history of the nation; hunting songs and farming seasonal songs that express working life; love songs. ; Musical songs used for sacrifices; revolutionary struggle songs praising the resistance struggle, etc. Among them, "Song of King Pan" has more than 3,000 lines of lyrics and dozens of song titles. It is a great artistic treasure of the Yao people. In addition, there are epic and beautiful legends, stories, fables, fairy tales, jokes, riddles, proverbs, etc. Some describe unfortunate experiences in history, some praise the uprising struggle against oppression; some expose the cruelty of feudal exploitation; some praise steadfast love; some describe national customs, etc., showing the Yao people's thoughts, moral concepts and Social life has high artistic value. Yao music and dance, like their folk songs, originated from labor and religion. Famous dances include Changgu and Bronze Drums, which are large-scale dances performed to worship Panwang and Miluotuo. There are dozens of popular folk dances, including lion dance, grass dragon dance, flower stick dance, incense-burning dance, teacher-seeking dance, three-yuan dance, ancestor dance, gongcao dance, rattan dance and so on. "Pan Wang Ge" has 24 types of tunes, and the singing style is quite complicated. The production songs and drinking songs circulated among the people have gentle and joyful tunes; the bitter songs and elegiac songs have sad and deep tunes; and the love songs are cheerful and moving. Now, the Yao ethnic group's long drum drum and bronze drum drum have been put on the stage and are very popular among the masses. The arts and crafts of the Yao people include printing and dyeing, cross-stitching, embroidery, brocade, bamboo weaving, carving, painting, making, etc. They are diverse in form and rich in connotation, among which batik and cross-stitching are particularly famous. As early as the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Yao people began to learn to use Chinese characters to record the history of their nation and compile various classics. So far, there are a large number of Yao historical classics scattered among the Yao people in various places, including the famous historical document "Guoshan Bang" and a large number of religious scriptures, song books, family trees, etc., which are an important contribution of the Yao people to the history and culture of the motherland. "Guoshan Bang" is valuable information for studying the history of the Yao people. Yao artists: Lan Huaichang (Chairman of the Guangxi Writers Association, Chairman of the Federation of Literary and Art Circles), Qin Fuzhan (scholar), Xu Jing (young director) Main Yao literature: "Pan Wang's Book" (also known as "Crossing the Mountain List"), "Miluo" Tuo", "Bonu River" (modern novel), "Legend of Yaoyuan". Important Festivals The staple food of Yao residents is corn, rice, sweet potatoes, etc. Daily dishes include soybeans, rice beans, pumpkins, peppers, poultry and livestock, etc. The Yao people of Jinxiu Dayao Mountain in Guangxi use "bird basins" to catch migratory birds and pickle them into vinegar, which is a delicacy for entertaining distinguished guests. Some Yao people in northern Guangxi are popular in "oil tea", which is a soup made of tea leaves fried in oil, seasoned with ginger, pepper, and salt, and brewed with fried rice, fried beans, rice crackers, etc., which has a special flavor. Yao people's houses include bamboo houses, wooden houses, thatched houses and a small number of houses with mud walls and tiles. The house is usually a three-room house, with a hall in the middle, a stove or fire pit in the front of both sides of the house, and bedrooms in the back. There are bathing sheds or pig and cattle pens in front and back of the house. The Yao people generally do not intermarry with foreigners, and the custom of recruiting wives is relatively common.

Young men and women are relatively free to fall in love before marriage. They take advantage of festivals, gatherings and leisure time visits to villages to find spouses through singing. If both parties agree, they give each other tokens, "each cooperates, not the parents"; parents' consent is also required, please Marriage can only occur after the matchmaker agrees. The funeral rituals of the Yao people vary from region to region and branch to tribe. For example, most of the "Mianzhi" people were buried in the ground. "Bunuzhi" used to have rock burials, but now it is buried in the ground. Adults of the Yao people in the "Lajiazhi" group are cremated, minors are buried, and infants are buried. After the death of the Yao people in Liannan Bapai, the corpse was tied to a chair. During the funeral, the body is carried to the tomb and placed in the coffin like a sedan chair. This is called "wandering corpse burial". The Yao people have many festivals, which are divided into big festivals and small festivals. Major festivals include Panwang Festival, Spring Festival, Danu Festival, Hungry Ghost Festival, Shewang Festival, Qingming Festival, etc. Small festivals occur almost every month. The Danu Festival of the Yao people in Du'an, Guangxi is relatively grand. According to legend, it is a festival to commemorate the ancestors' struggle against the chieftains. Panwang Festival is commonly known as "Jumping Panwang" and "Repaying Panwang's Wish". It is held every three to five years, on the 16th day of the tenth lunar month, and is usually held by one household, several households or a village. The main ceremony consists of the master dancing to the gods and praying, singing Panwang's songs, dancing and drumming, and praying to Panwang (Panhu) for protection and blessing. Panwang Festival is generally a festival of the Yao people who call themselves "Mianzhi" and is very grand. The Yao people’s own festivals include Panwang Festival, Spring Festival, Danu Festival, Song Festival, Papa Festival, etc. Because there are so many people during festivals, rice is usually not cooked in an iron tripod pot, but steamed in a wooden oven. This kind of rice has a stronger aroma. Every holiday. Yao people still make dada. The festival dishes are mainly chicken, duck, fish, pork, tofu, vermicelli and various vegetables. The Yao people in the Wuling Mountains like to make tofu balls and wrap them with "purple bags" during festivals. Panwang Festival is only held every few years. In the past, during the Panwang Festival, a large number of livestock were slaughtered and sacrificed. The spring festival is held every year, usually in the third month of the lunar calendar. At that time, young men go up to the mountains to hunt and go down to the river to catch fish; women make rice dumplings and steam five-color glutinous rice. On New Year's Eve, Hua Lan Yao must first give a piece of meat and a ball of cake to the dog, which is called a dog sacrifice, and then the family can eat. They believe that grain seeds are brought by dogs, and sacrificing dogs first is to pray for a good harvest. The festival dishes should be rich and colorful. In addition to chicken, there are also river fresh food, hunted mountain poultry, game and tofu. In some places, the Yao people still cook black rice on April 8th. Yao girls in Jiangshui County, Hunan Province eat flower eggs, make flower cakes, and eat flower candy during the "Picnic Festival" on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month every year. When the girls are eating flower eggs, flower candy and flower cakes, the boys are not allowed to peek, and offenders will be punished. Shuogetang is a large-scale entertainment activity in Liannan Paiyao to worship ancestors and celebrate the harvest. It is mostly held after October 16th of the lunar calendar. The duration varies, about 3-9 days. At that time, every house will have water, wine, and glutinous rice cakes to entertain guests. Many young men and women of the Yao ethnic group will take the opportunity of playing in the singing hall to choose the right person. Once a man and a woman are in love, the parents of both parties can use a matchmaker to discuss marriage and give pork and wine as gifts. . When a wedding is held, a feast is held. According to traditional customs, the village elders must be invited to the wedding banquet, and the bride and groom drink from each other. The religious beliefs of the Yao people are relatively complex. In some areas, primitive nature worship, ancestor worship or totem worship occupies a certain position; in other areas, they mainly believe in witchcraft and Taoism. Taoism has a great influence on the Yao people. All funeral and sacrificial rituals are basically carried out in accordance with Taoist laws, but some elements of the ethnic primitive religion are mixed into it. The Yao people believe that dogs are their ancestors. During major festivals, dogs are put on the table to lick their food before they can eat it. According to legend, in ancient times, two great kings were at war with each other. One of the kings issued an edict that if he killed the other, his daughter would be betrothed to him. The ancestors of the Yao people removed the edict, sneaked into the army late at night, and bit off the king's head. The king couldn't go back on his promise, but thought it was a dog, so he asked them to live in seclusion in the mountains. The ancestors of the Yao people brought the king's daughter to your land surrounded by mountains. Unexpectedly, late at night, the ancestors of the Yao people turned into humans from dogs, and the two got married. Later, it developed into thousands of households, and this place was called Qianjiadong by later generations.